国外豆科牧草生物技术研究进展--生物技术在豆科牧草遗传育种研究中的应用

豆科牧草具有重要的经济价值。本文主要从豆科牧草遗传资源鉴定、保存和利用及豆科牧草育种方法和育种策略两个大的方面阐述了生物技术在国外豆科牧草研究中的应用,并重点介绍了体细胞杂交、胚拯救和分子标记技术。     

几种豆科牧草的必需氨基酸

<正> 牧草在养畜业中占有重要地位,它为反刍牲畜和非反刍牲畜提供了大量的基础饲料。据国外有关专家分析,牧草和其它饲草占绵羊饲料总量的94%;占肉牛饲料总量的83%;占奶牛饲料总量的66%;在所有牲畜饲料总量中,约占65%。豆科牧草主要由于其叶绿蛋白丰富、含有多种氨基酸,产草量高和根部的根瘤菌可固氮,以及饲畜适口性好等特点,在牧草业中占有较大比重。豆科     

豆科牧草基因工程研究进展

豆科牧草既是重要的饲料作物,又在土壤改良、水土保持,以及生态环境保护方面发挥着积极作用。随着分子生物学和植物转化技术的发展和改进,通过基因工程技术对豆科牧草进行改良和培育已成为可能。本文就近几年来基因工程技术在各种豆科牧草的高产、抗病虫害、抗逆及品质改良等方面的研究进展进行了较全面的综述。 Progress in the Biotechnology of Legume Forage Plants ZHANG Zhen-xia1,2,FU Yi-kun1,CHU Cheng-cai2 1.College of Tasture,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China; 2.Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China Abstract:As important forage crops,legume forage plants can play an important role in improving natural environment,maintenins water and soil.With development of molecular biology and improvement of plant transformation techniques,molecular breeding of legume forage plants by biotechnology is possible.This review summarized recent progress on improvement of several forage crops,including improvement of nutrient quality,increase of biomass,enhancement of the assimilation and efficient absorb of nutrient element,and enhancement of abiotic and biotic stress resistance. Key words：legume forage plants; transgene; progress     

呼伦贝尔草地野生豆科牧草资源及其特点

对呼伦贝尔草地野生豆科牧草的属种组成、生长习性及饲用价值进行了研究.结果表明, 呼伦贝尔草地现有豆科植物17属64种.这些豆科牧草大多为多年生草本植物,适应典型草原和丘陵草甸草原生境,饲用价值较高,适口性良好,是植被组成中的重要组成成分,生态利用前景广阔,是本地区重要的饲草资源.     

国外牧草基因组学和转基因技术研究进展

禾本科和豆科牧草在动物生产、水土保持和环境保护中发挥着重要的作用.随着现代生物技术的发展,以优异基因型品种间多次杂交培育的合成品种为主的传统常规育种方法与以基因组学和转基因为核心的分子育种技术相比,挑战和机遇并存.与主要农作物相比,牧草作物基因组学及其转基因研究尚处于发展阶段.目前,牧草基因组学及转基因在以黑麦草属(Lolium)和羊茅属(Festuca)为代表的禾本科牧草及以三叶草(Triflolium)和苜蓿(Medicago)为代表的豆科牧草中已有较多研究,就现代生物技术在国外牧草遗传育种中的方法、应用及最新研究进展进行综述,旨在为我国牧草常规和转基因育种提供方法参考及思路借鉴.     

禾本科及豆科牧草对黄土丘陵区台田土壤培肥效果的比较研究

以黄土丘陵区具有代表性的禾本科及豆科牧草无芒雀麦和沙打旺为材料,研究其对川台地土壤腐歼击质含量和组成,有关营养元素及后茬作物产量的不同影响。结果表明,种植禾本科及豆科牧草均能提高土壤中的腐殖质及氮磷营养的水平,其中禾本科牧草效果较豆科牧草更为明显。     

松嫩草地主要豆科牧草的适应性与种植利用研究

通过比较松嫩草地主要豆科牧草种子萌发期耐盐碱性的差异, 苗期出苗情况和病虫害及种植牧草后对土壤化学性质的影响, 对该6种豆科牧草进行综合评价, 并选出适宜在松嫩盐碱化草地种植的豆科牧草。结果表明, 在萌发期, 紫花苜蓿 (Medicago sativa L.)、扁蓿豆 (Medicago ruthenica)、兴安胡枝子 (Lespedeza davurica)、细叶胡枝子 (Lespedeza hedusaroides)和黄花草木樨 (Melilotus officinalis) 5种小粒种子耐盐碱性好于大粒种子广布野豌豆 (Vicia cracca), 尤其是紫花苜蓿 (M. sativa L.), 其发芽率和活力指数在低盐浓度 (≤ 0.4% NaCl)环境中高于对照条件; 苗期小粒种子出苗较快 (3—4 d), 大粒种子广布野豌豆 (V. cracca) 出苗时间较长 (9 d); 细叶胡枝子 (L.edusaroides)、兴安胡枝子 (L. davurica)和黄花草木樨 (M. officinalis)不易遭病虫害, 其余3种易受蚜虫和七星瓢虫危害。种植6种豆科牧草后土壤氮含量都有一定程度的提高, 尤其是兴安胡枝子 (L. davurica); 土壤pH也有了一定程度的降低, 尤其是紫花苜蓿 (M. sativa L.)。综合比较发现松嫩草地6种豆科牧草以种植小粒种子紫花苜蓿 (M. sativa L.)和兴安胡枝子 (L. davurica)牧草为更好。     

增产菌对朝阳地区豆科牧草增产效果的试验研究

增产菌(YIB)—植物微生态制剂,是植物保健益菌。我们分别用20ml/亩、40ml/亩、60ml/亩拌“公农一号”紫花苜蓿种子,及用5、8g/亩喷施三年生“公农一号”紫花苜蓿和拌沙打旺种子,其结果是对豆科牧草的株高、产草量。有明显地提高,增加了人工草地的经济效益。关于增产菌在豆科牧草方面的应用目前尚未见过报导。     

不同统计方法对豆科牧草种质资源适应性评价的比较

以澳大利亚引进的豆科牧草为研究对象,运用灰关联分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和主成分分析法,对15份豆科牧草种质的8个主要农艺性状进行综合评价,探讨不同的分析方法在牧草种质资源评价中的应用。结果表明,4种方法综合评价较好的品种(系)为Nina柱花草、Temprano柱花草、Stylo540、Stylo541;4种综合评价方法结果基本一致,说明这4种综合评价方法均可单独应用于牧草种质资源评价,其中隶属函数分析方法简单,在大量的种质资源适应性评价中可优先使用。     

6种豆科牧草叶片解剖性状与抗旱性关系研究

以百脉根、二色胡枝子、黄花苜蓿、紫花苜蓿、野火球和扁蓿豆6种豆科牧草的成熟叶片为材料,采用石蜡制片法和光学显微技术测定了叶片上表皮厚度、叶片下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、维管束直径、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅海比、叶片栅栏组织结构紧密度和叶片海绵组织结构疏松度等抗旱相关的解剖结构特征参数,并进行统计分析和抗旱性综合评价.结果表明:除栅海比外,6种豆科牧草的其他指标均表现出显著或极显著的种间差异,并以叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度变化幅度较大;叶片上表皮厚度、叶片下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度之间呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,相关系数在0.84～0.99之间;各解剖结构特征参数的第3个主成分(贮水能力)的特征值为14.52,累计贡献率达95.71%,前3个主因子基本上能概括9个指标的主要信息;6种豆科牧草的综合抗旱能力表现为扁蓿豆>百脉根>黄花苜蓿>二色胡枝子>紫花苜蓿>野火球.可见,所选9个叶片解剖结构性状可以用来有效综合评价豆科牧草的抗旱性.     

豆科植物与矿业废弃地植被恢复

矿业废弃地是指因采矿活动所破坏的 ,非经治理而无法使用的土地[9] 。矿业废弃地植被恢复的最重要的限制因子之一是重金属毒性和养分不足 ,而Ｎ素的极端不足又是养分不足中的核心问题[8,14 ] 。因此 ,在矿业废弃地植被化过程中如何促进废弃地养分循环和营养元素的累积 ,包括利用豆科植物根瘤菌共生体的固氮作用来加速废弃地有机质及Ｎ素的积累 ,一直是废弃地植被恢复研究和实践中的热点问题之一[10 ] 。1　矿业废弃地的养分1.1　矿业废弃地的养分状况矿业废弃地的基质 ,是一些与一般土壤有着显著区别的所谓矿山土 ,它是采矿业等产生的固体废…     

豆科植物凝集素及其对根瘤菌的识别作用

本文讨论了豆科植物凝集素的性质、分布、基因及其表达;近年来研究表明识别根瘤菌的因子是豆科植物根上的凝集素。将一种豆科植物的凝集素基因转化到另一种豆科植物后,再接种前一种豆科植物的根瘤菌,可以使其被侵染和结瘤。由此人们提出了扩大根瘤菌宿主范围到非豆科植物,特别是粮食作物范围的可能性。     

Occurrence of Astringent Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins in Legume Seeds

The distribution of oligomeric proanthocyanidins in legume seeds was investigated in connection with organoleptic astringency. The seeds contained various kinds of oligomers (dimers?hexamers). The total oligomer contents were at least 0.040% in azuki beans, 0.017% in black soybeans, 0.005% in mung beans and a trace amount in regular soybeans. Each aliquot of aqueous solution of partially purified proanthocyanidin oligomers tasted astringent even at a concentration of 0.001% (w/v). The possible contribution of oligomeric proanthocyanidins and polymeric proanthocyanidins to the astringent off-taste of legume seeds is discussed.     

豆科植物凝集素及其对根瘤菌的识别作用

本文讨论了豆科植物凝集素的性质、分布、基因及其表达;近年来研究表明识别根瘤菌的因子是豆科植物根上的凝集素。将一种豆科植物的凝集素基因转化到另一种豆科植物后,再接种前一种豆科植物的根瘤菌,可以使其被侵染和结瘤。由此人们提出了扩大根瘤菌宿主范围到非豆科植物,特别是粮食作物范围的可能性。     

Legume Lectins: I. Immunological Cross-Reactions between the Enzymic Lectin from Mung Beans and other Well Characterized Legume Lectins

A number of well characterized legume lectins including the enzymic lectin from Vigna radiata were examined for immunological relatedness. The immunological cross-reactions observed indicate that most of the legume lectins, including Vigna lectin, are evolutionarily closely related proteins. The possibility that these proteins are homologs with enzymic functions is discussed.     

豆科凝集素研究进展

豆科凝集素是植物凝集素中最丰富,也是研究最多的一类凝集素。在生理条件下豆科凝集素大多是以二聚体或四聚体的形式存在,这种低聚物的形式给予豆科凝集素较强的糖专一性和大分子结构的稳定性。豆科凝集素除作为植物储存物质的作用外,还具有识别糖蛋白、糖肽及生物膜中碳水化合物和作为植物与微生物的共生介质等生理功能。现对豆科凝集素的结构、功能及其在生物学、农业和医学方面的应用进行了综述。     

豆科植物种子物理性休眠解除机制的研究进展

物理性休眠普遍存在于豆科植物种子中,其休眠解除机制的研究对阐明自然条件下种群的繁殖更新、生态环境恢复及种质资源的保存等都具有重要意义.本文对国内外关于影响种子休眠解除的环境因素(温度与温度的波动、湿度或土壤含水量)和生物因素(动物捕食、微生物感染等),休眠解除的结构基础,以及各种因子作用于种子的方式和部位的研究进展进行综述,并简要评述了休眠解除机制的二阶段和四阶段假说,以期为豆科植物种子休眠的进一步研究提供参考.     

Legume nodulation: The host controls the party

Global demand to increase food production and simultaneously reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs in agriculture are underpinning the need to intensify the use of legume crops. The symbiotic relationship that legume plants establish with nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia bacteria is central to their advantage. This plant–microbe interaction results in newly developed root organs, called nodules, where the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms of nitrogen the plant can use. However, the process of developing and maintaining nodules is resource intensive; hence, the plant tightly controls the number of nodules forming. A variety of molecular mechanisms are used to regulate nodule numbers under both favourable and stressful growing conditions, enabling the plant to conserve resources and optimize development in response to a range of circumstances. Using genetic and genomic approaches, many components acting in the regulation of nodulation have now been identified. Discovering and functionally characterizing these components can provide genetic targets and polymorphic markers that aid in the selection of superior legume cultivars and rhizobia strains that benefit agricultural sustainability and food security. This review addresses recent findings in nodulation control, presents detailed models of the molecular mechanisms driving these processes, and identifies gaps in these processes that are not yet fully explained.     

Global Synthesis of Drought Effects on Food Legume Production

Food legume crops play important roles in conservation farming systems and contribute to food security in the developing world. However, in many regions of the world, their production has been adversely affected by drought. Although water scarcity is a severe abiotic constraint of legume crops productivity, it remains unclear how the effects of drought co-vary with legume species, soil texture, agroclimatic region, and drought timing. To address these uncertainties, we collected literature data between 1980 and 2014 that reported monoculture legume yield responses to drought under field conditions, and analyzed this data set using meta-analysis techniques. Our results showed that the amount of water reduction was positively related with yield reduction, but the extent of the impact varied with legume species and the phenological state during which drought occurred. Overall, lentil (Lens culinaris), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) were found to experience lower drought-induced yield reduction compared to legumes such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and green gram (Vigna radiate). Yield reduction was generally greater when legumes experienced drought during their reproductive stage compared to during their vegetative stage. Legumes grown in soil with medium texture also exhibited greater yield reduction compared to those planted on soil of either coarse or fine texture. In contrast, regions and their associated climatic factors did not significantly affect legume yield reduction. In the face of changing climate, our study provides useful information for agricultural planning and research directions for development of drought-resistant legume species to improve adaptation and resilience of agricultural systems in the drought-prone regions of the world.