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1.
Traditional concealed information paradigms rely on the idea that stimuli that are meaningful to a person (critical items)
will draw attentional resources disproportionately, relative to stimuli that are not (irrelevant items), generating detectable
differences on a suitable dependent variable (behavioral, psychophysiological, or neural). Here, we introduce a behavioral
paradigm that could be used to reveal concealed information by exploiting the link between concealed information and attentional
processes more directly. This novel paradigm is based on the attentional blink phenomenon in which detection of a stimulus
reduces detection accuracy rates of subsequent target stimuli within a 200–500 ms time window. We hypothesized that a well-known
face used as a critical item could capture attentional resources automatically, making it harder to detect the occurrence
of a subsequently presented target face. The results confirmed this hypothesis, and showed that concealed knowledge of a famous
face could be detected in 9 out of 12 individuals by looking for a relative dip in target detection accuracy after the presentation
of a critical item. 相似文献
2.
Melanie A. Zokoll Georg M. Klump Ulrike Langemann 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2008,194(5):457-467
This study evaluates auditory memory for variations in the rate of sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) of noise bursts in
the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). To estimate the extent of the starling’s auditory short-term memory store, a delayed non-matching-to-sample paradigm was
applied. The birds were trained to discriminate between a series of identical “sample stimuli” and a single “test stimulus”.
The birds classified SAM rates of sample and test stimuli as being either the same or different. Memory performance of the
birds was measured as the percentage of correct classifications. Auditory memory persistence time was estimated as a function
of the delay between sample and test stimuli. Memory performance was significantly affected by the delay between sample and
test and by the number of sample stimuli presented before the test stimulus, but was not affected by the difference in SAM
rate between sample and test stimuli. The individuals’ auditory memory persistence times varied between 2 and 13 s. The starlings’
auditory memory persistence in the present study for signals varying in the temporal domain was significantly shorter compared
to that of a previous study (Zokoll et al. in J Acoust Soc Am 121:2842, 2007) applying tonal stimuli varying in the spectral domain. 相似文献
3.
Bruno Verschuere Geert Crombez Lieselot Smolders Armand De Clercq 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》2009,34(3):237-244
Using physiological measures, concealed information can be validly assessed. Orienting theory has been proposed to account
for concealed information testing. As orienting is characterized by heart rate deceleration, one would expect this type of
heart rate response to concealed information. However, with some exceptions, an initial heart rate acceleration to concealed
information is typically observed. In the present paper, we examine the role of verbalization to explain the mixed pattern
of heart rate changes. Using a within-subjects design, 30 participants were asked to either remain silent or to give an overt
verbal response (“yes”/”no”) to concealed autobiographical and control information. The results indicate that verbalization
accounts for the initial heart rate acceleration. In line with the orienting theory, initial heart rate deceleration is observed
when participants remained silent.
Bruno Verschuere is a postdoctoral fellow of the Scientific Research Foundation (FWO). 相似文献
4.
Self-reference at encoding increases the probability of recollective experience in recognition memory. Self-reference effect (SRE) in memory is observed when the degree of self-reference of to-be-remembered materials is varied. Usually items encoded in terms of self-reference are associated with significantly higher recall performance relative to items encoded in other ways, including semantic encoding. In our three experiments, four orientating tasks formed four levels in a between-subjects design. The conditions were rating personality traits with reference to self, mother, Lu Xun (a famous Chinese writer) or rating the traits on a negative-positive dimension. In a recognition test, subjects first identified old items and then indicated which of these were accompanied by recollective experience (‘remember’ responses) and which were recognized on some other basis (‘know’ responses). Our results showed that both the self-reference condition and mother condition were associated with the same highest proportion of correct remember responses and the same lowest proportion of correct know responses. In contrast, for Western subjects, the self-reference condition, relative to the mother condition, was associated with a higher proportion of correct remember responses and a lower proportion of correct know responses. We discussed the results with reference to the HERA model (hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry). 相似文献
5.
Lawrence A. Farwell 《Cognitive neurodynamics》2012,6(2):115-154
Brain fingerprinting (BF) detects concealed information stored in the brain by measuring brainwaves. A specific EEG event-related
potential, a P300-MERMER, is elicited by stimuli that are significant in the present context. BF detects P300-MERMER responses
to words/pictures relevant to a crime scene, terrorist training, bomb-making knowledge, etc. BF detects information by measuring
cognitive information processing. BF does not detect lies, stress, or emotion. BF computes a determination of “information
present” or “information absent” and a statistical confidence for each individual determination. Laboratory and field tests
at the FBI, CIA, US Navy and elsewhere have resulted in 0% errors: no false positives and no false negatives. 100% of determinations
made were correct. 3% of results have been “indeterminate.” BF has been applied in criminal cases and ruled admissible in
court. Scientific standards for BF tests are discussed. Meeting the BF scientific standards is necessary for accuracy and
validity. Alternative techniques that failed to meet the BF scientific standards produced low accuracy and susceptibility
to countermeasures. BF is highly resistant to countermeasures. No one has beaten a BF test with countermeasures, despite a
$100,000 reward for doing so. Principles of applying BF in the laboratory and the field are discussed. 相似文献
6.
7.
Fitts’ law is a well established empirical formula, known for encapsulating the “speed-accuracy trade-off”. For discrete,
manual movements from a starting location to a target, Fitts’ law relates movement duration to the distance moved and target
size. The widespread empirical success of the formula is suggestive of underlying principles of human movement control. There
have been previous attempts to relate Fitts’ law to engineering-type control hypotheses and it has been shown that the law
is exactly consistent with the closed-loop step-response of a time-delayed, first-order system. Assuming only the operation
of closed-loop feedback, either continuous or intermittent, this paper asks whether such feedback should be predictive or
not predictive to be consistent with Fitts law. Since Fitts’ law is equivalent to a time delay separated from a first-order
system, known control theory implies that the controller must be predictive. A predictive controller moves the time-delay
outside the feedback loop such that the closed-loop response can be separated into a time delay and rational function whereas
a non- predictive controller retains a state delay within feedback loop which is not consistent with Fitts’ law. Using sufficient
parameters, a high-order non-predictive controller could approximately reproduce Fitts’ law. However, such high-order, “non-parametric”
controllers are essentially empirical in nature, without physical meaning, and therefore are conceptually inferior to the
predictive controller. It is a new insight that using closed-loop feedback, prediction is required to physically explain Fitts’
law. The implication is that prediction is an inherent part of the “speed-accuracy trade-off”. 相似文献
8.
Ridley RM 《Molecular biotechnology》2003,24(3):243-256
T. H. Huxley was “Darwin’s bulldog,” and took the offensive in championing the cause of evolution against skeptical scientists
and outraged theologians. As such, he took part in one of the great “paradigm shifts” of biology, at the end of the nineteenth
century. Huxley was a rigorous scientist and wrote important articles on scientific method, as well as publishing extensively
on a wide range of subjects in natural history. In the second half of the twentieth century, the “prion hypothesis” was put
forward to explain the pathogenesis of a curious group of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
This also involved a “paradigm shift” because the prion hypothesis postulated that biologically relevant information could
be enciphered in protein conformation (rather than encoded in nucleic acid base sequences), and could be transmitted from
one molecule to another, thereby causing infectious disease. This article examines a few of Huxley’s remarks to speculate
on how he might have responded to the scientific debate about prion disease had he lived a century later. 相似文献
9.
Engrained experience—a comparison of microclimate perception schemata and microclimate measurements in Dutch urban squares 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sanda Lenzholzer 《International journal of biometeorology》2010,54(2):141-150
Acceptance of public spaces is often guided by perceptual schemata. Such schemata also seem to play a role in thermal comfort
and microclimate experience. For climate-responsive design with a focus on thermal comfort it is important to acquire knowledge
about these schemata. For this purpose, perceived and “real” microclimate situations were compared for three Dutch urban squares.
People were asked about their long-term microclimate perceptions, which resulted in “cognitive microclimate maps”. These were
compared with mapped microclimate data from measurements representing the common microclimate when people stay outdoors. The
comparison revealed some unexpected low matches; people clearly overestimated the influence of the wind. Therefore, a second
assumption was developed: that it is the more salient wind situations that become engrained in people’s memory. A comparison
using measurement data from windy days shows better matches. This suggests that these more salient situations play a role
in the microclimate schemata that people develop about urban places. The consequences from this study for urban design are
twofold. Firstly, urban design should address not only the “real” problems, but, more prominently, the “perceived” problems.
Secondly, microclimate simulations addressing thermal comfort issues in urban spaces should focus on these perceived, salient
situations. 相似文献
10.
Deborah R. Coen 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(3):493-523
Vienna’s Institute of Experimental Biology, better known as the Vivarium, helped pioneer the quantification of experimental biology from 1903 to 1938. Among its noteable scientists were the director Hans Przibram and his brother Karl (a physicist), Paul Kammerer, Eugen Steinach, Paul Weiss, and Karl Frisch. The Vivarium’s scientists sought to derive laws describing the development of the individual organism and its relationship to the environment. Unlike other contemporary proponents of biological laws, however, these researchers created an explicitly anti-deterministic science. By “laws” they meant statistical regularities or “patterns.” They interpreted their experimental results in ways that forged a “third way” between determinism and pure spontaneity, aiming to capture the complexity of the interaction between the organism and its environment. This common feature of their research was made possible by the availability at the Vivarium of the latest in climate-control technology and of methods borrowed from statistical physics. The deeper roots of this search for a “third way” lay, I suggest, in the shared educational, social, and aesthetic experiences of the laboratory’s workers. 相似文献
11.
Nicholas R. Rhodes Tatyana Konovalova Qiaoli Liang Carolyn J. Cassady John B. Vincent 《Biological trace element research》2009,130(2):114-130
Despite chromium nicotinate’s popular use as a chromium nutritional supplement, the structure and composition of chromium
nicotinate have only been poorly described. As solid chromium nicotinate is intractable, being insoluble or unstable in common
solvents, studies on the solid have been limited, and studies of the solution from which the “compound” precipitates have
additionally provided little additional data. The results of mass spectrometric and spectroscopic investigations designed
to further elucidate the structure and composition of chromium nicotinate are described. The results demonstrated that the
three common methods for producing “chromium nicotinate” all yield different compounds, all of which are polymers of Cr(III),
oxygen-bound nicotinate, hydroxide, and water. Implications for interpreting results of nutritional studies of “chromium nicotinate”
are discussed. 相似文献
12.
J. Scott Turner 《Swarm Intelligence》2011,5(1):19-43
Eusociality has evolved independently at least twice among the insects: among the Hymenoptera (ants and bees), and earlier
among the Isoptera (termites). Studies of swarm intelligence, and by inference, swarm cognition, have focused largely on the
bees and ants, while the termites have been relatively neglected. Yet, termites are among the world’s premier animal architects,
and this betokens a sophisticated swarm intelligence capability. In this article, I review new findings on the workings of
the mound of Macrotermes which clarify how these remarkable structures work, and how they come to be built. Swarm cognition in these termites is in
the form of “extended” cognition, whereby the swarm’s cognitive abilities arise both from interaction amongst the individual
agents within a swarm, and from the interaction of the swarm with the environment, mediated by the mound’s dynamic architecture.
The latter provides large scale “cognitive maps” which enable termite swarms to assess the functional state of their structure
and to guide repair efforts where necessary. The crucial role of the built environment in termite swarm cognition also points
to certain “swarm cognitive disorders”, where swarms can be pushed into anomalous activities by manipulating crucial structural
and functional attributes of the termite system of “extended cognition.” 相似文献
13.
A. V. Maltsev O. V. Galzitskaya 《Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplemental Series B: Biomedical Chemistry》2010,4(3):228-236
Studies of neurodegenerative disorders attract much attention of the world scientific community due to increasing dissemination
of Alzheimer’s disease. The reason for such pathologies consists in transition of a “healthy” molecule or peptide from its
native conformation into a very stable “pathological” form. During this process, molecules existing in the “pathological”
conformation aggregate and form amyloid fibrils that can undergo an uncontrolled increase. Novel knowledge is required on
sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s disease, on the nature of triggering mechanisms of the conformational transitions of beta-amyloid
fragments from normally functioning proteins into new structure, nano-beta-amyloids, that escape of neuronal and whole-body
control resulted in the loss of neurons. This review summarized results of studies on the formation of amyloid fibrils and
their role in pathogenesis of amyloid diseases. 相似文献
14.
15.
This article attempts to convey the joys and frustrations of skimming the Internet trying to find relevant information concerning
an academic’s work as a scientist, a student or an instructor. A brief overview of the Internet and the “do’s and don’ts”
for the neophyte as well for the more seasoned “navigator” are given. Some guidelines of “what works and what does not” and
“what is out there” are provided for the scientist with specific emphasis for biologists, as well as for all others having
an interest in science but with little interest in spending countless hours “surfing the net”. An extensive but not exhaustive
list of related websites is provided. 相似文献
16.
Richard Bellon 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):1-39
Joseph Hooker first learned that Charles Darwin believed in the transmutation of species in 1844. For the next 14 years, Hooker
remained a “nonconsenter” to Darwin’s views, resolving to keep the question of species origin “subservient to Botany instead
of Botany to it, as must be the true relation”. Hooker placed particular emphasis on the need for any theory of species origin
to support the broad taxonomic delimitation of species, a highly contentious issue. His always provisional support for special
creation waned during the 1850s as he lost faith in its expediency for coordinating the study of plant geography, systematics
and physiology. In 1858, Hooker embraced Darwin’s “considerable revolution in natural history,” but only after Darwin had
carefully molded his transmutationism to meet Hooker’s exacting specifications. 相似文献
17.
V. M. Okudjava Т. А. Natishvili Т. Т. Gurashvili S. А. Chipashvili Т. I. Bagashvili G. T. Andronikashvili G. G. Kvernadze K. Sh. Gogeshvili M. V. Okujava 《Neurophysiology》2009,41(4):275-281
We examined correlation between the development of slow potentials in the rhinal cortical region of cats and results of behavioral
testing of visual recognition memory of these animals in the “delayed nonmatching-to-sample” (DNMS) selection version. Among
different types of cognitive memory, the recognition memory occupies a special position because the process of taking off
(retrieval) of a memory trace from the “stores” can be completely and effectively controlled by the experimenter (this process
is initiated only after repetitive presentation of a stimulus identical to that whose trace should be subjected to retrieval
or after presentation of an absolutely new stimulus whose trace had not been formed earlier). Recording of the field potentials
was performed from the surface of the rhinal cortex using stereotaxically implanted mono- or bipolar Ag-AgCl electrodes after
the experimental animals reached a sufficiently high level of successful performance of the test for recognition memory. Analysis
of relations between negative slow potentials in the rhinal cortex and the correctness of performance (according to Spearman’s
nonparametric test) demonstrated the existence of significant correlation between the electrophysiological and behavioral
indices of visual recognition memory only within a late portion (final 10 sec but not initial 10 ones) of the retention interval
for memorizing the trace of single presentation of a visual stimulus. The data obtained are interpreted as a confirmation
of the existence of correlation between generation of negative slow potentials in the rhinal cortical region and the process
of retrieval of the sample from the visual memory stores. 相似文献
18.
Mackay AL 《Journal of biosciences》2003,28(5):539-546
Conclusion We must conclude that the sub-title of Bernal’s “The Social Function of Science” — “What science does: what science could
do” is still the relevant challenge and indicates Bernal’s chief contribution, besides the foundation of molecular biology
to our civilization. It is manifest that resources spent on armaments are a monstrous pathological symptom of our social structure.
The ancient problem of “what is property” and what may be “owned” and by whom or by what organs of society is awakening. 相似文献
19.
Gathered food plants in the mountains of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): Ethnobotany and multivariate analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Diego Rivera Concepción Obón Cristina Inocencio Michael Heinrich Alonso Verde José Fajardo José Antonio Palazón 《Economic botany》2007,61(3):269-289
Gathered food plants (GFPs) (wild and weeds) are crucial for understanding traditional Mediterranean diets. Combining open
interviews and free-listing questionnaires, we identified 215 GFP items, i.e., 53 fungi and 162 from 154 vascular plant species.
The variation in frequency and in salience among the items follows a rectangular hyperbola. Highly salient species were Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Scolymus hispanicus L., and Pleurotus eryngii (DC.: Fr.) Quélet. Salience and frequency showed no correlation with the expected health benefits of each species. Regional
frequency in the Mediterranean and local frequency are directly related. Thus, local food plants are much less “local” than
expected.
Different types of culinary preparations provide the most information in the cluster analysis of variables. The cluster analysis
of items produced a tree with 10 clusters that form culture-specific logical entities, allowing people to structure their
environment. Within each cluster, plant species are replaced and incorporated provided they resemble the general profile.
This allows innovation and adaptation on a local level and explains the differences between adjacent localities in the list
of species. Two types of clusters or species complexes are described: “species-labeled” and “uses-labeled.” Lastly, we discuss
the underlying empirical basis of the ethnoclassification in the Mediterranean area. 相似文献
20.
Breda D Cusulin C Iannelli M Maset S Vermiglio R 《Journal of mathematical biology》2007,54(5):701-720
In this paper a numerical scheme to investigate the stability of linear models of age-structured population dynamics is studied.
The method is based on the discretization of the infinitesimal generator associated to the semigroup of the solution operator
by using pseudospectral differencing techniques, hence following the approach recently proposed in Breda et al. [SIAM J Sci
Comput 27(2): 482–495, 2005] for delay differential equations. The method computes the rightmost characteristic roots and
it is shown to converge with spectral accuracy behavior.
The research of Mimmo Iannelli was supported in part within the FIRB project RBAU01K7M2 “Metodi dell’Analisi Matematica in
Biologia, Medicina e Ambiente”. 相似文献