病毒性肝炎树鼩动物模型研究与建模策略

病毒性肝炎是由肝炎病毒引起的肝脏疾病。在我国,病毒性肝炎高度流行,其中又以乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)危害较大。动物模型是研究疾病感染与发病机制,进行药物与疫苗研究的必要工具。目前病毒性肝炎实验动物模型的研究已取得长足的发展,主要集中于病毒在动物体内的感染特性及发病规律方面。本文仅就病毒性肝炎动物模型,尤其乙型、丙型肝炎树鼩动物模型的研究及建模策略进行综述。     

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎发病机制研究进展

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎(hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis,HBV-GN)的发病机制尚未完全清楚,主要包括:①免疫复合物沉积介导的肾损伤是公认的主要发病机制。②乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)直接感染肾脏,可原位表达其HBV抗原(HBAg)及其他产物介导肾损伤。③HBV感染后可导致宿主免疫功能缺陷,病毒不能被清除,体内持续存在的病毒可造成肾脏损伤迁延进展。④HBV基因变异可导致病毒致病力改变,并影响机体清除病毒。⑤遗传因素相关研究表明存在HBV-GN的易感基因。     

γ/δ T细胞与丙型肝炎病毒、乙型肝炎病毒感染

病毒性肝炎的发病机制迄今尚未完全明确,诸多证据表明,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)及丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)所致肝炎可能是肝脏细胞免疫防御反应病毒入侵的结果。γ/δT细胞是新近认识的一个T细胞亚群,是机体抵抗外来病原微生物入侵的重要天然免疫细胞之一。近年研究发现,肝内富含γ/δT细胞,而病毒性肝炎肝内γ/δT细胞数量显著增高。目前有关γ/δT细胞与肝炎病毒感染的研究主要集中在HCV感染领域,即γ/δT细胞通过分泌多种细胞因子抑制体内HCV的复制。目前,有关γ/δT细胞与HBV感染的报道甚为少见。慢性HBV感染体内可能导致γ/δT细胞免疫学功能异常,这可能是导致体内病毒性乙型肝炎慢性化的主要原因之一。     

IL-12增强HBV融合抗原DNA疫苗在小鼠诱导的细胞免疫应答

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)极易形成慢性感染,主要机制在于感染者不能产生强有力的细胞免疫应答以清除病毒[1].慢性HBV感染者体内虽然存在HBV抗原特异性T淋巴细胞,但对HBV抗原的反应性较低.研究发现,增强这类T淋巴细胞的反应性,可以促进HBV的清除[2].     

血源性乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒和艾滋病病毒核酸筛查系统的 建立与应用

摘要目的：建立同时实现乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)、艾滋病病毒(human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV)检测的多重核酸筛查系统。方法：以HBV、HCV、HIV 的保守序列为模板设计特异性引物和探针,通 过核酸自动提取系统结合一步法RT-PCR技术平台,优化相关反应体系和条件,建立多重多色实时荧光PCR检测血源性传播病 毒的核酸筛查系统。将该系统用于101387 例血浆样本的筛查。结果：本研究建立的核酸筛查系统特异性好,HBV灵敏度可以达到 20IU/ml,HCV 灵敏度可以达到100IU/ml,HIV 灵敏度可以达到50IU/mL。结论：本研究建立的核酸筛查系统具有高度自动化、高 灵敏度、低成本等特点,适合我国血站系统推广使用。     

随机聚合酶链反应检测未知病毒方法学的建立

目的 探索并建立一种用于快速检测未知病毒的分子生物学方法。 方法 分别以乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus, HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus, HCV）为假定的未知DNA、RNA病毒,验证随机聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction, PCR）检测未知病毒的可行性。分离HBV、HCV的阳性血清,去除宿主DNA后,提取病毒核酸。锚定随机引物经Klenow酶处理（模板为DNA）或反转录酶作用（模板为RNA）退火至模板,随后用锚定特异引物对模板进行非特异性扩增。扩增产物经纯化后克隆、测序,最后与BLAST进行比对。结果 经BLAST比对证实,插入序列中有HBV和HCV的基因组片段,在病毒拷贝数为1&;#61620;106拷贝/ml时,被检测克隆的阳性率约为15%。目前我们利用本法能达到的检测低限大致为1&;#61620;104拷贝/ml。 结论 成功建立了一种基于随机PCR的未知病毒检测方法,其优点在于不依赖病毒的细胞培养及其核酸序列信息。此种方法的建立为快速诊断不明原因疾病和新发传染病病原体提供了新的思路。     

中国旱獭类动物肝炎病毒感染调查

旱獭类肝炎病毒(Woodchuck hepatitis virus,WHV)与人乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis Bvirus,HBV)同属嗜肝DNA病毒科(Hepdnaviridae)。1977年Summers等在美国一种美洲旱獭(Marmota monax)中首先发现了WHV,形态学和免疫学研究表明,WHV与HBV有密切关系。感染WHV的旱獭,可发生急性肝炎,也可长期携带病毒并伴慢性肝炎,有些可发生肝细胞肝癌。因此,旱獭是研究人     

慢性肝炎中乙型和丙型病毒混合感染的重症化研究

在慢性肝炎中,乙、丙型病毒性肝炎混合感染相当多见,可使肝炎慢性化、重症化,肝组织损伤加重,肝硬化(LC)和肝癌(HCC)发生率增加[1].本文应用血清学和分子生物学方法对196例肝病患者的血清进行检测,初步探讨了乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)、丙型肝类病毒(Hepatitis C viruS,HCV)的复制状况以及两者间的相互作用与预后的关系.     

乙肝病毒核心蛋白病毒样颗粒作为载体在表位疫苗中的应用

乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B core antigen,HBcAg)是由乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV) C基因编码的病毒蛋白,是HBV的衣壳蛋白,主要存在于HBV核衣壳表面。乙肝病毒核心蛋白(hepatitis B virus core protein,HBc)来源于HBcAg,由183或185个氨基酸组成。由于HBc本身具有高度的免疫原性,并且可携带自身或外源病原体的抗原/表位在体外自组装成病毒样颗粒,20世纪80年代开始HBc就被用于疫苗载体的研究。现对HBc近年来作为载体在表位疫苗中的应用作一概述。     

重访乙型肝炎病毒感染肾脏的意义

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)嗜肝性主要由病毒与受体作用的特异性、支持共价闭合环状DNA(covalently closed circular DNA,cccDNA)形成的宿主因子和促进病毒RNA转录的核因子3种因素决定。人的肾脏很可能也提供这些要素,且许多研究发现HBV感染标记存在于慢性乙型肝炎患者的肾脏细胞中。本文探讨了HBV感染肾脏的可能性。由于目前血清乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)消失是功能性治愈慢性乙型肝炎的关键指标,如果肾脏也是HBV感染、表达和复制的另一靶器官,则肾脏在功能性治愈慢性乙型肝炎中的作用不可忽视。     

抗乙型肝炎病毒的天然药物研究

如何从丰富的天然生物中筛选具有抗乙型肝炎病毒活性的药物 ,并且研究它们的作用机理 ,寻找特异性强、毒副作用小的药物 ,是我国中药现代化的一个重要研究方向。本文综述了近年来中草药和一些重要的天然化合物抗乙型肝炎病毒的作用机理以及体内外研究和临床应用 ,并提出了在抗乙型肝炎病毒药物筛选中存在的一些问题     

青海省同德地区藏族人群乙型肝炎病毒基因型的探讨

青海省同德地区藏族人群经1980年、1986年、2000年及2004年乙型肝炎(HBV)血清学检测,其阳性率分别为33·22%、23·84%、17·84%及16·95%。初步认定同德地区藏族人群为乙型肝炎的高流行区。为探索该流行区乙肝病毒的生物学特性,对其基因型进行分析,以期为该地区制定HBV防治方案     

Expression and characterization of hepatitis C virus core protein fused to hepatitis B virus core antigen

Recombinant plasmids were constructed by fusing the gene fragments encoding the full-length (1-191aa) and the truncated (1-40aa and 1-69aa) HCV core proteins (HCc) respectively to the core gene of HBV at the position of amino acid 144 and expressed in E. coli. The products were analyzed by ELISA, Western blotting as well as the immunization of the mice. The results showed that those fusion proteins (B144C191, B144C69, B144C40) possessed the dual antigenicity and immunogenicity of both hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis C virus core protein (HCc). Analysis by electron microscopy and CsCl density gradient ultra-centrifugation revealed that similar to the HBcAg itself, all fusion proteins were able to form particles. Comparison of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of those fusion proteins showed that the length of HCc gene fused to HBeAg had no much effect on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of HBcAg, however, B144C69 and B144C40 induced higher titres antibodies against HCc than B14d     

Hepatitis vaccines: recent advances

Despite the availability of hepatitis A vaccines that might provide protection for decades, hepatitis B vaccines that provides protection for at least 15 years and the recent introduction of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, these infections continue to spread in both the developed and developing world. Hepatitis A vaccine coverage has been limited to high-risk groups: such a selective immunisation policy is unlikely to have a major impact. If adequate immunogenicity in infants is confirmed, dosing schedules can be improved and the costs of vaccination reduced, universal paediatric immunisation with combined hepatitis A and B products is likely to result in the eventual eradication of these infections. In the interim, novel hepatitis A vaccines are being investigated and additional studies on hepatitis A vaccine immunogenicity in infants are in progress. Worldwide use of hepatitis B vaccines for the newborn, young children and high-risk groups should control this infection and obviate the need for a vaccine against hepatitis D. Newer hepatitis B vaccines that may reduce the likelihood of non-responsiveness and have immunotherapeutic value are under study. A recombinant hepatitis E vaccine for use in endemic regions is currently in clinical trials. The development of an effective hepatitis C vaccine has been agonisingly slow and many impediments have been recognised. These include the lack of a susceptible small animal, a high degree of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic diversity and failure to produce high quantities of HCV in tissue culture. The development of a novel HCV replicon system may be a major breakthrough. Nonetheless, it may still be exceedingly difficult to produce a vaccine that uniformly provides sterilising immunity; the possibility of developing a hepatitis C vaccine that can prevent chronic infection is an exciting concept that requires further investigation. Advances in recombinant technology, the use of novel genetic (DNA-based) vaccines, expression of hepatitis antigens in plants and improved adjuvants also hold considerable promise.     

Expression and characterization of hepatitis C virus core protein fused to hepatitis B virus core antigen

Recombinant plasmids were constructed by fusing the gene fragments encoding the full-length (1-191aa) and the truncated (1-40aa and l-69aa) HCV core proteins (HCc) respectively to the core gene of HBV at the position of amino acid 144 and expressed inE. coli. The products were analyzed by ELISA, Western blotting as well as the immunization of the mice. The results showed that those fusion proteins (B144C191, B144C69, B144C40) possessed the dual antigenicity and immunogenicity of both hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis C virus core protein (HCc). Analysis by electron microscopy and CsCI density gradient ultra-centrifugation revealed that similar to the HBcAg itself, all fusion proteins were able to form particles. Comparison of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of those fusion proteins showed that the length of HCc gene fused to HBcAg had no much effect on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of HBcAg, however, B144C69 and B144C40 induced higher titres antibodies against HCc than B144C191. Using those fusion proteins, ELISA for screening of antibodies against both HBV and HCV in human sera was also established.     

消化道传播病毒性肝炎研究进展

病毒性肝炎是由多种不同肝炎病毒引起的,以肝脏损害为主要表现,具有广泛流行性和严重传染性的一类疾病,严重危害人类健康,是我国目前重大的公共卫生问题之一。迄今鉴定出的具有明确致病性的肝炎病毒主要是甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)和戊型肝炎病毒(HEV),分别引起甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎。病毒性肝炎按传播途径的不同可以分为两类,一类是经肠道外传播的病毒性肝炎,包括乙、丙、丁型肝炎;另一类是经肠道(即消化道)传播的肝炎病毒,包括甲肝和戊肝,其发病有季节性,可呈暴发流行。本文旨在对经消化道传播的病毒型肝炎(甲肝、戊肝)的病原学、流行病学特征及其影响因素、控制和预防作一综述,以期对其流行和科学防控研究提供参考。     

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus and its relation with hepatitis B virus and HIV.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the extent of transmission of hepatitis C virus in sexual partners of intravenous drug misusers and to examine the relation between the prevalences of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections in homosexual men and intravenous drug misusers and their sexual partners. DESIGN--Serum samples collected between 1984 and 1988 were tested for hepatitis B virus markers and antibodies against hepatitis C virus by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for HIV antibody by enzyme immune analysis and western blotting. SETTING--Large referral university hospital with an external AIDS clinic in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain. SUBJECTS--243 Intravenous drug misusers, 143 of their regular heterosexual partners, and 105 homosexual men. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Prevalences of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV infections. RESULTS--In all, 178 of the 243 (73%) intravenous drug misusers, 16 out of 143 (11%) of their partners, and 17 of the 105 (16%) homosexual men had antibodies against hepatitis C virus. The presence of hepatitis C virus infection was unrelated to sex, age, the presence of HIV or hepatitis B virus infections, or the Centers for Disease Control stage of HIV. In sexual partners of intravenous drug misusers there were strong correlations between the presence of hepatitis C virus infection and that of HIV (p = 0.001) and hepatitis B virus (p = 0.013) infections. CONCLUSIONS--Intravenous drug misusers have a high risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV infections, but the presence of hepatitis C virus infection seems to be unrelated to the presence of the other two viruses. Homosexual men have a high prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus infections with a low prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection, the presence of which is not related to that of the other two infections. Conversely, heterosexual partners of intravenous drug misusers have low prevalences of the three virus infections, but the presence of hepatitis C virus infection correlates significantly with the presence of HIV and hepatitis B infections. The rate of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus seems to be low, even in partners of people known to be seropositive for this virus.     

Synthesis of nitric oxide in patients with viral hepatitis]

The end products of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in human organism, i.e. anions, nitrites (NO2) and nitrates (NO3), are excreted predominantly (95%) via urine. The quantity of these products in urine is an adequate index of NO synthesis in human organism. We measured the quantities of of NO2 and NO3 excreted during of monoviral hepatitis A, B, C, D and in the course of mixed viral hepatic infections, which were caused by the above mentioned viruses. The hyperexcretion of NO2 and NO3 was higher and longer during hepatitis C and D versus hepatitis B, and during the latter versus hepatitis A. The inability of NO to stop the infection may be caused by low sensitivity of the viruses to NO and/or by local low concentration of NO in the site of inflammation.     

Serosurveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Hepatitis C in Healthcare Workers from Lao PDR

Background and Aims

Healthcare workers (HCW) have an increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases and are a potential source of infections for their patients. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) has no national policy regarding HCW vaccinations and routine vaccination coverage is low within the general population. This cross-sectional serostudy determines the level of exposure and risk of infection in Lao HCW against 6 vaccine preventable diseases and hepatitis C.

Methods

1128 HCW were recruited from 3 central, 2 provincial and 8 district hospitals. Sera were tested by ELISA for the presence of antibodies and antigens to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, measles, rubella, varicella zoster, tetanus and diphtheria.

Results

Only 53.1% of the HCW had protective anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies (anti-HBs) with 48.8% having anti-hepatitis B core antibodies (anti-HBc), indicating previous exposure and 8.0% were hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. 3.9% were hepatitis C seropositive. Measles and rubella antibodies were detected in 95.4% and 86.2% of the HCW, with 11.9% of females being unprotected against rubella. Antibodies against varicella zoster, tetanus and diphtheria were detected in 95%, 78.8% and 55.3%, respectively. Seroprevalence varied according to age, gender and number of children.

Conclusion

An unacceptably high proportion of Lao HCW remain susceptible to infection with hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus and rubella. Furthermore, a high number of healthcare workers are chronically infected with hepatitis B and C viruses. These data emphasize the need for a robust HCW vaccination policy in addition to increased awareness within this subpopulation.     

Polyprotein processing in cis and in trans by hepatitis A virus 3C protease cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli.

To determine the P3 region protein-processing sites cleaved by the hepatitis A virus 3C protease, a nested set of constructs containing a portion of 3A (3A* [the asterisk denotes an incomplete protein]), 3B and 3C and various amounts of 3D, fused in frame to Escherichia coli TrpE-coding sequences under control of the tryptophan promoter, was made. Additional plasmids that encoded a portion of 2C (2C*) and the P3 proteins, including complete or incomplete 3D sequences, were constructed. After induction, E. coli containing these recombinant plasmids produced high levels of fusion proteins as insoluble aggregates. 3C-mediated cleavage products were identified by comparison of expression with a matching set of plasmids, containing an engineered mutation in 3C. Cleavage products were detected by immunoblot analyses by using antisera against the TrpE protein, against 3D*, and against 3CD*. Scissile bonds were determined by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the proteins formed by cleavage. The results showed that when a portion of 2C was present, the primary cleavage by the 3C protease was between 2C and 3A, and the cleavage site was QG, as predicted by J. I. Cohen, J. R. Ticehurst, R. H. Purcell, A. Buckler-White, and B. M. Baroudy, J. Virol. 61:50-59, 1987. Very little further cleavage of the released P3 protein was detected. When the fusion protein contained no 2C and included only 3A*-to-3D sequences, efficient cleavage occurred between 3B and 3C, at the QS pair, also as predicted by Cohen et al. (J. Virol. 61:50-59, 1987). The latter proteins were also cleaved between 3C and 3D, but less efficiently than between 3B and 3C. Extracts of bacteria expressing proteins from 3A* to 3D also cleaved a radiolabelled hepatitis A virus substrate containing VP1*2ABC* sequences in trans.