NF-κB启动的炎症反应在小鼠侵袭性肺曲霉病肺损伤中的作用

为了探讨NF-κB启动的炎症反应在小鼠侵袭性肺曲霉病肺损伤中的作用,将小鼠分3组:正常组、正常 烟曲霉菌接种组、IPA模型组,小鼠鼻吸入烟曲霉菌第4天处死,取肺组织,肺组织切片经HE染色观察病理损伤;比色法测定肺组织MPO活性;免疫组化法评价肺组织NF-κBp65蛋白的活化:RT-PCR法检测肺组织TNF-α、IFN-γ和β-tublin mRNA的表达. 结果显示,正常健康组小鼠肺组织结构正常,未见炎症发生;正常 烟曲霉菌接种组小鼠肺组织有炎症细胞浸润,未见孢子萌芽;IPA模型组小鼠的肺组织病理损伤严重,可见炎症细胞浸润,孢子萌芽生成菌丝.正常 烟曲霉菌接种组和IPA模型组小鼠肺组织的TNF-α和IFN-γ mRNA的相对表达水平、NF-κB p65免疫组化评分和MPO活性均高于正常组小鼠(P<0.05):并且IPA模型组小鼠肺组织NF-κB p65免疫组化评分值和MPO活性均高于正常 烟曲霉菌接种组(P<0.05).结果提示,烟曲霉菌感染可激活小鼠肺组织NF-κB介导的炎症信号通路,诱导下游TNF-α和IFN-γ的表达,募集大量的中性粒细胞于感染组织,是导致IPA小鼠肺组织严重病理损伤的因素之一.     

NODs信号通路在RAW264.7细胞抗烟曲霉菌刺激中的作用

【目的】通过培养RAW264.7细胞,并运用siRNA沉默NOD2基因来研究NODs信号通路在体外抗烟曲霉中的作用。【方法】体外培养RAW264.7细胞,接种2×105个/孔细胞于六孔板中,分为正常对照组(N)和正常沉默组[NOD2(RNAi),正常+烟曲霉孢子刺激组(N+Af)和正常沉默+烟曲霉孢子刺激组[NOD2(RNAi)+Af],每组三复孔。通过RT-PCR法检测细胞中NOD1、NOD2、RIP2 mRNA表达;Western blot法检测细胞中分泌蛋白TNF-α表达。【结果】与N组比较,N+Af组NOD1、NOD2 mRNA和TNF-α蛋白表达显著上升。与阴性对照组(Nctrol)相比,NOD2(RNAi)组NOD2 mRNA表达明显受到抑制,沉默效果达到80%以上,说明RAW264.7细胞中NOD2基因被成功沉默。与NOD2(RNAi)组比较,NOD2(RNAi)+Af组NOD1、RIP2 mRNA和TNF-α蛋白表达小幅上升,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与NOD2基因沉默前比较发现:与N组比较,NOD2(RNAi)组,TNF-α蛋白表达显著性升高(P<0.05)。与N+Af组比较,NOD2(RNAi)+Af组,TNF-α蛋白显著性降低(P<0.05);NOD1、RIP2 mRNA在各组中表达均未见显著性差异。【结论】NODs信号通路在RAW264.7细胞抗烟曲霉中发挥作用,尤以NOD2的作用较突出。     

不同免疫抑制剂对小鼠罹患侵袭性肺曲霉病的影响

目的比较两种免疫抑制状态造成侵袭性曲霉感染(IPA)后天然免疫反应的异同。方法清洁级雄性BALB/c小鼠,分别使用地塞米松(A组)及环磷酰胺(B组)预处理后气道接种烟曲霉孢子建立IPA模型。观察小鼠存活率,肺病理检查,评估肺部及肺外脏器真菌负荷;支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)检测促炎、抗炎细胞因子浓度。结果 A组小鼠平均生存期与B组比较有显著差异。病理提示A组小鼠肺组织有大量炎症细胞聚集;B组可见到典型的曲霉菌丝浸润性生长。B组小鼠肺部烟曲霉CFU、烟曲霉18srRNA较A组升高;B组肺外各脏器与A组比较均具有统计学差异。检测BALF中炎症因子:A组TNF-α未检测到,IL-10峰值在72h出现,IL-1α自第一天起即升高,第3天达峰值;B组TNF-α及IL-10在24h后均明显升高,于48h达峰值;IL-1α一直在低水平维持;B组与各组间比较,TNF-α、IL-1α及IL-10均有显著差异。A、B两组IL-1β表达在接种烟曲霉后均迅速升高,并一直在高水平维持,两组间无差异。结论不同预处理造成小鼠免疫抑制后建立IPA模型,激素组肺部出现明显的炎症反应;环磷酰胺组可出现显著的全身真菌播散。     

内毒素耐受对核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域2信号通路的影响

为研究内毒素耐受对核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域2(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2,NOD2)信号通路的影响,将小鼠单核-巨噬细胞RAW264.7分为两组,分别给予小剂量脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)(100ng/mL)或磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)预处理20h,建立内毒素耐受组和对照组。每组细胞分别给予大剂量LPS(1 000ng/mL)或热灭活烟曲霉孢子刺激,于刺激后0、2、6、12、24h采用定量聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测细胞NOD2、受体相互作用蛋白2(receptor-interacting protein 2,RIP2)和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)mRNA表达;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测细胞上清液中白细胞介素8(interleukin 8,IL-8)和TNF-α浓度。结果显示,内毒素耐受组无论是大剂量LPS还是热灭活烟曲霉孢子刺激均不能增加NOD2、RIP2和TNF-αmRNA表达及细胞上清液中IL-8、TNF-α浓度;而对照组大剂量LPS和热灭活烟曲霉孢子刺激均可提高NOD2、RIP2和TNF-αmRNA表达及细胞上清液中IL-8、TNF-α浓度,尤以刺激后12h增加显著,与刺激前(0h)比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结果提示,内毒素耐受可能对NOD2信号通路有抑制作用。     

非洲猪瘟病毒C717R蛋白诱导小鼠炎症应答

【目的】通过炎症应答系统筛选,发现非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus, ASFV) C717R蛋白可诱导炎症反应,本研究旨在首次鉴定C717R蛋白功能,通过构建C717R重组慢病毒并感染BALB/c小鼠,探究其对炎症应答产生的影响。【方法】通过炎症小体表达系统筛选出诱导炎症应答的C717R蛋白,并构建C717R重组慢病毒。利用C717R重组慢病毒感染小鼠,使C717R在小鼠组织中表达。经实时荧光定量、蛋白质免疫印迹等方法检测C717R慢病毒包装、蛋白表达以及促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IFN-β的变化。【结果】C717R蛋白在小鼠组织中正常表达。酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测发现,表达C717R蛋白的小鼠,血清中促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IFN-β及IFN-γ分泌水平显著升高。实时荧光定量检测表达C717R蛋白的小鼠组织证实,C717R、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的mRNA转录水平显著上调;蛋白质免疫印迹证实,C717R可诱导小鼠不同组织caspase-1和IL-1β的成熟。组织病理切片结果显示,表达C717R蛋白的BALB/c小鼠和对照组和相比,肝脏、心脏、肺脏等器官炎性细胞浸润程度较对照组更严重。【结论】ASFV的C717R蛋白表达诱导BALB/c小鼠产生炎症应答,为鉴定和阐明C717R蛋白介导的促炎新机制提供了重要依据。     

桔梗皂苷对慢性支气管炎小鼠肺细胞中的IL-1β和TNF-α表达的影响

探讨炎性细胞因子在慢性支气管炎小鼠肺细胞中的表达及桔梗皂苷(kikyosaponin,KS)治疗慢性支气管炎的作用机制。将50只健康小鼠分成正常对照组、模型组和桔梗皂苷低、中、高剂量组,除正常对照组外,其余四组动物均采用烟熏加浓氨水吸入法建立慢性支气管炎模型,然后分别用药物进行治疗。实验结束后,取各组小鼠肺组织进行石蜡制片,HE染色光镜观察支气管和肺组织病理形态的变化;免疫组化分析肺细胞中IL-1β和TNF-α的表达。Western blot检测肺组织中IL-1β和TNF-α的表达。免疫组化检测显示,与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠肺组织细胞中IL-1β和TNF-α的表达非常显著。在连续用药30天后,与模型组相比,各治疗组小鼠肺组织细胞中IL-1β和TNF-α的表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。蛋白印迹术检测显示,模型组小鼠肺组织细胞中IL-1β和TNF-α的表达水平明显增加,与正常对照组比较,差异十分显著(P<0.01)。而连续用药30天后,各治疗组小鼠肺组织细胞中IL-1β和TNF-α的表达量明显下降,且呈较好的量效关系。结果表明,桔梗皂苷对慢性支气管炎小鼠肺组织中炎性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的表达有明显的抑制作用。推测其作用机制可能是通过抑制肺组织中炎性细胞因子和自由基的生成而达到抗炎、止咳平喘作用的。     

肠球菌溶血及非溶血菌株对小鼠巨噬细胞表达TNF-α的影响

【目的】探讨肠球菌溶血菌株及非溶血菌株对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264．7表达TNF-α的影响。【方法】用多粘菌素B抑制排除内毒素污染对实验的影响。肠球菌溶血菌株、非溶血菌株各11株,以菌／细胞比30：1感染RAW264．7细胞1h,加入200gg／mL氨苄青霉素继续培养24h,分别于感染后3、6、9、24h,用ELISA方法检测不同观测点细胞培养液中肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α的含量,并用逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法（RT-PCR）比较肠球菌溶血、非溶血菌株感染6h后TNF-α RNA表达的差异。【结果】未感染的RAW264．7细胞培养液中检测不到TNF-α。肠球菌溶血株感染组细胞培养上清液中各观测点的TNF-α的平均含量（pg／mL）均比非溶血株性组高。经t检验,P〈0．01,差别有显著性。RT-PCR法检测其mRNA的表达也有相同结果：TNF-α RNA在肠球菌溶血株感染细胞中的相对表达量比非溶血株感染的细胞高,经t检验,P〈0．05,差别有统计学意义。【结论】肠球菌溶血株比非溶血株更能促进小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264．7产生TNF-α炎症因子。     

青春双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的免疫调节作用

目的 探讨早期应用青春双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病发病的影响.方法 给予NOD小鼠口服青春双歧杆菌,观察实验组和对照组(PBS)糖尿病发病率,HE染色观察胰岛炎,免疫组化检测胰岛Bcl-2和Bax的表达,RT-PCR测定TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-10 mRNA表达.结果 实验组胰岛炎程度较对照组明显减轻(P＜0.01),胰岛Bcl-2的表达高于对照组,而Bax的表达低于对照组(P＜0.05);胰腺TNF-α、IFN-γ mRNA表达实验组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),而IL-10 mRNA表达差异无显著性;实验组发病率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 青春双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病有预防作用,其机制可能与调节Th1/Th2型细胞因子的免疫失衡有关.     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌感染小鼠所致炎症中TLR-4信号通路涉及细胞焦亡

摘要:【目的】探讨革兰氏阴性菌胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae,APP)感染小鼠致肺病变的分子细胞机制,以改善猪传染性胸膜肺炎的防治。【方法】滴鼻法感染小鼠,观察肺部眼观病变,石蜡切片HE染色观察肺组织病变。RT-PCR和qPCR方法检测小鼠肺部的Caspase-1、Caspase-3、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TLＲ-4表达量的变化。【结果】小鼠在感染后48h内死亡,解剖后观察小鼠肺部有严重出血和炎症。实验组小鼠肺组织IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18 和TNF-α的表达水平显著增加;TLR-4的表达量显著上调;肺部组织Caspase-1的表达水平明显升高,而Caspase-3的表达水平未见明显变化。【结论】TLR-4信号通路可能参与APP感染引起的肺部炎症的发生,APP感染后激活TLR-4信号通路使有关细胞释放炎症因子,引起的肺部炎症。炎症可能涉及Caspase-1参与的细胞焦亡。     

内源性IL-17诱导MIP-2与IL-6表达在衣原体肺炎中促进中性粒细胞循环

目的 探讨衣原体肺炎中白细胞介素-17（interleukin -17,IL-17）对中性粒细胞（polymorphonuclear leucocyte,PMN）循环的调节作用及机制.方法 用40 μl含1×10^3包涵体形成单位（inclusion-forming units,IFU）的衣原体鼠肺炎株（Chlamydia muridarum,Cm）呼吸道感染BALB/c小鼠,诱导鼠衣原体肺炎.用抗鼠IL-17单克隆抗体吸入中和内源性IL-17,以相应独特型抗体（IgG2α）作为对照.用RT-PCR检测小鼠肺组织及肺上皮细胞系巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2 （macrophage inflammatory protein-2,MIP-2）和IL-6 mRNA的表达.取小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液细胞染色计数PMN,感染肺组织进行病理染色.结果 衣原体肺炎中,内源性IL-17中和小鼠肺组织PMN浸润显著降低,支气管肺泡灌洗液PMN数量显著低于对照组.IL-17与TNF-α协同可上调肺上皮细胞MIP-2和IL-6 mRNA表达,且内源性IL-17中和小鼠肺组织MIP-2和IL-6表达显著降低.结论 衣原体肺炎中IL-17通过促进肺组织细胞分泌趋化性细胞因子MIP-2和前症性细胞因子IL-6,诱导PMN循环,参与宿主抗衣原体炎性应答.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.