复方五倍子有效成分的分离鉴定及抑菌活性研究

对渔用抗菌剂复方五倍子有效成分进行薄层色谱与柱层析分离检测,以鉴定出复方中的各种有效成分;选用几种水产动物常见致病菌进行体外抑菌和联合用药试验,以确定各有效成分抑菌活性强弱和各成分间的药物关系,为分析复方五倍子抗菌剂的药物作用机理奠定理论基础,并为其质量控制提供参考依据。用薄层析硅胶GF254制板,以苯:乙醇:甲酸(7:3:1)为展开剂,用氨熏-三氯化铁显色,日光下观察层析结果;通过干法装硅柱,以苯:乙醇:甲酸(7:3:1)作为洗脱液进行洗脱,分离得到各单体,参照理化性质分析及薄层分析,鉴定出复方五倍子抗菌剂总有效成分。结果表明;复方五倍子抗菌剂有效成分为鞣质、没食子酸、槲皮素、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄素和1,8-二羟基蒽醌,其中没食子酸含量最大,紫外分光光度法测定为10.47%。用复方的各有效成分别对温和气单胞菌、豚鼠气单胞菌、迟缓爱德华菌和柱状黄杆菌进行抑菌试验,以温和气单胞菌为菌种将复方主要有效成分两两配对进行体外联合抑菌试验,得出复方五倍子各有效成分抑菌活性顺序为:没食子酸>蒽醌(含1,8-二羟基蒽醌、大黄素、芦荟大黄素)>黄芩苷>槲皮素>鞣质。没食子酸和蒽醌具有协同作用,没食子酸和黄芩苷、没食子酸和槲皮素、蒽醌和黄芩苷三组同属于累加作用。       

基于多元统计分析的不同诃子属药材多指标成分研究

建立了诃子属药材的多指标成分含量测定方法,为诃子属药材的质量评价提供依据。测定44批不同诃子属药材中7个鞣质类成分含量,并结合方差分析、聚类分析(HCA)、主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)评价诃子属3种不同药材的鞣质类成分差异。可见诃子属3种药材中7个成分含量存在明显差异,方差分析结果显示,不同品种间的成分含量差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);聚类分析、主成分分析及正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析结果显示,不同品种药材间7个化学成分含量上存在一定差异,主成分分析及正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析分析结果确定不同诃子属药材间的主要差异成分为安石榴苷A、安石榴苷B、诃子酸、柯里拉京、诃藜勒酸、没食子酸。本研究建立的方法简便、准确,为诃子属药材的质量控制提供了可靠的分析方法与参考依据。     

拳参中没食子酸和总鞣质的含量测定

该研究采用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法分别对拳参中的主要成份———没食子酸以及总鞣质进行含量测定。其中,用高效液相色谱法测定没食子酸的含量,HPLC 条件为 Hypersil GOLD Phenyl 柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇－0.1％磷酸梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL?min-1,检测波长为276 nm。用紫外分光光度法测定总鞣质的含量,采用2010版《中国药典》一部附录 XB 中鞣质含量测定方法,用干酪素沉淀鞣质,通过干酪素沉淀前后鞣质的变化来确定样品中总鞣质的含量。结果表明：没食子酸在0.051~1.02μg 范围内呈现良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.1％、100.3％、101.9％,RSD 分别为2.1％、0.8％、2.0％;总鞣质在2.09~10.48μg 范围内呈现良好线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为102.2％、100.2％、102.1％,RSD 分别为1.3％、1.4％、1.0％。利用上述方法,还测定了贵州贵阳和四川成都各3批样品中没食子酸和总鞣质的含量差异,发现成都样品中的没食子酸与总鞣质均大于贵阳拳参中的含量,初步分析导致这一结果的原因可能与拳参的生长海拔有关,而成都的海拔范围更适合拳参的生长。上述两种方法快速、简单、重现性好,可以作为拳参中没食子酸和总鞣质的含量测定方法,而该方法也是首次被用来同时测定拳参中没食子酸和总鞣质的含量,为今后的地方药典标准甚至《中国药典》标准的补充和完善提供了重要依据。     

青麸杨生态生物学特性研究

青麸杨(Rhus Potaninii)是倍树的一种。倍蚜虫类昆虫寄生在倍树叶上形成的虫瘿叫五倍子。五倍子的主要成份是单宁,约含65—70％左右,还有2—4％的没食子酸等十余种林化产品。五倍子广泛用于航天、航海、冶金、石油、轻工、医药等方面。近年来,由于对五倍子需求量的激增,成为国际、国内市场上的紧俏商品。     

不同产地生姜主要活性成分的比较分析北大核心CSCD

为全面评价生姜质量,通过GC-MS和HPLC法分别对不同产地生姜样品中挥发油和姜辣素进行比较分析。结果从9种生姜挥发油中分别鉴定了24~28种化学成分,占挥发油总量的85.31%~93.67%,主要为β-水芹烯(9.96%~20.15%)、莰烯(3.54%~14.53%)、柠檬醛(6.52%~12.49%)、β-柠檬醛(3.96%~7.44%)、姜烯(13.81%~19.74%)、姜黄烯(tr^5.52%)、β-倍半水芹烯(5.08%~6.22%)和β-红没药烯(2.63%~3.34%)等单萜和倍半萜类活性成分。9种生姜样品中6-姜辣素含量在0.067%~0.391%之间,均达到了现行中国药典不低于0.05%的规定。可见不同产地生姜主要活性成分含量差异较大。故以生姜的主要特征性有效成分姜烯、姜黄烯与6-姜酚共同作为其质量评价指标,将更加科学合理。     

不同产地生姜主要活性成分的比较分析

为全面评价生姜质量,通过GC-MS和HPLC法分别对不同产地生姜样品中挥发油和姜辣素进行比较分析。结果从9种生姜挥发油中分别鉴定了24~28种化学成分,占挥发油总量的85.31%~93.67%,主要为β-水芹烯(9.96%~20.15%)、莰烯(3.54%~14.53%)、柠檬醛(6.52%~12.49%)、β-柠檬醛(3.96%~7.44%)、姜烯(13.81%~19.74%)、姜黄烯(tr~5.52%)、β-倍半水芹烯(5.08%~6.22%)和β-红没药烯(2.63%~3.34%)等单萜和倍半萜类活性成分。9种生姜样品中6-姜辣素含量在0.067%~0.391%之间,均达到了现行中国药典不低于0.05%的规定。可见不同产地生姜主要活性成分含量差异较大。故以生姜的主要特征性有效成分姜烯、姜黄烯与6-姜酚共同作为其质量评价指标,将更加科学合理。     

高β-蒎烯含量思茅松松脂化学特征

采用气-质联用仪对5年生的40个思茅松高产脂嫁接无性系及1个对照松脂的组成成份进行分析,发现10个高β-蒎烯含量的思茅松无性系,与对照相比,松脂松节油化学组成中β-蒎烯平均质量分数(50.25%)约为对照(9.5%)的5倍;△3-蒈烯含量约为对照的3倍;异海松酸含量约为普通思茅松的8倍,可作为高β-蒎烯思茅松选择的重要指标之一。     

肚倍蚜对高单宁环境的抗氧化反应研究

肚倍蚜Kaburagia rhusicola Takagi是我国的一种重要的资源昆虫,其瘿内生活环境较特殊(虫瘿单宁含量为70%)。为了解肚倍蚜适应高单宁环境生化机制,本研究以性母为对照,测定了瘿内不同时期肚倍蚜体内总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的活性,分析了肚倍蚜体内的抗氧化系统对高单宁环境胁迫所作出的相关反应。研究表明,与对照相比,瘿内时期肚倍蚜体内的总抗氧化能力、CAT和POD活性均显著升高;SOD和GST活性除在有翅蚜阶段与对照无差异,在其他阶段的活性均显著高于对照。本研究验证了高单宁环境对肚倍蚜造成氧化胁迫作用,认为肚倍蚜体内的抗氧化能力和抗氧化酶活性提高是其对高单宁环境的一种适应。     

烟梗中鞣质的含量测定

目的:建立测定烟梗中鞣质含量的方法。方法:样品经浸泡超声提取后,采用干酪素法测定烟梗中鞣质的含量。结果:通过方法学验证表明该方法测定烟梗中的鞣质含量具有较好的稳定性,没食子酸在25.65μg/ml~256.5μg/ml浓度范围内,浓度与吸光度之间呈良好的线性关系。加样回收率达到98.65%,结论:该方法能快速、简便、准确、稳定地测定烟梗中鞣质的含量,可用于烟梗质量的监控。     

诃子抑菌活性成分筛选和总鞣质含量测定新方法

为了建立一种HPLC检测抑菌活性成分诃子总鞣质含量的新方法,在HPLC条件:流动相为乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,检测波长为270 nm,流速为1 m L/min,柱温为30℃,色谱柱为Sepax Sapphire C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)下利用诃子鞣质中含量最高的成分诃子酸对药材中总鞣质进行含量测定。诃子酸在相应浓度内与色谱峰面积呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率在97.22%~101.38%之间,RSD为1.62%。研究结果表明,该方法与比色法相比操作更简单,结果更准确。利用HPLC法来测定抑菌成分诃子总鞣质含量,可以更准确地对诃子进行质量控制。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.