FGF受体-1和FGF受体-2介导成纤维细胞生长因子-21信号传导

成纤维细胞生长因子-21是FGF家族成员,FGF-21与其他FGF家族成员不同,它没有促进细胞分裂的作用,但具有很强的调节血糖作用.本实验旨在系统研究FGF-21的功能受体,以及配体/受体的作用机制,为深入研究FGF-21的生物功能,加快FGF-21从基因到药物的转变奠定理论基础.前期实验表明,FGF-21促进3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖代谢,对前脂肪细胞无作用,说明3T3-L1脂肪细胞表达FGF-21功能受体.本文以3T3-L1脂肪细胞为靶标,深入研究FGF-21的功能受体.在FGF-21作用下3T3-L1脂肪细胞中的FGF受体1(R1)和FGF受体2(R2)形成特异性异源二聚体.脂肪细胞经FGF-21处理后,R1和R2均迅速发生磷酸化,表明两个受体均被FGF-21激活.siRNA干涉实验表明,抑制R1和R2功能可以抑制FGF-21处理后3T3-L1脂肪细胞Glut1的表达水平,揭示了FGF-21通过R1和R2上调3T3-L1脂肪细胞中Glut1的表达.免疫印迹结果表明,FGF-21可以介导3T3-L1脂肪细胞表面R1和R2的内吞.克隆后测序分析结果表明,3T3-L1脂肪细胞表达的FGF受体为FGFR-1Ⅲc和FGFR-2Ⅲc.结果表明,FGFR-1Ⅲc和FGFR-2Ⅲc是FGF-21的功能受体,参与FGF-21在脂肪细胞中介导的糖代谢活性的信号传导.     

成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）受体-2参与FGF-21介导的糖代谢活性米

最近发现,FGF-21具有很强的调节血糖和血脂的作用,已经成为糖尿病研究领域的新热点,但是其功能受体和作用机制还不清楚．前期结果表明,FGF-21促进3T3L1脂肪细胞代谢葡萄糖,对前脂肪细胞无作用,说明脂肪细胞表达FGF-21功能受体．以3T3L1脂肪细胞为靶标,旨存寻找FGF-21的功能受体．结果表明,FGF-21可与3T3L1脂肪细胞膜蛋白形成FGF-21／受体复合物,免疫检测结果发现,FGF-21／受体复合物中含有FGF受体-2（FGFR-2）．为明确FGF-21／FGFR-2的特异性关系,系统研究了FGFR-2对FGF-21刺激后的酪氨酸磷酸化反应．结果表明,虽然前脂肪细胞和脂肪细胞均表达FGFR-2,但是FGF-21只诱导脂肪绌胞中表达的FGFR-2磷酸化,对前脂肪细胞表达的FGFR-2无作用,与葡萄糖吸收试验相符．FGF-21不仅可使原位表达的FGFR-2磷酸化,还可使异位表达的FGFR-2磷酸化,克隆后测序分析结果表明,FGFR-2Ⅲc是3T3L1脂肪细胞表达的主要FGFR-2类型．这些结果提示,FGFR-2Ⅲc是FGF-21的功能受体,参与FGF-21在脂肪细胞介导的糖代谢活性．此外,系统分析了FGFR-2在3T3L1分化过程巾的差异表达,为FGF-21在前脂肪细胞和脂肪细胞中的功能差异提供了依据．     

成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)受体-2参与FGF-21介导的糖代谢活性

最近发现,FGF-21具有很强的调节血糖和血脂的作用,已经成为糖尿病研究领域的新热点,但是其功能受体和作用机制还不清楚．前期结果表明,FGF-21促进3T3L1脂肪细胞代谢葡萄糖,对前脂肪细胞无作用,说明脂肪细胞表达FGF-21功能受体．以3T3L1 脂肪细胞为靶标,旨在寻找FGF-21的功能受体．结果表明,FGF-21可与3T3L1脂肪细胞膜蛋白形成FGF-21/受体复合物,免疫检测结果发现,FGF-21/受体复合物中含有FGF受体-2(FGFR-2)．为明确FGF-21/FGFR-2的特异性关系,系统研究了FGFR-2对FGF-21刺激后的酪氨酸磷酸化反应．结果表明,虽然前脂肪细胞和脂肪细胞均表达FGFR-2,但是FGF-21只诱导脂肪细胞中表达的FGFR-2磷酸化,对前脂肪细胞表达的FGFR-2无作用,与葡萄糖吸收试验相符．FGF-21不仅可使原位表达的FGFR-2磷酸化,还可使异位表达的FGFR-2磷酸化．克隆后测序分析结果表明,FGFR-2Ⅲc是3T3L1脂肪细胞表达的主要FGFR-2类型．这些结果提示,FGFR-2Ⅲc是FGF-21的功能受体,参与FGF-21在脂肪细胞介导的糖代谢活性．此外,系统分析了FGFR-2在3T3L1分化过程中的差异表达,为FGF-21在前脂肪细胞和脂肪细胞中的功能差异提供了依据．     

人FGF-21基因的克隆、表达及其调节脂肪细胞糖代谢的活性

成纤维细胞生长因子FGF-21是FGF家族的一个新成员, 最近的研究发现其具有调节血糖的作用, 有望成为治疗2型糖尿病的基因药物。文章应用RT-PCR技术, 从成人肝脏中克隆人源的FGF-21成熟蛋白基因, 并将其克隆到T载体上, 经测序鉴定后, 将其亚克隆到原核表达载体pSUMO上, 转入大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中。鉴定阳性克隆后, 用IPTG诱导FGF-21表达, 并用Ni-NTA柱进行亲和层析纯化。以3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖吸收实验来鉴定FGF-21表达产物促进糖吸收的活性。结果表明, FGF-21成熟蛋白基因大小为546 bp, 测序结果与GenBank数据库中的序列一致。SDS-PAGE与Western blotting结果表明: 人源FGF-21成熟蛋白大小19.4 kDa, 经3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖吸收实验验证其具有促进葡萄糖吸收的生物活性, 并且GLUT1是FGF-21发挥生物学作用的终末执行单位。     

鼠源成纤维细胞生长因子-21对脂肪细胞糖代谢的作用

成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)是FGF家族的成员之一．近年发现FGF-21是一种新的代谢调节因子．从小鼠肝脏克隆FGF-21 cDNA,经测序正确后亚克隆至具有羟胺切割位点的小泛素相关修饰物表达载体上,转化宿主菌Rosetta,得到的转化子经IPTG诱导后获得稳定、高效、可溶的表达产物．表达产物经羟胺切割、透析、复性、柱层析纯化后,在每升宿主菌中可获得4 mg纯度为95%的成熟鼠源FGF-21蛋白,利用葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶(POD-GOD)法在小鼠3T3-L1脂肪细胞中进行生物学活性检测．结果表明,鼠源FGF-21具有促进脂肪细胞吸收葡萄糖的作用,短期作用(1 h)与胰岛素相似,长期作用(8和12 h)明显优于胰岛素．这一结果为以鼠源FGF-21为模型进一步研究FGF-21的生物学活性及其在糖代谢方面的作用机理奠定了基础．     

小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞系的增强绿色荧光蛋白标记

细胞模型是研究细胞分化原理以及进行高通量筛选的有效工具。为了建立特异性标记的脂肪细胞分化模型,构建了包括脂肪细胞分化特异性表达基因PPARγ2的启动子在内的载体（pPPARγ2-promoter-EGFP）,用电穿孔方法转染小鼠3T3L1 前脂肪细胞,用显微荧光观察和RT-PCR确认PPARγ2基因的内源表达。结果显示,EGFP基因成功转入3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,观察到细胞分化过程中EGFP表达和脂肪积累,RTPCR分析表明EGFP代表了稳定而真实的PPARγ2基因的内源性表达。建立了由脂肪组织特异表达基因PPARγ2的表达控制的EGFP标记的小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞系,目前国内外尚未见用同样方法对前脂肪细胞进行特异性标记。该细胞系将为脂肪细胞分化机理研究以及为抗肥胖症和抗糖尿病药物筛选提供有力工具。     

成纤维细胞生长因子21对1型糖尿病动物模型的肝糖代谢影响及机制研究

成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)-21是FGF家族的成员之一.作为近年发现的一种新的糖代谢调节因子,大量研究表明,FGF-21是一种不依赖胰岛素,能够独立降糖的2型糖尿病治疗潜力型药物.但是,能否应用于1型糖尿病的治疗,国内外目前尚无报道.通过改良传统造模方法,诱导小鼠缓慢产生糖耐量异常,研究FGF-21对此类模型的糖代谢影响及肝糖代谢机制.通过检测FGF-21短期注射和长期注射后模型动物血糖的变化,研究FGF-21在模型动物上对血糖的调控效果.采用实时定量PCR检测FGF-21对模型动物肝脏中葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT)1、4 mRNA的表达影响.利用蒽酮法检测模型动物肝脏中糖原合成量.实验结果显示,FGF-21能够调节1型糖尿病动物的血糖水平,并呈剂量依赖性.同时,首次在1型糖尿病动物模型上证实了低剂量FGF-21(0.125 mg/kg)与胰岛素的协同作用效果优于相同剂量FGF-21和胰岛素单独注射的效果.治疗结果表明,FGF-21能够维持1型糖尿病动物模型血糖在正常范围,效果优于胰岛素.实时定量PCR结果发现,与胰岛素上调GLUT4 mRNA表达量不同的是,FGF-21作用动物模型8周后,GLUT1 mRNA表达量显著提高,长期的FGF-21与胰岛素协同注射使GLUT1、4 mRNA表达量同时显著提高.长期FGF-21与胰岛素协同注射组和高剂量FGF-21注射均可显著提高模型动物肝糖原的合成.结果表明,FGF-21促进动物模型糖代谢机制与增加GLUT1表达、增加糖原合成作用有关.为临床应用FGF-21治疗1型糖尿病,增加胰岛素敏感性提供了理论依据.     

成纤维细胞生长因子21抑制脂肪细胞瘦素基因表达的分子机制

本研究旨在明确成纤维细胞生长因子21 (fibroblast growth factor 21, FGF21)调控脂肪细胞瘦素基因表达的分子机制。以3T3-F442A脂肪细胞为研究对象,用荧光定量RT-PCR检测瘦素mRNA表达,并用Western blot检测信号转导通路蛋白的磷酸化水平。结果显示,FGF21显著下调脂肪细胞瘦素mRNA表达水平,FGF21受体抑制剂BGJ-398完全阻断此作用。FGF21上调脂肪细胞ERK1/2和AMPK的磷酸化水平,ERK1/2抑制剂SCH772984和AMPK抑制剂Compound C分别可部分阻断FGF21抑制瘦素基因表达的作用,二者联合应用可完全阻断FGF21的抑制作用。PI3K抑制剂LY294002和Akt抑制剂AZD5363对FGF21抑制瘦素基因表达的作用无明显影响。以上结果提示,FGF21可能通过FGF受体激活脂肪细胞ERK1/2和AMPK两条信号途径,抑制瘦素基因表达。     

脂联素siRNA对3T3-L1细胞基础葡萄糖转运的影响

目的：构建携带小鼠脂联素（Acrp30）siRNA腺病毒载体,并检测其对小鼠脂肪细胞Acrp30表达以及对3T3-L1脂肪细胞基础葡萄糖转运的影响。方法：设计并化学合成小鼠脂肪细胞Acrp30 siRNA片断,将其亚克隆入AdEaxy XL腺病毒载体系统,在293细胞内包装扩增为重组腺病毒。用此重组腺病毒感染3T3-L1脂肪细胞,用RT-PCR和ELISA检测其Acrp30 mRNA和蛋白表达。采用2Deoxy-[3H]D—glucose掺入法测定脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运。结果：设计并构建了小鼠Acrp30基因特异性siRNA腺病毒载体,该载体感染脂肪细胞后,能显著抑制Acrp30 mRNA和蛋白表达,影响3T3-L1脂肪细胞基础葡萄糖的转运,与对照组相比,差异有显著性意5C（P〈0．05）。结论：构建的Acrp30基因特异性siRNA腺病毒载体能有效的抑制脂联素在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中的表达,从而影响3T3-L1脂肪细胞基础葡萄糖转运。     

人源FGF-21在脂肪细胞糖代谢中的作用

近年来研究发现,成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)-21是一种新的代谢调节因子.为了深入研究人源FGF-21（hFGF-21）的生物活性,本实验利用SUMO高效表达载体,高效表达成熟的hFGF-21,并利用小鼠3T3-L1脂肪细胞检测hFGF-21的糖代谢活性．实验结果表明,hFGF-21可促进脂肪细胞的葡萄糖吸收,且葡萄糖吸收效率呈剂量依赖性．hFGF-21作用4 h即可促进脂肪细胞糖吸收,其活性可持续24 h以上．hFGF-21与胰岛素共同作用的葡萄糖吸收效果,明显优于它们的单独作用结果,说明hFGF-21与胰岛素发挥协同作用．脂肪细胞经hFGF-21预处理后,显著增加了胰岛素促进脂肪细胞吸收葡萄糖的效率,说明hFGF-21可以增加胰岛素的敏感性．本实验为临床应用hFGF-21治疗糖尿病,增加胰岛素敏感性提供了依据．     

Molecular determinants of FGF-21 activity-synergy and cross-talk with PPARgamma signaling

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is a novel regulator of insulin-independent glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and has glucose and triglyceride lowering effects in rodent models of diabetes. The precise mechanisms whereby FGF-21 regulates metabolism remain to be determined. Here we describe the early signaling events triggered by FGF-21 treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and reveal a functional interplay between FGF-21 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) pathways that leads to a marked stimulation of glucose transport. While the early actions of FGF-21 on 3T3-L1 adipocytes involve rapid accumulation of intracellular calcium and phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3, p70(S6K), SHP-2, MEK1/2, and Stat3, continuous treatment for 72 h induces an increase in PPARgamma protein expression. Moreover, chronic activation of the PPARgamma pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the PPARgamma agonist and anti-diabetic agent, rosiglitazone (BRL 49653), enhances FGF-21 action to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF receptor-2. Strikingly, treatment of cells with FGF-21 and rosiglitazone in combination leads to a pronounced increase in expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter and a marked synergy in stimulation of glucose transport. Together these results reveal a novel synergy between two regulators of glucose homeostasis, FGF-21 and PPARgamma, and further define FGF-21 mechanism of action.     

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 signals through both FGF receptor-1 and 2

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is a member of the FGF superfamily based on sequence homology. However, unlike most members of this family it does not show any mitogenic activity in all cell types tested. The objective of this study is to identify and characterize receptors for this molecule. Sequencing of the cDNA clones from 3T3-L1 adipocytes indicates that the only isoforms for FGFR-1 and 2 expressed in 3T3-L1 cells are 1IIIc and 2IIIc, respectively, suggesting that FGF-21 regulates glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through FGFR-1IIIc and FGFR-2IIIc.     

betaKlotho is required for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 signaling through FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c and FGFR3c

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, a structural relative of FGF23 that regulates phosphate homeostasis, is a regulator of insulin-independent glucose transport in adipocytes and plays a role in the regulation of body weight. It also regulates ketogenesis and adaptive responses to starvation. We report that in a reconstituted receptor activation assay system using BaF3 cells, which do not endogenously express any type of FGF receptor (FGFR) or heparan sulfate proteoglycan, FGF21 alone does not activate FGFRs and that betaKlotho is required for FGF21 to activate two specific FGFR subtypes: FGFR1c and FGFR3c. Coexpression of betaKlotho and FGFR1c on BaF3 cells enabled FGF21, but not FGF23, to activate receptor signaling. Conversely, coexpression of FGFR1c and Klotho, a protein related to betaKlotho, enabled FGF23 but not FGF21 to activate receptor signaling, indicating that expression of betaKlotho/Klotho confers target cell specificity on FGF21/FGF23. In all of these cases, heparin enhanced the activation but was not essential. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, up-regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT) expression by FGF21 was associated with expression of betaKlotho, which was absent in undifferentiated 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. It is thus suggested that betaKlotho expression is a crucial determinant of the FGF21 specificity of the target cells upon which it acts in an endocrine fashion.     

Endothelin stimulates glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation via activation of endothelin ETA receptor in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino acid peptide that binds to G-protein-coupled receptors to evoke biological responses. This report studies the effect of ET-1 on regulating glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ET-1, but not angiotensin II, stimulated glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 0.29 nM and a 2.47-fold stimulation at 100 nM. ET-1 stimulated glucose uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells but had no effect in undifferentiated cells, although ET-1 stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis to a similar degree in both. The 3T3-L1 cells expressed approximately 560,000 sites/cell of ETA receptor, which was not altered during differentiation. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining show that ET-1 stimulated the translocation of insulin-responsive aminopeptidase and GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. The effect of ET-1 on glucose uptake was blocked by A-216546, an antagonist selective for the ETA receptor. ET-1 treatment did not induce phosphorylation of insulin receptor beta-subunit, insulin receptor substrate-1, or Akt but stimulated the tyrosyl phosphorylation of a 75-kDa protein. Genistein (100 microM), an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, inhibited ET-1-stimulated glucose uptake. Our results show that ET-1 stimulates GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activation of ETA receptor.     

Apelin stimulates glucose uptake through the PI3K/Akt pathway and improves insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Apelin, a cytokine mainly secreted by adipocytes, is closely related with insulin resistance. The underlying molecular mechanisms of how apelin affects insulin resistance, however, are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of apelin on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. After 10 ng/ml TNF-α treatment for 24 h, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was reduced by 47% in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Apelin treatment improved glucose uptake in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of 1,000 nM apelin for 60 min maximally augmented glucose uptake in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, apelin pre-incubation also increased adipocytes' insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and PI3K/Akt pathway were involved in these effects. In addition, immunocytochemistry staining and western blotting analysis indicated that apelin could increase glucose transporter 4 translocation from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Apelin also increased the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin mRNA expression while reducing that of pro-inflammatory adipokine interleukin-6 in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results suggest that apelin stimulates glucose uptake through the PI3K/Akt pathway, promotes GLUT4 translocation from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, and modulates inflammatory responses in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes.     

Localization of transferrin receptors and insulin-like growth factor II receptors in vesicles from 3T3-L1 adipocytes that contain intracellular glucose transporters

Transferrin receptors in detergent extracts of subcellular membrane fractions prepared from 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured by a binding assay. There was a small but significant increase (1.2-fold) in the amount of receptor in a crude plasma membrane fraction and a 40% decrease in the number of transferrin receptors in microsomal membranes prepared from insulin-treated cells, when compared with corresponding fractions from control cells. Intracellular vesicles containing insulin-responsive glucose transporters (GT) have been isolated by immunoadsorption from the microsomal fraction (Biber, J. W., and G. E. Lienhard. 1986. J. Biol. Chem. 261:16180-16184). All of the transferrin receptors in this fraction were localized in these vesicles; however, because the GT vesicles contain approximately 30-fold fewer transferrin receptors than GT, on the average only one vesicle in three contains a transferrin receptor. The binding of 125I-pentamannose 6-phosphate BSA to 3T3-L1 adipocytes at 4 degrees C was used to monitor surface insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)/mannose 6-phosphate receptors. Exposure of cells to insulin at 37 degrees C for 5 min resulted in a 2.5-4.5-fold increase in surface receptors. There was a corresponding 20% decrease in the amount of IGF-II receptors in the microsomal membranes prepared from insulin-treated cells, as assayed by immunoblotting. Moreover, the IGF-II receptors and GT were located in the same intracellular vesicles, since antibodies to the carboxyterminal peptide of either protein immunoadsorbed vesicles containing 70-95% of both proteins initially present in the microsomal fraction. In conjunction with other studies, these results indicate that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, three membrane proteins (the GT, the transferrin receptor, and the IGF-II receptor) respond similarly to insulin, by redistributing to the surface from intracellular compartment(s) in which they are colocalized.     

Differential effects of palmitate on glucose uptake in rat-1 fibroblasts and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Non-esterified fatty acids are thought to be one of the causes for insulin resistance. However, the molecular mechanism of fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is not clearly known. In this study, we first examined the effect of palmitate on insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that 1h treatment with 1 mmol/l palmitate had no effect on insulin binding, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors, 185 kDa proteins and Shc, and PI3 kinase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Then, the effects of palmitate on MAP kinase activity and glucose uptake in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were compared with those in poorly differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and in HIRc-B cells. Palmitate treatment had no effect on MAP kinase activity in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, while it inhibited MAP kinase in poorly differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and HIRc-B cells. Glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with palmitate for 1 h, 4 h and 16 h was higher than that in control cells, but palmitate treatment caused a rightward shift of the insulin-dose responsive curve for glucose uptake in HIRc-B cells. Palmitate treatment did not significantly affect basal and insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. When the cells were treated with PD98059, a specific MEK inhibitor, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was not affected in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, while it was almost completely inhibited in HIRc-B cells. These results suggest the primary effect of palmitate on adipocytes may not involve insulin resistance of adipocytes themselves.