Hui爱德华氏菌变异株C9605及对弊的致病性研究

从患白板综合症的病鳖分离到一株细菌（Ｃ９６０５）,该菌为革兰氏阴性,直杆状,周生鞭毛。接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,还原硝酸盐,对多粘菌素不敏感,不利用柠檬酸盐和丙二酸盐作唯一碳源,不从甘露醇、蔗糖、海藻糖、Ｌ－阿拉伯糖产酸。根据这些特性,菌株可归于Ｈｕｉ爱德华氏菌。但是该菌发酵木糖产酸,产生Ｈ２Ｓ,耐青霉素,故鉴定为Ｈｕｉ爱德华氏菌变异株。人工感染实验证实,该菌株是鳖白板综合症的病原菌。     

爱德华氏菌变异株C9605及对鳖的致病性研究

从患白板综合症的病鳖分离到一株细菌（C9605）,该菌为革兰氏阴性,直杆状,周生鞭毛。接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,还原硝酸盐,对多粘菌素不敏感,不利用柠檬酸盐和丙二酸盐作唯一碳源,不从甘露醇、蔗糖、海藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖产酸。根据这些特性,菌株可归于爱德华氏菌。但是该菌发酵木糖产酸,产生H₂S,耐青霉素,故鉴定为爱德华氏菌变异株（Edwardsiellaictalurivariationstrain）。人工感染实验证实,该菌株是鳖白板综合症的病原菌。     

鳗鲡爱德华氏病的研究

本文记述了在我国新发现的鳗鲡爱德华氏病的症状和病原菌的特征。病鱼的症状表现为两大类型,以肾脏病变为主的肾脏型和以肝脏病变为主的肝脏型。从病鱼的内脏分离到7株菌,用其中的E86～205进行人工感染,100％的鳗鲡死亡,与自然发病的症状相似,从感染的鳗鲡上又重新分离到菌株E86-203。E86-203与E86-205以及其他菌株的特征也都一致。均为革兰氏阴性杆菌。菌体直,两端圆形,单个,大小为0.6—0.8×0.8—2.4微米。周鞭毛,运动,兼性厌氧,发酵葡萄糖产酸产气。氧化酶阴性,过氧化氢酶阳性,产生硫化氢。不能利用柠檬酸盐和丙二酸盐作为唯一的碳源,精氨酸脱氢酶阴性,赖氨酸脱羧酶阳性。属爱德华氏菌属的细菌。但是鸟氨酸脱羧酶阴性,能迅速利用纤维糖,不同于已报道的三个种(Edwardsiella tarda Ewing and McWhorter 1965,E.hoshinae Grirnont 1980,E.ictaluri Hawke 1981)中任何一个种,因此认为E86-205等菌株为一新种,定名为福建爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella fujianensis sp.nov.)。     

通过葡萄糖醛酸酶-半乳糖苷酶-色氨酸酶(GGT)试验快速检定大肠杆菌的

本文报告用纸片法检查376株细菌产生葡萄糖醛酸酶、半乳糖苷酶和色氨酸酶的能力(GTT试验),97%的大肠杆菌,47.4%的志贺氏菌,41.1%的沙门氏菌能产生葡萄糖醛酸酶。肠杆菌科的其它细菌,包括枸橼酸杆菌,产气肠杆菌,阴沟肠杆菌,蜂窝哈夫尼亚菌,肺炎克雷伯氏菌,爱德华氏菌,沙雷氏菌属,变形杆菌,摩根氏菌属,司徒氏普鲁菲登斯菌(一株例外),雷极氏普鲁菲登斯菌和小肠结肠炎耶氏菌均不产生葡萄糖醛酸酶,假单胞菌属中的绿脓杆菌、粪产碱杆菌以及弧菌科的类志贺邻单胞菌也为阴性。132株大肠杆菌中,90.9%的菌株,其     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌AmpC酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中产AmpC酶的情况及其耐药性。方法收集产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌临床株126株,应用Tris-EDTA纸片法检测AmpC酶。用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对11种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果126株ESBLs阳性的肺炎克雷伯菌中12株检出AmpC酶,检出率为9.5%。AmpC阳性菌株对头孢西丁、头孢他啶、氨曲南、氨苄西林/舒巴坦和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率达100%,对阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率分别为83.3%和33.3%,其中头孢西丁、头孢他啶、氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率显著高于AmpC阴性株（P〈0.05）。结论深圳市人民医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中检出AmpC酶阳性株,其耐药性强于单产ESBLs菌株。     

牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌感染症及其病原的研究

对 7起牙鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌感染病例进行了发病情况、临床特征、病理变化等方面的检验 ,经对细菌的分离与鉴定表明所检病例均为迟钝爱德华氏菌的单独感染 ,系统归纳了该感染症的主要特点。同时 ,对所分离后做纯培养的 130株迟钝爱德华氏菌进行了主要生物学性状、血清型的测定 ,表明除在生化试验的吲哚项目中表明有株间差异 (阴性的 2 0株、阳性的 110株 )外 ,130株对其他所测内容的结果一致 ,130株均为同种血清型。从每起病例分离并鉴定的各 1个代表菌株做对健康牙鲆的人工感染试验 ,表明了相应的原发病原学意义及较强的致病作用。药敏试验结果表明 ,对供试 37种抗菌药物中的头孢唑啉等 19种药物敏感、对青霉素G等 5种药物耐药、对氨苄青霉素等 13种药物表现了株间差异。经以荧光抗体技术对纯培养物、人工感染病死鱼肝脏中细菌的检验 ,初步表明了荧光抗体技术在对迟钝爱德华氏菌检验中作为辅助检验手段的可行性。     

一株代谢煤油兼性厌氧菌的筛选鉴定和特性

从大港油田的油层水样中分离得到一株能以煤油为碳代谢生成表面活性剂、产酸和产气的菌株DG7,该菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,兼性厌氧,运动,能在NaCl浓度为18．5％的培养基中生长,经鉴定,可能为气单杆菌属（Aeromonas sp.）中的一个新种,但学需进一步确定。     

革兰氏阴性不发酵杆菌的鉴定及其对抗生素的敏感性

本文报道从临床病人和医院内环境分离的165株革兰氏阴性不发酵杆菌的鉴定,以及这些菌对常用抗生素敏感性试验的结果。165株菌归属为五个菌属：假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属、无色杆菌属和产碱菌属。绝大部分菌株对于常用抗生素耐药。讨论了细菌鉴定方法和程序。提出这些菌与临床感染具有密切关系,耐药菌株对于感染症治疗和医院内感染带来的问题。     

L－赖氨酸快速发酵新菌种及工艺研究

以我室选育的赖氨酸生产菌Ｓ－２１－２４为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯（ＤＥＳ）和紫外线（Ｕ．Ｖ．）的复合处理,选育到一株代谢速率高,发酵周期短的新菌株ＦＴＳ－１。对该菌的发酵条件作了研究,选择了最佳培养条件,该菌在５Ｌ发酵罐中发酵４８小时产酸８０ｇ／Ｌ以上,７２小时产酸可达１１０ｇ／Ｌ。     

L－赖氨酸快速发酵新菌种及工艺研究

以我室选育的赖氨酸生产菌Ｓ－２１－２４为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯（ＤＥＳ）和紫外线（Ｕ．Ｖ．）的复合处理,选育到一株代谢速率高,发酵周期短的新菌株ＦＴＳ－１。对该菌的发酵条件作了研究,选择了最佳培养条件,该菌在５Ｌ发酵罐中发酵４８小时产酸８０ｇ／Ｌ以上,７２小时产酸可达１１０ｇ／Ｌ。     

The aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Edwardsiella ictaluri and its use as balanced-lethal system in fish vaccinology

asdA mutants of gram-negative bacteria have an obligate requirement for diaminopimelic acid (DAP), which is an essential constituent of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of these organisms. In environments deprived of DAP, i.e., animal tissues, they will undergo lysis. Deletion of the asdA gene has previously been exploited to develop antibiotic-sensitive strains of live attenuated recombinant bacterial vaccines. Introduction of an Asd(+) plasmid into a ΔasdA mutant makes the bacterial strain plasmid-dependent. This dependence on the Asd(+) plasmid vector creates a balanced-lethal complementation between the bacterial strain and the recombinant plasmid. E. ictaluri is an enteric gram-negative fish pathogen that causes enteric septicemia in catfish. Because E. ictaluri is a nasal/oral invasive intracellular pathogen, this bacterium is a candidate to develop a bath/oral live recombinant attenuated Edwardsiella vaccine (RAEV) for the catfish aquaculture industry. As a first step to develop an antibiotic-sensitive RAEV strain, we characterized and deleted the E. ictaluri asdA gene. E. ictaluri ΔasdA01 mutants exhibit an absolute requirement for DAP to grow. The asdA gene of E. ictaluri was complemented by the asdA gene from Salmonella. Several Asd(+) expression vectors with different origins of replication were transformed into E. ictaluri ΔasdA01. Asd(+) vectors were compatible with the pEI1 and pEI2 E. ictaluri native plasmids. The balanced-lethal system was satisfactorily evaluated in vivo. Recombinant GFP, PspA, and LcrV proteins were synthesized by E. ictaluri ΔasdA01 harboring Asd(+) plasmids. Here we constructed a balanced-lethal system, which is the first step to develop an antibiotic-sensitive RAEV for the aquaculture industry.     

A medium for the selective isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri

A selective medium, called Edwardsiella ictaluri medium (EIM), has been formulated for the isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri. The medium inhibits the growth of most gram-negative bacteria, except Proteus sp., Serratia marcescens and some isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia ruckeri. The bacteria that grow on the EIM are easily differentiated from E. ictaluri based on colony morphology. The EIM inhibits gram-positive bacteria with the exception of enterococci. The addition of fungizone to EIM suppressed the growth of most fungi. The EIM allows the evaluation of environmental reservoirs, levels of contamination and carrier states of E. ictaluri.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Edwardsiella ictaluri

Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates collected over the past 7 yr from outbreaks of disease in fish occurring in different geographic areas were screened against 37 antimicrobial agents. Edwardsiella ictaluri were found to be susceptible to most agents active against gram negative bacteria such as aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, the "newer" penicillins, quinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and potentiated sulfonamides. Resistance was observed against colistin, sulfonamides, and several agents regarded as effective for gram positive bacteria. There was no evidence of unusual antimicrobial resistance associated with E. ictaluri or of developing resistance.     

In vitro inhibitory effect of gossypol from gossypol-acetic acid, and (+)- and (-)-isomers of gossypol on the growth of Edwardsiella ictaluri

AIM: This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of gossypol from gossypol-acetic acid, and (+)- and (-)-isomers of gossypol on the growth of Edwardsiella ictaluri. METHODS AND RESULTS: Inhibitory effect of various concentrations of gossypol on the growth of E. ictaluri was determined. Bacterial recovery was performed by preincubation of bacteria in medium containing various concentrations of gossypol and subsequent activation of bacteria by inoculating on gossypol-free plates. Concentrations of racemic gossypol, (+)-gossypol and (-)-gossypol of 1.5 microg ml(-1) or higher significantly reduced the number of bacterial colonies compared with that of the control. The growth of E. ictaluri was completely inhibited on agar plates supplemented with 3 microg ml(-1), regardless of the forms of gossypol. The inhibitory effect of (+)-gossypol was higher than that of (-)-gossypol or gossypol-acetic acid. Recovery of E. ictaluri was <50% for all three forms of gossypol at concentrations of 5 microg ml(-1). Bacterial recovery remained relatively constant (6.5%) at gossypol concentrations from 10 to 100 microg ml(-1). Complete killing of E. ictaluri was not reached at gossypol levels up to 100 microg ml(-1). CONCLUSION: Gossypol-acetic acid, and (+)- and (-)-optical isomers have anti-bacterial effect against E. ictaluri. The results suggest the action is bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The therapeutic effect of gossypol against E. ictaluri may be useful in controlling enteric septicaemia of catfish.     

Chemical characterization of lipopolysaccharide from Edwardsiella ictaluri, a fish pathogen

The chemical components of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the fish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri (Ed. ictaluri) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, gas chromatography, and spectrophotometry, and compared with those of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli 0111:B4. Only four to five low molecular weight species of LPS from Ed. ictaluri were detected by silver staining after separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The low molecular weight species, as well as a low sugar content, indicate that the LPS from Ed. ictaluri was of the rough type, compared with that of S. typhimurium and E. coli which were both of the smooth type LPS. Quantitatively, mannose was not a major sugar component in Ed. ictaluri, unlike S. typhimurium. Palmitic, palmitoleic, and cis-9,10-methylene-hexadecanoic acids were predominant fatty acids among the total cellular lipids of Ed. ictaluri. C14 fatty acids comprised 78% of the total in the LPS of this bacterium, with beta-hydroxy-myristate representing 55%. The results of this study suggest that the lipid A segment of the LPS molecule of Ed. ictaluri is similar to S. typhimurium and E. coli, at least with respect to fatty acid content; however, the core polysaccharide of E. ictaluri differs in that it has twice the heptose content.     

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a potential vector of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish

There is limited information on whether parasites act as vectors to transmit bacteria in fish. In this trial, we used Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and fluorescent Edwardsiella ictaluri as a model to study the interaction between parasite, bacterium, and fish. The percentage (23-39%) of theronts fluorescing after exposure to E.?ictaluri was significantly higher than control theronts (~?6%) using flow cytometry. Theronts exposed to E.?ictaluri at 4?×?10(7) CFU?mL(-1) showed a higher percentage (~?60%) of fluorescent theronts compared to those (42%) exposed to 4?×?10(3) CFU?mL(-1) at 4?h. All tomonts (100%) carried the bacterium after exposure to E.?ictaluri. Edwardsiella ictaluri survived and replicated during tomont division. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that E.?ictaluri was associated with the tomont surface. Among theronts released from tomonts exposed to E.?ictaluri, 31-66% were observed with attached E.?ictaluri. Sixty percent of fish exposed to theronts treated with 5?×?10(7) E.?ictaluri?mL(-1) were positive for E.?ictaluri at 4?h as determined by qPCR or fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescent E.?ictaluri were observed on trophonts in skin and gill wet mounts of dead fish. This study demonstrated that Ich could vector E.?ictaluri to channel catfish.     

Edwardsiella ictaluri invasion of IEC-6, Henle 407, fathead minnow and channel catfish enteric epithelial cells

Invasion of Edwardsiella ictaluri into cultured mammalian, fish and enzymatically harvested catfish enteric epithelial cells is described. Gentamicin survival assays were used to demonstrate the ability of this catfish pathogen to invade IEC-6 (origin: rat small intestinal epithelium), Henle 407 (origin: human embryonic intestinal epithelium), fathead minnow (FHM, minnow epithelial cells) and trypsin/pepsin-harvested channel catfish enteric epithelial cells. Invasion of all cell types occurred within 2 h of contact at 26 degrees C, in contrast to Escherichia coli DH5 alpha, which did not invade cells tested. Eight Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from diseased catfish and the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) strain were evaluated for invasion efficiency using FHM cells. All isolates were invasive, but at differing efficiencies. Invasion blocking assays using chemical blocking agents were performed on a single isolate (LA 89-9) using IEC-6 epithelial cells. Preincubation of IEC-6 cells with cytochalasin D (microfilament depolymerizer) and monodansylcadaverine (blocks receptor-mediated endocytosis) significantly reduced invasion by E. ictaluri, whereas exposure to colchicine (microtubule depolymerizer) had no effect on bacterial internalization. Results indicate that actin polymerization and receptor-mediated endocytosis are involved in uptake of E. ictaluri by IEC-6 epithelial cells. Invasion trials using freshly harvested cells from the intestine of the natural host, Ictalurus punctatus, show that invasion occurs, but at a low efficiency. This is possibly due to loss of outer membrane receptors during enzymatic cell harvest. This study provides the first documentation of the invasion of cultured mammalian and fish cells by E. ictaluri, and identifies possible mechanisms used for intracellular access. Additionally, the study describes several functional in vitro invasion models using commercially available cell lines as well as cells from the natural host (channel catfish, I. punctatus).     

Development of bioluminescent Edwardsiella ictaluri for noninvasive disease monitoring

Edwardsiella ictaluri is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). In this study, we aimed to develop bioluminescent E. ictaluri that can be monitored by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI). To accomplish this, the luxCDABE operon of Photorhabdus luminescens was cloned downstream of the lacZ promoter in the broad host range plasmid pBBR1MCS4. Edwardsiella ictaluri strain 93-146 transformed with the new plasmid, pAKlux1, was highly bioluminescent. pAKlux1 was stably maintained in E. ictaluri without any apparent effect on growth or native plasmid stability. To assess the usefulness of the bioluminescent strain in disease studies, catfish were infected with 93-146 pAKlux1 by intraperitoneal injection and by bath immersion, and in vivo bacterial dissemination was observed using BLI. This study demonstrated that bioluminescent E. ictaluri can be used for real-time monitoring of ESC in live fish, which should enable observation of pathogen attachment sites and tissue predilections.     

Multiplex-PCR for simultaneous detection of 3 bacterial fish pathogens, Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri, and Aeromonas hydrophila

A multiplex PCR (m-PCR) method was developed for simultaneous detection of 3 important fish pathogens in warm water aquaculture. The m-PCR to amplify target DNA fragments from Flavobacterium columnare (504 bp), Edwardsiella ictaluri (407 bp) and Aeromonas hydrophila (209 bp) was optimized by adjustment of reaction buffers and a touchdown protocol. The lower detection limit for each of the 3 bacteria was 20 pg of nucleic acid template from each bacteria per m-PCR reaction mixture. The sensitivity threshold for detection of the 3 bacteria in tissues ranged between 3.4 x 10(2) and 2.5 x 10(5) cells g(-1) of tissue (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the m-PCR was evaluated with 10 representative isolates of each of the 3 bacteria and 11 other Gram-negative and 2 Gram-positive bacteria that are taxonomically related or ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. Except for a single species (A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida), each set of primers specifically amplified the target DNA of the cognate species of bacteria. m-PCR was compared with bacteriological culture for identification of bacteria in experimentally infected fish. The m-PCR appears promising for the rapid, sensitive and simultaneous detection of Flavobacterium columnare, E. ictaluri and A. hydrophila in infected fish compared to the time-consuming traditional bacteriological culture techniques.     

Mortality and pathology in brown bullheads Amieurus nebulosus associated with a spontaneous Edwardsiella ictaluri outbreak under tank culture conditions

Brown bullheads Amieurus nebulosus (family Ictaluridae) are commonly used as a sentinel of environmental contamination. These fish are not generally cultured under laboratory conditions and little is known about their disease susceptibility. Here we report an outbreak of disease due to Edwardsiella ictaluri in a laboratory population of tank-reared, wild-caught brown bullheads. The isolate was positively identified as E. ictaluri using standard bacteriological substrate utilization tests and a monoclonal antibody specific for this bacterium. This pathogen causes a significant disease in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and is associated with disease in other ictalurid and non-ictalurid fishes. It appears that E. ictaluri is also a significant pathogen in brown bullheads and produces clinical signs and lesions similar but not identical to those observed in channel catfish. Since commercial sources of bullheads for laboratory tank studies are not available, precautions should be taken to prevent potential E. ictaluri disease outbreaks from wild-caught bullheads intended for laboratory research.