青海省棘蝇属二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述青海省门源地区产蝇科二新种,褐翅棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｐｅｎｎｉｆｕｓｃａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及半脊棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｓｅｍｉｃａｒｉｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,它们分别隶属于栉胫棘蝇群（ｓｉｅｂｅｃｋｉ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）和蒙古棘蝇群（ｃｈａｌｃｈｉｃａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）。     

中国棘蝇属三新种（双翅目：蝇科）

描述了采自中国四川的蝇科（Ｍｕｓｃｉｄａｅ）棘蝇属（ＰｈａｏｎｉａＲｏｂｉｎｅａｕ－Ｄｅｓｖｏｉｄｙ,１８３０）３新种：钉棘蝇,新种Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｐａｔｔａｌｏｃｅｒｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,回归棘蝇,新种Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｒｅｄａｃｔａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．双耳棘蝇,新种Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｂｉａｕｒｉｃｕｌａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。其中１种命名为回归棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｒｅｄａｃｔａｔａ,以示香港于１９９７年７月１日回归祖     

中国四川省有瓣蝇类三新种：双翅目：麻蝇总科,蝇总科

本文报道四川省有瓣蝇类３新种,小口瘦粉蝇Ｄｅｘｏｐｏｌｌｅｎｉａｐａｒｖｉｏｓｔｉａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（丽蝇科）齿腹粪蝇Ｓｃａｔｈｏｐｈａｇａｏｄｏｎｔｏｓｔｅｒｎｉｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（粪蝇科）,橙须重毫蝇Ｄｉｃｈａｅｔｏｍｙｉａｐａｌｐｉａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（蝇科）模式标本存北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

辽宁省花蝇属一新种（双翅目：花蝇科）

本文记述采自辽宁省西部山区花蝇科花蝇属Ａｎｔｈｏｍｙｉａ Ｍｅｉｇｅｎ,１８０３１新种,中华花蝇,新种Ａｎｔｈｏｍｙｉａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

中国内蒙古溜蝇属一新种记述(双翅目:蝇科)

内蒙古溜蝇,新种Ｌｉｓｐｅ ｎｅｉｍｏｎｇｏｌａ Ｔｉａｎ ｅｔ Ｍａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（图１～４）,♂,体长约５．５ｍｍ。新种隶属于须瘤蝇种团（ｐａｌｋｐｏｓａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）,与中国河北省的河北溜蝇,Ｌｉｓｐｅ ｈｅｂｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｍａ ｅｔ Ｔｉａｎ,１９９３极近似。但新种的腹部背板无正中斑条,在第３～５背板后缘两侧各有１个黑色斑,中股基半部有１列长大的前腹鬃,中胫无后腹鬃,而河北溜虽的腹部背板     

云南棘蝇属三新种(双翅目:蝇科)

报道了采自云南省的蝇科棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．３新种,分别命名为明斑棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｌｕｃｕｌｅｎｔｉｍａｃｕｌａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、刺尾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｐｉｎｉｃａｕｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和毛盾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｖｉｌｌｉｓｃｕｔｅｌｌａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,均隶属于棕斑棘蝇种团Ｐｈ．ｆｕｓｃａｔａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

中国厕蝇属一新种（双翅目：厕蝇科）

本文记述采自山西省的厕蝇属Ｆａｎｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．,１８３０一新种。录属于瘤胫厕蝇群ｘｃａｌａｒｉｓ－ｇｒｏｕｐ,胸刺厕蝇亚群ｆｕｓｃｕｌａ－ｓｕｂｇｒｏｕｐ,命名为突尾厕蝇Ｆａｎｎｉａ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｃａｕｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,新种模式标本保存于山西省大同市地方病防治所。     

中国有瓣蝇类三新种：（双翅目：丽蝇科,蝇科）

本文报道采自中国四川的瓣蝇类丽蝇科蜗蝇属Ｍｅｌｉｎｄａ Ｒｏｂｉｎｅａｕ－Ｄｅｓｖｏｉｄｙ １新种：端钩蜗蜗Ｍｅｌｉｎｄａ ａｐｉｃｉｈａｍａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ;蝇科移属Ｃｏｅｎｏｓｉａ Ｍｅｉｇｅｎ２新种：黑杂移蝇Ｃｏｅｎｏｓｉａ ｎｉｇｒｉｍｉｘｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,黄杂移蝇Ｃｏｅｎｏｓｉａ ｆｌａｒｉｍｉｘｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

美洲斑潜蝇等重要潜蝇的鉴别

双翅目中的潜蝇科、花蝇科、果蝇科、实蝇科和水蝇科等类群虽然都含有潜叶种类,但只有潜蝇科绝大部分种类以潜叶为主,其潜叶种类包含不少农作物和花卉害虫。在潜蝇科的这些害虫种类中,又以豌豆彩潜蝇ＣｈｒｏｍａｔｏｍｙｉａｈｏｒｔｉｃｏｌａＧｏｕｒｅａｕ,番茄斑潜蝇Ｌｉｒｉｏｍｙｚａｂｒｙｏｎｉａｅ（Ｋａｌｔｅｎｂａｃｈ）,拉美斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｈｕｔｈｅｂｒｅｓｉｓ（Ｂｌａｎ－ｃｈａｒｄ）,美洲斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｓａｔｉｖａｅ　Ｂｌａｎｃｈａｒｄ和三叶斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｉ（Ｂｕｒｇｅｓｓ）最为重要,造成较大的损失,…     

四川丽蝇族三新种：双翅目：丽蝇科

１９８０－１９９４年在四川一些地区采获的蝇类标本中,发现丽蝇族Ｃａｌｌｉｐｈｏｒｉｎｉ３新种,分别命名为二郎山蚓蝇Ｏｎｅｓｉａ ｅｒｌａｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．花蚓蝇Ｏｎｅｓｉａ ｆｌｏｒａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．大叶陪丽蝇Ｂｅｌｌａｒｄｉａ ｍｅｇａｌｏｂａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式示本存于作者所在单位。     

Electrophoretic Variation in Esterases, Peroxidases and Acid Phosphatases in Some Native Greek Taxa of the Genera Hordeum and Taeniatherum

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis has been applied to thestudy of esterase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase patternsin seven taxa, namely Hordeum diploids (2n=14) (H. marinum,H. marinum I and H. hystrix), tetraploids (2n=28) (H. bulbosumand H. murinum subsp. leporinum) and Taeniatherum (2n=14) (T.caput-medusae and T. caput-medusae I) in order to elucidatetheir phylogenetic relationships. On the basis of our experimentalresults the seven taxa may be placed in the following threegroups; (1) diploid Hordeum (H. marinum, H. marinum I, H. hystrix);(2) tetraploid Hordeum (H. bulbosum, H. murinum subsp. leporinum);(3) Taeniatherum (T. caput-medusae, T. caput-medusae I). Esterase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase patterns of the twoHordeum diploid taxa (H. marinum and H. marinum I) are verysimilar suggesting their close phylogenetic relationship; thesame is true for both the taxa of the genus Taeniatherum (T.caput-medusae and T. caput-medusae I). The taxa of the Taeniatherumgroup compared with the diploid Hordeum (H. marinum, H. marinumI, H. hystrix) and the tetraploid Hordeum (H. bulbosum, H. murinumsubsp. leporinum) show a lower degree of phylogenetic relationshipand seem to be equally distant from them. The tetraploid Hordeumgroup shows a higher phylogenetic relationship with diploidHordeum group than with the Taeniatherum group. These results confirm that the genus Taeniatherum, previouslyconsidered as part of the genus Hordeum, should be regardedas a separate genus. Gramineae (Poaceae), Hordeum L., Taeniatherum Nevski., esterase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase patterns, phylogenetic relationships     

The Regulatory Functions of the rolB and rolC Genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes are Conserved in the Homologous Genes (Ngrol) of Nicotiana glauca in Tobacco Genetic Tumors

To compare patterns of expression between the Ngrol genes ofN. glauca and the Rirol genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, weperformed fluorometric and histochemical analysis of transgenicgenetic tumors on the hybrid of Nicotiana glauca x N. langsdorffü(Fl) that harbored a rß- glucuronidase (GUS) reportergene fused to the promoter of NgrolB, NgrolC, RirolB or RirolC The promoters of NgrolB and NgrolCNgrolC had 2- to 3-fold loweractivity than those of RirolB and RirolC However, the changesin patterns of GUS activity caused by deletion of NgrolB andNgrolCpromoters were similar to those of RirolB and RirolC promoters.This result suggests that the cis-acting sequences that regulatethe level of expression of RirolB and RirolC are conserved inthe NgrolB and NgrolC promoters. Furthermore, an auxin dependent(NAA-dependent) increase in GUS activity was observed in thecase of NgrolB-GUS and RirolB-GUS. Histochemical analysis showedGUS activity encoded by both NgrolB-GUS and RirolB-GUS in normal-typeFl transgenic plants was located in meristematic zones, whilethat encoded by NgrolC-GUS and RirolC-GUS was detected mainlyin vascular systems of various organs. Thus, the patterns ofexpression of the Ngrol genes were the same as those of theRirol genes in terms of promotion by auxin and tissue-specificity,indicating that regulatory mechanisms for both sets of geneshave been conserved during the evolution of the genus Nicotianaafter transfer from a progenitor of Agrobacterium to that ofNicotiana. (Received May 2, 1995; Accepted June 13, 1995)     

Reproductive Isolation in a Native Population of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae)

Reproductive isolation was studied in four syntopic speciesof Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) at a site in Rio Grandedo Sul State, Brazil. Reciprocal artificial crossing experimentsconfirmed that a genetic barrier exists between Petunia(P. axillarisand P. integrifolia) andCalibrachoa (C. parviflora and C. heterophylla),and also between C. parviflora andC. heterophylla . Petuniaaxillaris(white, nocturnally scented flower) is geneticallycompatible with the syntopic and allotopic P. integrifolia(coloured,unscented flower). Reproductive isolation appears to be maintainedby the two species having different pollinators: nocturnallyactive hawkmoths (Manduca contracta andM. diffissa subsp. petuniae)pollinate P. axillaris while a diurnally active bee (Hexanthedasp.) pollinates P. integrifolia. Flowers of P. integrifoliaexhibit diurnal opening and closing movements synchronous withthe activity period of the bee. Other than a probable nectarrobber (a carpenter bee, Xylocopa augusti), no insect visitedflowers of P. axillaris in the day. Amounts of floral nectarin P. axillaris and P. integrifolia were within the range ofhawkmoth- and bee-pollinated flowers, respectively. Reproductiveisolating mechanisms in the genus Petunia sensu Jussieu arediscussed. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Calibrachoa, hawkmoth, Petunia, Petunia axillaris, Petunia integrifolia, pollinator, reproductive isolation, Solanaceae     

Relationships Between Climate and Flowering of Eight Herbs in a Swedish Deciduous Forest

Effects of annual variation in rainfall, temperature and humidityon flowering abundance of eight temperate woodland plants (Anemonenemorosa, Cardamine bulbifera, Lamiastrum galeobdolon,Oxalisacetosella , Ranunculus ficaria, Stellaria holostea, Viola reichenbachianaand Viola riviniana) were studied during 12 consecutive years(1989–2000) in a hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) forest insoutheast Sweden. Above-average rainfall/humidity in late summerto early autumn of the preceding year increased flowering abundancein L. galeobdolon, O. acetosella, V. reichenbachiana, V. rivinianaand, especially, in R. ficaria, but not in S. holostea and A.nemorosa. Moreover, flowering of R. ficaria and O. acetosellawas positively related to rainfall/humidity during several partsof, or the entire, preceding year. On the contrary, floweringof S. holostea and A. nemorosa was closely related to low valuesof rainfall/humidity in autumn and/or winter of the precedingyear and also to low humidity in the current year in A. nemorosa.Two long periods (3–4 years) of increasing rainfall deficitcoincided with decreasing flowering abundance in most of thespecies, but not with decreasing vegetative development. Temperaturevariability was less consistently related to flowering. A coolperiod during the preceding summer or autumn seemed importantfor flowering in L. galeobdolon, O. acetosella and the Violaspecies, although these relations were, at least partly, causedby interactions with rainfall/humidity. No significant (P <0.05) correlations were found between flowering and the conditionsprevailing in April to May—the main flowering season—ofthe current year. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Climate, flowering, rainfall, temperature, Anemone nemorosa, Cardamine bulbifera, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Oxalis acetosella, Ranunculus ficaria, Stellaria holostea, Viola reichenbachiana, Viola riviniana     

Estimating the capacity for improvement in risk prediction with a marker

Consider a set of baseline predictors X to predict a binaryoutcome D and let Y be a novel marker or predictor. This paperis concerned with evaluating the performance of the augmentedrisk model P(D = 1|Y,X) compared with the baseline model P(D= 1|X). The diagnostic likelihood ratio, DLR_X(y), quantifiesthe change in risk obtained with knowledge of Y = y for a subjectwith baseline risk factors X. The notion is commonly used inclinical medicine to quantify the increment in risk predictiondue to Y. It is contrasted here with the notion of covariate-adjustedeffect of Y in the augmented risk model. We also propose methodsfor making inference about DLR_X(y). Case–control studydesigns are accommodated. The methods provide a mechanism toinvestigate if the predictive information in Y varies with baselinecovariates. In addition, we show that when combined with a baselinerisk model and information about the population distributionof Y given X, covariate-specific predictiveness curves can beestimated. These curves are useful to an individual in decidingif ascertainment of Y is likely to be informative or not forhim. We illustrate with data from 2 studies: one is a studyof the performance of hearing screening tests for infants, andthe other concerns the value of serum creatinine in diagnosingrenal artery stenosis.     

家蚕保存系统红色卵的遗传分析

用遗传背景清楚的家蚕Bombyx mori红卵（re）、白卵(w-2、pe)、第4褐卵（b-4）的标志基因系统和正常型黑卵系统与我国家蚕基因库保存的20个红色卵系统杂交,进行顺反测验,分析了它们的卵色支配基因及遗传规律。结果发现：①在03-310系统中存在家蚕卵色新突变pink egg,与红卵re 等位,基因符号为re^p,表型特征为：卵淡红色,成虫蛾眼也为淡红色;②6个系统为红卵（re）的纯合系统,还有５个系统除具有re／re基因型外,还具有支配白色卵或浅红色或橙红色卵的突变基因;③２个系统为第4褐卵（b4）的纯合系统; ④6个系统的红褐色卵为母性影响遗传;⑤发现家蚕卵色基因b-4和r-e的互补关系,b-4/b-4 re/re基因型表现为新的卵色——橙黄色。     

Competition, predation and the relative abundances of two species of Daphnia

We investigated the factors controlling the relative abundancesof two Daphnia species, D.pulex and D.laevis, in a small Wisconsinpond. D.pulex was the dominant Daphnia species in fall 1977and summer-fall 1978; D.laevis was the only Daphnia speciespresent in summer 1979. The abundance of D.laevis was positivelycorrelated with the abundance of the notonectid, Buenoa confusa.In predation trials, notonectides exhibited a distinct preferencefor D.pulex over similarly-sized D.laevis, but Chaoborus larvaefed at similar rates on both Daphnia species. Behavioral observationsrevealed that Buenoa adults were much less efficient at capturingD.laevis than D.pulex. Quantitative results of these predationtrials were combined with estimates of predator and prey densityand distribution to evaluate the effect of predation on thedaphnid populations. The effect of predation varied throughtime and microhabitat, and only infrequently could predationaccount for total prey mortality. D.laevis was most abundantat times and in places where Buenoa predation was most intense.Competition experiments illustrated the competitive superiorityof D.pulex over D.laevis. D.pulex was able to competitivelyexclude D.laevis in long term experiments, and D.pulex's fecunditywas higher than that of D.laevis in shorter experiments. Inlong-term experiments, Chaoborus larvae at natural densitieswere able to keep both Daphnia species at low, constant levelsand neither species clearly dominated when Chaoborus was present.The relative abundances of D.pulex and D.laevis were controlledby a complex of biotic and abiotic factors. Pond depth and predatordensity determined the intensity of predation on daphnid populations.When notonectid predation was intense, D.laevis dominated; whenthe intensity of predation by notonectids was low, D.pulex dominateddue to its superior competitive abilities. At different timesselective predation or high resource levels promoted the co-existenceof these two species. ¹Current address of both authors: Department of Biological Sciences,University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA     

The Scaling of Plant Height: A Comparison Among Major Plant Clades and Anatomical Grades

The scaling plant height h (m) with respect to stem diameterd (m) was determined for a total 610 species (mosses, n = 40;pteridophytes, n = 16; dicotyledonous herbs, n = 117; palms,n = 17; gymnosperms, n = 105; dicotyledonous trees, n = 315);axial length or mass vs. d was determined for the pteridophytePsilotum nudum ; and the scaling of critical buckling heighth_crit of gymnosperm and dicotyledonous trees was calculatedbased on the record trunk d and average Young's modulus E anddensity p of 33 wood species. The scaling exponents (based onleast squares and reduced major axis regressions;     

Water Import Rate in Tomato Fruit: A Resistance Model

A model of the water import rate in tomato fruit is proposed.It compares the fruit to a hollow sphere (P) with external radiusR and internal radius R_G, corresponding to pericarp, and containingan internal spherical part (G). The pathway limiting water inputrate at any point I at a distance r from the fruit centre wasassumed to be proportional: (a) in P, to the length of the arcwhich has a radius r and which goes from I to the pedicel extension;(b) in G, to r. The water input rate at I was modelled basedon a law similar to Darcy's law which takes into account thedifference between the water potential at entry of fruit andthe water potential at point I. This latter potential was thesum of fruit osmotic potential and pressure potential due toresistance of tissue to deformation. This potential was proportionalto R-r or R_G -r. The model was expressed at fruit level by alaw such that water mass imported per unit time per unit surfacearea of fruit (f_rw) was a linear function of R. The model wascompared to linear regressions of this rate in terms of R whichhad been found during fruit swelling from published results,and which were obtained at different values of nutrient solutionsalinity. The results suggested that water input in tomato fruitis conditioned by passive forces depending on fruit size.Copyright1994, 1999 Academic Press Fruit, growth, model, resistance, salinity, size, tomato, transfer, water