氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻种间竞争的影响

为了了解饵料微藻的种间竞争关系,通过微藻共培养的方法,以NaNO3和KH2PO3作为氮源和磷源,研究了氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)种间竞争的影响。结果表明:在单养模式下,蛋白核小球藻生长适宜的N/P为4~22,N/P22时其生长受抑制,而湛江等鞭金藻生长受N/P影响不明显;共养模式可促进蛋白核小球藻的生长,而抑制湛江等鞭金藻的生长;蛋白核小球藻具有明显的竞争优势,且N/P为13和16时其种群竞争优势最明显;在蛋白核小球藻大规模生产性培养时可接入等生物量或少量湛江等鞭金藻,一方面利用共养模式提高蛋白核小球藻的产量,另一方面可根据养殖生产需要适时采收混合藻类饵料用于投喂。     

不同起始密度对3种赤潮微藻种间竞争的影响

通过共培养的方法,研究了不同起始密度对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻之间种间竞争的影响。结果表明1赤潮异弯藻对中肋骨条藻的生长有一定的抑制作用,随着初始接种时赤潮异弯藻细胞密度的提高,这种抑制作用愈加明显。2塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻与塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻之间的种间竞争结果相类似,即起始密度比例为A∶S(H)=1∶4时,中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻分别在竞争中占优势;当起始密度比例为A∶S(H)=1∶1和A∶S(H)=4∶1,塔玛亚历山大藻在竞争中占优势。     

广东湛江地区几种海洋微藻中的脂肪酸检测

本文检测了广东湛江地区6种典型的海洋经济微藻中绿藻纲的微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)和小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、金藻纲的湛江等鞭金藻     

有害赤潮藻种塔玛亚历山大藻的研究进展

塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)是一种全球分布的有毒涡鞭毛藻,在中国的渤海、东海和南海海域均有分布。塔玛亚历山大藻是一种主要的有毒赤潮原因种,而且它能产生可经食物链传递后在贝类、鱼类等生物体内大量蓄积的麻痹性贝毒素,对水域环境和人类健康都具有极大的危害。因此,针对塔玛亚历山大藻的产生、发展以及毒素的特征等开展了广泛而深入的研究。本文主要从塔玛亚历山大藻的生长环境、分子鉴定、藻际竞争关系以及治理等方面进行了综述,为研究塔玛亚历山大藻的利弊和监控提供参考。     

特丁基三嗪对两种赤潮藻去除的实验研究

研究了特丁基三嗪(tertbutyl triazille)对塔玛亚历山大藻和球形棕囊藻两种赤潮生物的杀灭和控制作用。结果表明,特丁基三嗪能有效地控制和杀灭塔玛亚历山大藻和球形棕囊藻,其中96h杀灭塔玛亚历山大藻的有效浓度为0．2mgL^-1,杀灭球形棕囊藻的有效浓度为0.3mgL^-1。特丁基三嗪具有高效、作用时效长的特点,可能是一种比较理想的赤潮藻去除剂。     

塔玛亚历山大藻双向电泳蛋白的三种提取方法比较

【目的】比较3种蛋白质提取方法,找到适用于塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白的最佳的提取方法,为后续用双向电泳(2-DE)技术研究不同条件下塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白的差异表达奠定基础。【方法】以塔玛亚历山大藻为研究对象,运用Tris-HCl提取法、TCA沉淀法和lysis buffer提取法分别提取塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白,并通过双向电泳技术,对这3种方法进行了比较分析,筛选出最适于塔玛亚历山大藻的蛋白提取方法。并运用以上得出的方法,以不加杀藻物质的无菌塔玛亚历山大藻为对照,比较分析了塔玛亚历山大藻在加入杀藻物质后的蛋白差异表达状况。【结果】在这3种方法中,lysis buffer提取法得到的蛋白溶解性好,进行双向电泳时,可得到干净的背景、清晰的蛋白点,并且蛋白点的数目较多,酸性蛋白、碱性蛋白、大分子量和小分子量的蛋白均有提出来,蛋白点在胶面上分布均匀。用这种方法初步分析了加入杀藻物质后塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白的差异表达情况,并鉴定出14个与塔玛亚历山大藻生理活动密切相关的蛋白质。【结论】lysis buffer提取法获得了最多的蛋白点,双向电泳图谱清晰,适于用来提取塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白。     

UV-B辐射增强对三种赤潮微藻DNA的伤害效应

运用生态毒理学和生物化学方法研究了UV-B辐射增强对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻DNA的伤害作用.结果表明,3种赤潮微藻的生长状况对UV-B辐射增强的敏感性不同;对UV-B辐射增强的敏感性由高到低依次是赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻.随着UV-B辐射剂量的增加,3种赤潮微藻的DNA损伤程度提高,而且赤潮异弯藻DNA的损伤程度明显高于亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻,亚历山大藻DNA的伤害程度又远远高于中肋骨条藻.UV-B辐射处理解除后,损伤DNA可明显恢复.赤潮异湾藻和亚历山大藻恢复培养6d,损伤DNA可明显恢复(P＜0.05);而中肋骨条藻恢复培养3d,损伤DNA可明显恢复(P＜0.05),说明3种赤潮微藻的DNA损伤水平不适合作为指示UV-B辐射增强的生物学指标.     

营养强化时褶皱臂尾轮虫对饵料微藻的摄食

选取适宜浓度利用单种微藻和混合微藻对轮虫进行营养强化,采用实验生态学方法研究了轮虫滤水率和摄食率的动态变化.结果表明:微藻浓度、微藻种类和培养时间均对轮虫的滤水率和摄食率有显著影响;轮虫对几种单种微藻的滤水率和摄食率均随培养时间的延长而下降,在实验条件下,6h内轮虫对3种微藻的滤水率大小顺序为小球藻＞球等鞭金藻＞牟氏角毛藻,12h内轮虫对3种和,微藻的滤水率大小顺序则为球等鞭金藻＞小球藻＞牟氏角毛藻;轮虫在混合微藻中的选择顺序为球等鞭金藻＞小球藻＞牟氏角毛藻.     

五种典型藻类对C，N，P吸收动力学分析及种间竞争模拟

目的:获得五种典型藻类(甲藻属微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea),赤潮硅藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)以及绿藻属杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)和青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica tsingtaoensis))对C,N,P营养的吸收动力学参数,并利用经典藻类种间竞争模型,构建一个藻类混合共存的生态平衡体系,揭示藻类种间竞争规律,为赤潮爆发机制和预测的研究提供一个新思路。方法:监测批次培养过程中藻体的生长规律以及培养基中C,N,P营养的消耗,计算出藻类营养吸收动力学参数,将参数代入Huisman-Weissing竞争模型,模拟藻类种间竞争。结果:(1)在单独培养条件下,杜氏藻具有最高的比生长率(0.834 d~(-1))和最大细胞浓度(3.4×10~6 cells/mL),锥状斯氏藻和微小亚历山大藻的比生长率μ和最大细胞浓度与其它三种藻相比均明显偏低,p0.01;(2)随着环境总碳浓度从5 mM提高到20 mM,五种藻的比生长率和最大细胞浓度均显著上升,其中杜氏藻和青岛大扁藻对C浓度改变的响应更加敏感;(3)杜氏藻和中肋骨条藻理论最大比生长率(μmax)明显高于其它三种藻类,锥状斯氏藻和微小亚历山大藻对C,N,P营养盐的需求量相比于其它三种藻明显偏高,p0.01;(4)藻类共生平衡系统中,N营养添加有利于杜氏藻和中肋骨条藻发挥更好的种间竞争优势,P营养添加有利于微小亚历山大藻和锥状斯氏藻发挥种间竞争优势;结论:不同环境条件下,五种藻类最大比生长速率μmax和营养吸收半饱和常数Ks直接影响它们的种间竞争能力,基于藻类动力学参数的种间竞争模型为赤潮爆发机制和预测的研究提供一个新思路。     

有毒赤潮甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻（香港株Ⅱ）的生长特性研究

在室内条件下研究温度、N和P、维生素、抗生素对有毒赤潮甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(香港株Ⅱ生长的影响。结果表明,塔玛亚历山大藻的适宜生长温度和N、P浓度分别为21-25℃,882-1765μmol／L和18-72μmol／L。复合维生素B的加入有利于塔玛亚历山大藻的生长,而50Uml^-1以上的抗生素则对其有明显的抑制作用。     

光、温限制后铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的超补偿生长与竞争效应

研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)低温和低光照限制后的超补偿效应,以及共培养条件下的竞争效应。结果表明,低温和低光照均显著抑制微藻的生长发育,但低温对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应更强,而斜生栅藻则对低光胁迫更敏感。经过低光和低温培养后,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在恢复正常培养时藻细胞密度短期内都表现出超补偿增长效应,但不同藻类超补偿模式不同,斜生栅藻补偿生长时间不超过1周,而铜绿微囊藻的补偿效应可以持续10天;此外,统计结果表明铜绿微囊藻细胞密度对低温限制解除表现出更显著的补偿生长,斜生栅藻则在低光解除后表现出更强的超补偿效应。微藻叶绿素a指标在光恢复条件下都表现出显著的补偿效应,但温度恢复过程中叶绿素a含量与藻密度增长不同步,低温胁迫对恢复正常培养后微藻叶绿素a的形成产生了一定的负效应;铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)在两种恢复模式下脱氢酶活性显著高于对照,产毒株(912)脱氢酶活性的补偿响应明显高于其它两种材料。共培养实验结果表明斜生栅藻同铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)相比处于竞争劣势,而在同无毒株(469)的共培实验中,尽管连续正常培养情况下两者竞争能力差异不显著,但在恢复培养条件下斜生栅藻竞争能力显著高于后者。因此产毒型铜绿微囊藻低温和低光后的补偿生长效应以及对斜生栅藻的竞争优势可能是蓝藻爆发的内源性机制之一。     

Two-stage heterotrophic and phototrophic culture strategy for algal biomass and lipid production

A two-stage heterotrophic and phototrophic culture strategy for algal biomass and lipid production was studied, wherein high density heterotrophic cultures of Chlorellasorokiniana serve as seed for subsequent phototrophic growth. The data showed growth rate, cell density and productivity of heterotrophic C.sorokiniana were 3.0, 3.3 and 7.4 times higher than phototrophic counterpart, respectively. Hetero- and phototrophic algal seeds had similar biomass/lipid production and fatty acid profile when inoculated into phototrophic culture system. To expand the application, food waste and wastewater were tested as feedstock for heterotrophic growth, and supported cell growth successfully. These results demonstrated the advantages of using heterotrophic algae cells as seeds for open algae culture system. Additionally, high inoculation rate of heterotrophic algal seed can be utilized as an effective method for contamination control. This two-stage heterotrophic phototrophic process is promising to provide a more efficient way for large scale production of algal biomass and biofuels.     

On the nitrogen and phosphorus removal in algal photobioreactors

This study shows results of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by microalgae (tertiary treatment) in a prototype of tubular photobioreactor tested under controlled and uncontrolled conditions. The wastewater was the supernatant coming from a secondary settler of a municipal wastewater activated sludge treatment plant without nitrification and denitrification units. The algal biomass was directly selected from the supernatant and it was principally composed of genus Scenedesmus (autochthonous algae). All the experiments evaluated both nitrogen and phosphorus removal and biomass and lipid production. A satisfactory nutrients removal - about 99.9% for the nitrogen and phosphorus - and a specific biomass productivity of 0.25 g/l d have been obtained in the indoor photobioreactor; less satisfactory results have been reached in the outdoor photobioreactor because of ambient condition instability and limiting nutrients concentration.     

东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争数值模拟

研究探讨了两个零维箱式模型在东海典型赤潮藻东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻竞争与演替研究中的应用。模型在采用不同接种密度下的单种培养实验数据进行参数校正后,被用来模拟不同N/P条件下单种培养实验以及两藻种共培养竞争实验,并以实验数据对其结果进行了验证。模拟结果表明,在单种培养条件下,模型能够较好地重现两种藻在不同N/P环境中的生长及对营养盐的利用;共培养实验的模拟结果显示,在所有初始细胞密度比例条件下,中肋骨条藻的最终密度均会超过东海原甲藻,且PO4的消耗主要源于中肋骨条藻的利用,与实验结果一致,表明模型能够很好地体现两种藻的竞争结果及对营养盐的竞争关系;由于模型不足以模拟除营养盐竞争以外的藻间相互作用,模拟结果未体现东海原甲藻细胞数迅速衰减这一现象,有待进一步研究。     

东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争特征

对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻按照起始Chl-a比1∶5、1∶1和5∶1进行了f/2条件下的共培养实验,以探讨这两种藻的种间竞争特征。实验结果表明在共培养体系中,中肋骨条藻完全占优势,而东海原甲藻的生长受到明显的抑制。应用Lotka-Volterra种间竞争模型对共培养实验进行模拟的结果表明,东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争结果与初始密度配比无关,中肋骨条藻总会竞争胜过东海原甲藻。为了探讨他感作用对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻种间竞争的影响,采用了中肋骨条藻的无藻细胞滤液来进行培养实验。实验结果显示,中肋骨条藻滤液对东海原甲藻及其本身的生长均无明显影响,这表明他感作用并非中肋骨条藻获得优势的主要竞争方式。     

Effects of salinity on competitive interactions between two Juncus species

A glasshouse study investigated the effect of salinity on growth and competitive interactions between two closely related rush species, an Australian native (Juncus kraussii) and an exotic (J. acutus) species. Overall, both species exhibited decreases in height and total biomass with increasing salinity, although tolerance of J. acutus was marginally lower. We observed asymmetric responses at each salinity, due to the presence of the other species. In fresh-water, co-presence of J. kraussii facilitated the growth (increases in height and total biomass) of J. acutus. However, at 10 ppt salinity direct interspecific competition with J. kraussii adversely affected total biomass of J. acutus. When grown with J. acutus, at 5 ppt but not at 10 ppt, salinity reduced total biomass of J. kraussii. We suggest that interspecific interactions vary with salinity, dependant on relative salinity tolerance of each species. It would appear that in areas receiving regular fresh-water inputs, which reduce salinity stress, J. acutus has the potential to displace J. kraussii.     

水浮莲对水稻竞争效应、产量与土壤养分的影响

为了解入侵植物水浮莲在稻田生产中的扩散规律和对水稻农业性状的影响,通过田间水稻田实验,按照de Wit 取代试验方法和添加系列设计方法研究水浮莲与水稻(云稻2 号)混种对植株形态和生物量影响、种间竞争效应、水稻产量以及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明,混种条件下水浮莲母株株高、分蘖数、生物量和开花株数均受到水稻的明显抑制,受到的抑制率显著高于其对水稻的抑制率。水浮莲的种间竞争大于种内竞争(RY 小于1.0)而水稻的种内竞争大于种间竞争(RY 大于1.0),水浮莲混种比例大于和等于1:1 时(RYT大于1.0)与水稻不存在竞争作用,而小于1:1时(RYT 小于1.0)其存在着竞争作用,水浮莲对水稻的竞争力(CB 小于0)小于水稻。混种条件下水稻有效穗数和产量有明显提高,增产比例为3.54%-13.38%。生长过程中水浮莲对土壤钾、磷元素消耗大于水稻,而有机质和氮元素消耗小于水稻;混种条件下水稻明显降低水浮莲对土壤养分消耗,且二者在土壤养分上没有竞争关系。所有这些表明,入侵稻田的水浮莲与水稻生长过程中其形态、生物量等方面都处于劣势,而且一定的水浮莲密度有利于抑制水浮莲对土壤养分的消耗和促进水稻生长繁殖及其产量的提高,因此为满足饲料利用和环境净化,建议在正常耕作稻田中可对水浮莲进行适当的应用。     

不同磷条件下塔玛亚历山大藻氮的生态幅

藻类氮的生态辐是指在一定氮浓度范围内藻类能生长和繁殖的浓度范围。它由藻类生长的最佳氮浓度、氮适宜生长范围和氮耐受限度构成。为了定量计算藻类的氮生态幅,在室内培养条件下,研究了低磷(0.48 μmol/L)、中磷(0.97 μmol/L)和高磷(1.45 μmol/L)3种不同磷起始浓度条件下不同氮对塔玛亚历山大藻细胞数和最大比生长率的影响,依据Shelford耐受性定律建立了塔玛亚历山大藻生长的氮耐受性模型,并得到了藻类生长的最佳氮浓度、氮适宜生长范围和氮耐受范围的定量表达。结果表明,在低磷、中磷和高磷条件下,当氮浓度小于适合藻类生长的最佳氮浓度时,藻类细胞数和最大比生长率均随着氮浓度的增大而增大;当氮浓度大于适合藻类生长的最佳氮浓度时,藻类细胞数和最大比生长率均随着氮浓度的增大而减小。藻类生长的氮耐受性模型与谢尔福德耐受定律较为吻合,定量得到在低磷、中磷和高磷培养条件下塔玛亚历山大藻的最佳氮浓度分别为30.36、62.07和77.85 μmol/L;氮适宜生长范围分别为18.30-42.42、37.71-86.43和41.52-114.18 μmol/L;氮耐受限度分别为6.24-54.48、13.35-110.79和5.19-150.51 μmol/L。研究显示不同磷起始浓度条件下,藻类的氮生态幅也不相同。     

Competition and succession between the oily alga Botryococcus braunii and two green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Contamination by other algal species is a major problem in the culture of the oil-producing green alga Botryococcus braunii (Bb). In this study, the population interactions between Bb and two small green algae, Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr), were separately investigated in two controlled experiments. Filtrates of Cv or Cr significantly stimulated the growth of Bb in the first 9–11 days when the filtrates were derived from a low- or medium-density algal culture. However, filtrates of Cv and Cr from the high-cell-density cultures significantly inhibited Bb growth from day 11 and 7, respectively. In Bb–Cv competition, the growth of Bb was significantly inhibited by Cv at the biomass ratio of Bb/Cv?=?1:1. However, when the Cv component reduced to 0.5 (Bb/Cv?=?1:0.5) or 0.25 (Bb/Cv?=?1:0.25), the growth of Bb was faster than that in the control in the first 13 days. Similarly, in Bb–Cr competition, the biomass ratios of 1:0.5 and 1:0.25 (Bb/Cr) favoured the growth of B. braunii in the first 15 days, but the growth of Bb decreased in the Bb/Cr ratio of 1:1 from day 15. By contrast, the growth of Cv and Cr were not affected by the presence of Bb in all biomass ratios. These results suggest that Cv and Cr could impact the growth of Bb by metabolites in the culture medium, and when the biomass of Bb is two to four times that of other algae, this oily alga becomes competitive over other algal species. This study reveals the mechanism of population dynamics of this oily alga competing with small and fast-growing algae. The results are applicable in reducing algal competition and regulating species succession between slow and fast-growing algae species.     

Increased lipid production of the marine oleaginous microalgae Isochrysis zhangjiangensis (Chrysophyta) by nitrogen supplement

Effects of nitrate feeding on the cell growth and lipid accumulation of marine microalgae Isochrysis zhangjiangensis were investigated. When nitrate was supplied at interval of 24 h, instead of 72 h, a high lipid content of 40.9% and a biomass density of 3.1 g L⁻¹ were obtained. To confirm whether I. zhangjiangensis accumulates lipid during nitrogen-repletion, a two-stage cultivation method was applied. This algal strain had a high lipid content during sustained nitrate addition and showed a high carbohydrate content under nitrate-depletion conditions. These results revealed that this algal strain can accumulate lipids under nitrogen-repletion conditions and accumulate carbohydrate under nitrogen-depletion conditions. When cultured in an extremely high nitrate concentration, 9 g L⁻¹ at 24 h intervals, the growth of algal cells was suppressed, but the highest lipid content of 53% was attained. This special characteristic of lipid accumulation makes I. zhangjiangensis an ideal candidate for producing biodiesel using N-rich wastewater.