寡盐水鱼池藻菌土腥异味化合物研究

通过利用固相微萃取-气质联用色谱测定天津市寡盐水养鱼池中浮游藻类和放线菌的次生代谢产物——土腥异味化合物（土臭味素和二甲基异莰醇）浓度,感官评价养殖鱼土腥异味程度,同时测定浮游藻类和放线菌生物量,探讨鱼池中土臭味素和二甲基异莰醇浓度、浮游藻类和放线菌生物量以及养殖鱼异味之间的相互关系。结果表明,寡盐水养鱼池水体中普遍存在土臭味素和二甲基异莰醇,其中二甲基异莰醇是鱼池中的主要异味物质,浓度0．33—5302．70ng·L^-1,土臭味素浓度相对较低,0．29～12．10ng·L^-1。养鱼池中共测到6门94属的浮游藻类,生物量0．07～186．48mg·L^-1,以蓝藻Cyanophyta、裸藻Euglenophyta等种类为主。放线菌共测到3个属,总生物量0．01×10^4-1．50×10^4个·L^-1,以链霉菌属Streptomyces为主。巨颤藻Oscillatoria princeps和放线菌是天津地区寡盐水养鱼池中能够产生二甲基异莰的主要产源。水体异味和鱼肉发生异味不同步。     

刺参养殖池沉积物理化、生物指标测定及相关性分析

目的：通过测定刺参养殖池表层沉积物的理化、生物指标含量,分析它们之间的相关性及对刺参生长的影响。方法：采用标准养殖环境沉积物检测规范。结果：沉积物中总氮含量范围291～360μg·g^-1,平均含量为300μg·g^-1,均未超过生态毒性值（550μg·g^-1）;总磷含量较高,达到408～631μg·g^-1,平均含量为543μg·g^-1,有3个养殖池总磷含量超标;硫化物含量范围174～456μg·g^-1,平均含量298μg·g^-1;有机质含量达到2.10%～4.60%;底栖硅藻含量为5.50～44.5×10^6cells·m^-2,平均含量18.6×10^6cells·m^-2;总异养菌含量平均范围在1.33×10^6～100×10^6cfu·g^-1;其中总氮含量与含水率、有机质的相关性达到0.946、0.956,硫化物含量与底栖硅藻相关性为0.827,总磷含量与其它物质含量无明显相关性。结论：总氮含量与含水率、有机质含量呈极显著正相关;硫化物含量分别与底气硅藻含量和总异养菌含量呈显著正相关;其他本底值之间相关性不显著。刺参生长受环境影响明显,如果底栖硅藻含量丰富,其他营养盐含量较低,则刺参生长良好。     

三种重金属在克氏原螯虾体内的富集特征

2005年5月在合肥市、肥东县、肥西县的池塘河沟采集雌雄组克氏原螯虾共30只,分离出几丁质外骨骼、肝脏和腹部肌肉组织样品84份,用原子吸收法测定其中Cd、Pb、Cr的残留量。结果表明：克氏原螯虾体内Cr、Cd和Pb的平均检出率分别为100％,91．7％和94．1％;平均含量分别为4．03、0．38和7．14μg·g^-1。Cr的富集量在3种组织之间的差异不显著,cd和Pb在3种组织中差异极其显著。外骨骼中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为4．03、0．12和12．31μg·g^-1,合肥市、肥西、肥东三地之间除Cr的富集量差异极显著外,其他2种重金属的富集量差异都不显著;肝脏中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为3．88、1．04和9．12μg·g^-1,3个地区重金属的富集量的差异都极其显著;肌肉中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为4．16、0．09和0．72μg·g^-1,3个地区除重金属Cr的富集量差异极显著外,Cd和Pb的差异都不显著。3种重金属污染物的富集量与体质量没有明显的相关性。3种重金属在雌雄个体之间的富集差异不显著。     

显地植物小叶章对外源氮输入的响应

选取三江平原典型沼泽湿地植物小叶章为对象,通过野外控制试验（2004-2007年）,研究了4个不同氮素输入水平[0（对照,CK）、6（N6）、12（N12）和24（N24）g·m^-2·a^-1]对小叶章叶片形态、叶绿素和生物量累积等的影响．结果表明：不同氮处理间小叶章叶长和叶宽未出现显著差异,比叶面积在N。：处理时最小[（149．54±18．27）cm^2·g^-1],即此氮处理水平下叶片的厚度最大．叶片的叶绿素含量均呈单峰型变化,峰前,随着氮输入量的增大而增大,且N12和N24处理下峰值出现的时间早于N6和CK处理;峰后,N24处理下叶绿素含量迅速降低,N6处理则降低缓慢,说明适量的氮输入延缓了叶片衰老．连续的高氮（N24）输入使小叶章的生长发育有所提前,在成熟后叶片出现早衰现象．2005和2007年生长季末,小叶章地上部分生物量均随着外源氮输入量的增加而增大,但是经过4年（2007年）连续高氮（N24）处理的小叶章地上部分生物量较输入2年（2005年）时降低了53．72％．     

精胺对荇菜抗氧化酶系汞毒害的缓解作用

研究了外施不同浓度的精胺（Spm）对15μmol·L^-1汞胁迫下,荇菜（Nymphoides pehatum）叶中SOD、CAT、APX、POD保护酶的活性、O2^-产生速率、MDA、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、游离态多胺含量的影响。结果表明：外施0．05～0．5mmol·L^-1的Spn,显著提高了汞胁迫下荇菜叶内的亚精胺、精胺水平以及叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的含量;并能提高SOD、CAT和APX的活性,降低O2^-的产生速率,减缓MDA的积累;0．05～0．5mmol·L^-1的外源Spm可增强植物抗氧化胁迫的能力,缓解汞对荇菜的毒害作用,其中0．05～0．1mmol·L^-1的外源Spm效果最佳,但当Spm浓度达到5mmol·L^-1时,却加剧了汞的毒害作用。     

蝴蝶兰原生质体提取方法的优化

以蝴蝶兰自交品种NOⅡ的无菌苗叶片为试材,采用单因素试验和正交试验,比较不同酶的种类、酶液浓度、材料和酶液的比例、渗透压、酶解时间及纯化条件对原生质体产量和活性的影响,并用荧光显微镜观察去壁情况。结果表明：在同一种条件下1g蝴蝶兰叶片加入10mL酶解液中,酶解液含1．0％纤维素酶R-10,1．0％果胶酶,0．5mol·L^-1甘露醇,酶解3h,有活力的原生质体产量最高,其产量为1．3×10^5个·g^-1,活性迭81．90％。     

马蹄金叶片中铜、铅含量及其对生理指标的影响

研究了草坪草马蹄金对不同污染土壤的Cu、Pb含量．结果表明,马蹄金体内Cu含量(44．8mg．kg^-1)高于Pb含量(25．59mg·kg^-1)．两种元素在体内的分布特征是根、茎>叶(P<0．05),并随着土壤内重金属含量增加而增加,但富集系数呈下降趋势;马蹄金对Cu的富集系数(0．784)高于Pb的富集系数(0．465)．自然状态下不同程度Cu、Pb复合污染对马蹄金叶片细胞膜及细胞保护系统的影响结果表明,随着Cu、Pb浓度增加,叶片内叶绿素a、叶绿素a／b分别由1．610mg·g^-1 FW和4．100．下降到1．017mg·g^-1 FW和2．299;SOD活性先升高至106．494U·g^-1 FW,随后下降至86．258U·g^-1 FW;POD活性则逐渐增加;而细胞膜透性变化不明显。     

藜叶中黄酮类化合物体外抗氧化活性研究

为了探讨藜叶中黄酮类化合物的体外抗氧化活性,采用有机溶剂提取法和色谱柱法对藜叶中化学成分进行提取与分离;以Vc作对照,对分离纯化的芦丁、乙酸乙酯浸膏和正丁醇浸膏进行DPPH&#183;、O2^-&#183;和&#183;OH的清除效果试验。结果表明：三者对DPPH&#183;、O2^-&#183;、&#183;OH均具有清除作用,且与浓度呈量效关系,芦丁对&#183;OH清除效果优于Vc,芦丁具有较强的清除DPPH&#183;能力,其IC50为0．05μg／mL。     

气体NO处理对蒜苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以改良的蒜为材料,用不同浓度NO气体（0．1、0．5、1．0μmol&#183;L^-1）在无氧环境中熏蒸大蒜3h后,检测蒜苗生长、光合色素和可溶性蛋白质含量以及抗氧化酶活性的结果表明：0．1和0．5μmol&#183;L^-1NO气体熏蒸的蒜种长成的幼苗,叶中光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量、假茎长、株高和假茎粗均大于未经NO熏蒸的植株,叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性均提高;而1．0μmol&#183;L^-1的NO则抑制蒜苗生长,且抗氧化酶活性亦下降。气态NO处理的鳞茎幼苗生长也得到促进,以0．5μmol&#183;L^-1NO处理的效果最佳。     

施氮肥对水曲柳人工林细根生产和周转的影响

细根周转与土壤养分密切相关,但由于根系研究方法的差异以及研究对象的不同,土壤养分对细根周转影响的研究存在不一致的结论。本文以水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）人工林为对象,应用3种方法研究施氮肥对细根生产和周转的影响。结果表明：施肥降低了活细根现存生物量,但施氮肥样地细根年生产量平均值（93．105g&#183;m^-2&#183;a^-1）与对照样地（93．505g&#183;m^-2&#183;a^-1）没有差异,不同方法得出施氮肥样地细根平均周转率（0．917次&#183;a^-1）大于对照样地（0．710次&#183;a^-1）;不同土层内细根的生产量显著不同,表层生产量最大,土层越深细根生产量越低,但细根周转率一般随土壤加深而加快;不同的研究方法得出细根的年生产量和周转率差异较大,分室模型法最高,其次是内生长土芯法,极差法和积分法最低。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

Polymorphism in Cepaea Hortensis in marginal populations in Spain

Cepaea hortensis (Mull) is found in Spain only in the western part of the Iberian mountain range. This is the southernmost limit of its range. The most frequent colour is yellow, brown being very rare. The most frequent band patterns are 12345, fused banded and unbanded. There are associations between maximum and minimum temperatures and pink and effectively unbanded yellow phenotypes. The populations may be grouped into two zones, one located in the north and the other in the south of the sampled area. Visual predation was not observed. The marginal populations studied by us were compared with others from Northern Europe, and it was observed that pink snails are more frequent at the southern limit, and unbanded ones at the northern limit. This was interpreted as a climatic selection.