羽叶薰衣草表皮毛的发育解剖学研究

对羽叶薰衣草(LavandulapinnataL.)茎和叶上两种表皮毛(腺毛和非腺毛)发育的解剖学观察表明,两者的发生都源于茎或叶的原表皮细胞,但外部形态、发育过程及功能明显不同。腺毛有头状腺毛和盾状腺毛两种类型,均由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部细胞构成。头状腺毛的头部只有1个或2个分泌细胞,盾状腺毛由8个分泌细胞构成头部。非腺毛由3-20个细胞组成,可分为三种类型:单列不分枝、二叉分枝和三叉及三叉以上多分枝的树状分枝。非腺毛的顶部细胞由基部到顶部逐渐变细,先端成尖形。腺毛发育由原表皮细胞经两次平周分裂形成,由于柄细胞和头部细胞所处的分化状态不同而发育成两类腺毛。非腺毛由非腺毛原始细胞经二次或多次平周分裂和不均等分裂,再发育成数个至二十多个子细胞。     

冬凌草腺毛的形态学及组织化学研究

利用光学显微镜对药用植物冬凌草地上部分腺毛的形态、分布和组织化学进行了研究。结果表明:(1)冬凌草的叶表皮有3种形态显著不同的毛,即非腺毛、盾状腺毛和头状腺毛;盾状腺毛和头状腺毛均具1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部;成熟的盾状腺毛的头部一般由4个分泌细胞组成,而头状腺毛头部由2个分泌细胞组成。(2)组织化学鉴定结果显示:2种腺毛中均含有黄酮类成分,盾状腺毛中还含有单萜、倍半萜等萜类成分;冬凌草甲素可能只存在于盾状腺毛中,但需要更直接的证据证明。研究认为,高密度的盾状腺毛可以作为筛选冬凌草高甲素含量品种的一项重要依据。     

Ficus carica L. leaf anatomy: Trichomes and solid inclusions

Ficus carica L., a typical plant of the Mediterranean environment, presents leaves covered by an extensive indumentum, and a mesophyll full of solid inclusions. The morphology and ultrastructure of the trichomes, calcium carbonate cystoliths and silicified structures of leaves of F. carica cv Dottato were investigated with light, confocal, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. At the same time, histochemical reactions were also employed to analyse the indumentum composed by glandular and non-glandular trichomes by applying chemical reagents and fluorescence microscopy. Non-glandular and glandular trichomes, capitate, are described. Non-glandular trichomes are unicellular simple, spine-like and present different morphology and sizes. The capitate glandular trichomes are present on leaf adaxial and abaxial surface and consist of one-celled stalk and 3/4 cells spherical head. Histochemical characterisation of leaf hairs revealed the presence of flavonoids, while glandular trichome head cells showed a complex mixture of alkaloids, essential oil and flavonoids. Cu and Al were found in the constitutive structures, spike and dome, of the cystoliths. Several epidermal cells and non-glandular trichomes were silicified. Leaf hairs, trichomes secretions, solid inclusions and silicification of F. carica leaf have significant roles to play in relation to leaf protection from external factors, including high-intensity radiation, herbivores or pathogens.     

An investigation of the foliar trichomes of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd [Lamiaceae]: An important medicinal plant of Southern Africa

The morphology and distribution of leaf trichomes of Tetradenia riparia were studied using light and scanning microscopy. Three morphologically distinct types of trichomes were observed on T. riparia leaf surfaces: glandular capitate (short and long stalked), peltate and non-glandular. The glandular and non-glandular trichomes were present in abundance on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Young leaves were densely covered with trichomes; however, the density of trichomes decreases progressively with leaf maturity. This suggests that the trichomes are established early in leaf differentiation and their density decreases with leaf development and age.     

Comparative analysis of leaf trichome structure and composition of epicuticular flavonoids in Finnish birch species

The morphology, ultrastructure, density and distribution of trichomes on leaves of Betula pendula, B. pubescens ssp. pubescens, B. pubescens ssp. czerepanovii and B. nana were examined by means of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The composition of flavonoids in ethanolic leaf surface extracts was analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography. All taxa examined contained both glandular and non-glandular trichomes (short and/or long hairs) but differed from each other in trichome ultrastructure, density and location on the leaf. Leaves of B. pubescens were more hairy than those of B. pendula, but the latter species had a higher density of glandular trichomes. Of the two subspecies of B. pubescens, leaves of ssp. pubescens had more short hairs on the leaf surface and four times the density of glandular trichomes of leaves of ssp. czerepanovii, whereas, in the latter subspecies, short hairs occurred largely on leaf veins, as in B. nana. The glandular trichomes were peltate glands, consisting of medullar and cortical cells, which differed structurally. Cortical cells possessed numerous small, poorly developed plastids and small vacuoles, whereas medullar cells had several large plastids with well-developed thylakoid systems and fewer vacuoles. In B. pubescens subspecies, vacuoles of the glandular cells contained osmiophilic deposits, which were probably phenolic, whereas in B. pendula, vacuoles of glandular trichomes were characterized by the presence of numerous myelin-like membranes. The composition of epicuticular flavonoids also differed among species. The two subspecies of B. pubescens and B. nana shared the same 12 compounds, but five of these occurred only in trace amounts in B. nana. Leaf surface extracts of B. pendula contained just six flavonoids, three of which occurred only in this species. In summary, the structure, density and distribution of leaf trichomes and the composition of epicuticular flavonoids represent good taxonomic markers for Finnish birch species.     

Sideritis syriaca ssp. syriaca: Glandular trichome structure and development in relation to systematics

Sideritis syriaca ssp. syriaca is a taxon with a low essential oil content. Its leaves bear glandular trichomes of two types: long hairs with a 4-celled head, a 4-celled stalk and a 4-celled foot (reported for the first time in Lamiaceae) and short hairs with a 4–celled head, a unicellular stalk and a unicellular foot. The second type is considered intermediate between the capitate and peltate hairs, common in Lamiaceae, but found in S. syriaca ssp. syriaca. The ontogeny of the trichome types is described. The possible significance of the glandular trichome structure to Lamiaceae systematics is further discussed.     

The foliar trichomes of Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Sol. ex Roem. & Schult var aristata (Acanthaceae) a widespread medicinal plant species in tropical sub-Saharan Africa: with comments on its possible phylogenetic significance

The micromorphology of foliar trichomes of Hypoestes aristata var. aristata was studied using stereo, light and scanning microscopy (SEM). This genus belongs to the advanced angiosperm family Acanthaceae, for which few micromorphological leaf studies exist. Results revealed both glandular and non-glandular trichomes, the latter being more abundant on leaf veins, particularly on the abaxial surface of very young leaves. With leaf maturity, the density of non-glandular trichomes decreased. Glandular trichomes were rare and of two types: long-stalked capitate and globose-like peltate trichomes. Capitate trichomes were observed only on the abaxial leaf surface, while peltate trichomes were distributed on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces.     

兰花鼠尾草(Salvia farinacea Benth.)两类腺毛发育过程中超微结构的研究

电镜观察表明：兰花鼠尾草（Salvia farinacea Benth.）的头状腺毛（capitate trichomes）和盾状腺毛(peltate trichomes）在超微结构方面存在明显不同,盾状腺毛的分泌细胞中占优势的细胞器是质体,而头状腺毛中是内质网和质体;成熟的盾状腺毛角质层下间隙明显,而头状腺毛不明显;盾状腺毛的柄细胞的侧壁出现完全的角质化现象,而头状腺毛则无;头状腺毛的基细胞液化程度比盾状腺毛的高。     

甘草腺毛的形态发生和组织化学研究

利用扫描电镜及薄切片技术对甘草的腺毛形态发生和发育过程进行了观察,并对腺毛发育过程中黄酮类成分积累进行了组织化学定位研究。结果表明：甘草腺毛为多细胞构成的盾状腺毛,有长柄和短柄2种类型;前者主要分布在花萼片上,而后者主要分布于叶片上。组化鉴定结果显示：腺毛中存在着黄酮类成分、其他亲脂类和非纤维素多糖类成分;在腺毛的发育过程中,黄酮类物质是随腺毛的发育成熟,在头部盘状结构的分泌细胞及角质层下腔中积累。研究结果对进一步探讨甘草叶中黄酮类成分的合成及其作用提供科学依据。     

木香薷腺毛形态结构发生发育规律的研究

采用常规石蜡切片法及扫描电镜技术对木香薷(Elsholtzia stauntoni Benth)腺毛发生发育及其规律进行了研究。结果表明：木香薷表皮上主要有两种表皮毛：无分泌细胞的表皮毛与有分泌细胞的腺毛。前者包括单细胞乳头状毛、2~3细胞管状毛、分枝状毛及多细胞管状毛;后者包括头状腺毛与盾状腺毛。成熟头状腺毛头部由1、2或4个分泌细胞构成,头部呈圆球形或半圆球形;成熟盾状腺毛头部由8~12个分泌细胞构成,分泌细胞横向扩展形成盾状头部。木香薷腺毛主要在茎端幼叶处大量发生,从茎端第一对幼叶处开始产生;从幼叶期到成熟期均有腺毛发生,大部分腺毛在幼叶期发生发育,只有极少部分在叶的成熟期进行发生发育。     

Comparative analysis of ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in two Nepeta cataria chemotypes (N. cataria and N. catena var. citriodora)

Glandular trichomes from the leaf surface of Nepeta cataria and N. cataria vai.citriodora have been examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Peltate glands and capitate hairs type I were found on leaves of N. cataria. Both types had single stalk cells. Leaves of N. cataria var. citriodora bore peltate glands with unicellular or bicellular stalk, capitate hairs type I (with unicellular stalk) and capitate hairs type II (with unicellular or bicellular stalk). Peltate glands of N. cataria and of N. cataria var. citriodora were characterized by numerous leucoplasts sheathed by smooth reticular tubules and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; they are proposed to synthesize terpenes. The secretory cells of capitate hairs type I of N. cataria and those of N. cataria var. citriodora had well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes. They had plastids with protein inclusions. These glands are supposed to produce slime. Capitate hairs type II of N. cataria var. citriodora had no analogs in N. cataria. Their secretory cells exhibited abundance of tubular endoplasmic reticulum and had unsheathed plastids with starch grains. Probably, these glands synthesize terpenes. The results of the study indicate that there is an obvious difference both in morphology and in ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in different chemotypes of N. cataria.     

Glandular Hairs of Salvia officinalis: New Data on Morphology, Localization and Histochemistry in Relation to Function

The structure, site and histochemistry of glandular hairs onthe vegetative and reproductive parts ofSalvia officinalis wereinvestigated by UV and conventional light microscopy and byscanning electron microscopy. Five distinct types of glandularhair (one peltate and four capitate) with different sites, secretorymodes and secretions, were identified, and a functional rolepostulated for each type. All the hair types show mixed secretions,i.e., hydrophilic and lipophilic, except type I capitate hairs,which have hydrophilic secretions only. In peltate hairs andin type II capitate hairs hydrophilic secretion prevails; inthe remaining types, lipophilic secretion dominates. The manner,time and role of erection of peltate hairs on the reproductiveorgans and the role of non-glandular hairs are also considered.Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Salvia officinalis, Labiatae, rising of peltate hairs, capitate hairs, secretion, plant/insect interaction.     

Localization of salvinorin A and related compounds in glandular trichomes of the psychoactive sage, Salvia divinorum

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Salvia divinorum produces several closely related neoclerodane diterpenes. The most abundant of these, salvinorin A, is responsible for the psychoactive properties of the plant. To determine where these compounds occur in the plant, various organs, tissues and glandular secretions were chemically analysed. A microscopic survey of the S. divinorum plant was performed to examine the various types of trichomes present and to determine their distribution. METHODS: Chemical analyses were performed using thin layer chromatographic and histochemical techniques. Trichomes were examined using conventional light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: It was found that neoclerodane diterpenes are secreted as components of a resin that accumulates in peltate glandular trichomes, specifically in the subcuticular space that exists between the trichome head cells and the cuticle that encloses them. Four main types of trichomes were observed: peltate glandular trichomes, short-stalked capitate glandular trichomes, long-stalked capitate glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes. Their morphology and distribution is described. Peltate glandular trichomes were only found on the abaxial surfaces of the leaves, stems, rachises, bracts, pedicles and calyces. This was consistent with chemical analyses, which showed the presence of neoclerodane diterpenes in these organs, but not in parts of the plant where peltate glandular trichomes are absent. CONCLUSIONS: Salvinorin A and related compounds are secreted as components of a complex resin that accumulates in the subcuticular space of peltate glandular trichomes.     

Glandular Trichomes on Vegetative and Reproductive Organs of Leonotis leonurus (Lamiaceae)

The types of glandular trichomes, their ontogeny and patternof distribution on the vegetative and reproductive organs ofLeonotis leonurus at different stages of development, are studiedby light and scanning electron microscopy. Two morphologicallydistinct types of glandular trichomes (peltate and capitate)are described. Peltate trichomes, at the time of secretion,are characterized by a short stalk, which is connected witha large spherical head composed of eight cells in a single layer.Capitate trichomes can be divided into various types. Generally,they consist of a four-celled head supported by one or threestalk cells. The two kinds of trichomes differ in the secretionprocess. In the peltate trichomes, the secretory product seemsto remain accumulated in a subcuticular space, unless an externalfactor damages it. In the capitate trichomes, this product probablybecomes released through micropores. On the leaves peltate andcapitate trichomes are abundant, while on the flowers only thepeltate trichomes are numerous and the capitate are rare orabsent.Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press Leonotis leonurus R. Br., lion's ear, lion's tail, Lamiaceæ, glandular trichomes, morphology, ontogeny     

野薄荷叶腺毛的发育形态学研究

研究了分布于我国东北部的野薄荷叶表面腺毛的结构和发育。主要腺毛有两种：多细胞盾状腺毛和弯曲单细胞头状腺毛。多细胞盾状腺毛由１个基细胞,１个柄细胞和一个由８－１２个分泌细胞构成的头部组成。单细胞头状腺毛由１个基细胞,１个柄细胞和一个分泌细胞头部构成。     

Structural and Histochemical Investigation of the Glandular Trichomes of Salvia aurea L. Leaves, and Chemical Analysis of the Essential Oil

Anatomical and histological investigations of the secretoryhairs ofSalvia aurea leaves, and identification of the maincomponents of the essential oil were carried out. Two typesof glandular trichome were found: peltate glands, characterizedby a short stalk and a large six to eight-celled head, and capitatetrichomes which were further subdivided into two kinds, thefirst with a short monocellular stalk and two-cellular head(type I), and the second with a multicellular stalk, a neckcell and a small globose unicellular head (type II). Whereaspeltate glands and type I capitate trichomes were always present,type II capitate glands were not found in all leaf samples.The histochemical study suggested an ‘endodermal’role for the stalk cell (peltate and capitate type I) as wellas for the neck cell (capitate type II), preventing the lossof essential oil. Histological reactions also revealed the complexnature of the material secreted by all types ofS. aurea trichome,including polysaccharides, polyphenols and proteins, in additionto the essential oil. Qualitative and quantitative GC-MS analysisof the essential oil revealed camphor to be the main constituent.The findings are discussed in relation to studies of trichomesfrom other members of the Lamiaceae. Salvia aurea L.; glandular trichomes; histochemistry; essential oil     

线纹香茶菜叶上腺毛发育的细胞学研究

为进行中药溪黄草基原植物的品种鉴定,采用光镜和电镜对线纹香茶菜(原变种)[Isodon lophanthoides var.lophanthoides]叶上腺毛的发育进行细胞学研究。结果表明,线纹香茶菜具有头状腺毛和盾状腺毛2种类型。头状腺毛无色透明,由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和1或2个头部分泌细胞构成;盾状腺毛为红色,由1或2个基细胞、1个柄细胞和4~8个分泌细胞构成头部。2种腺毛均由原表皮细胞经两次平周分裂形成,后因柄细胞和头部细胞所处的分化状态不同而形成两类腺毛。2种腺毛超微结构表明,质体、高尔基体和粗面内质网为主要分泌物产生和运输的细胞器。当盾状腺毛成熟时,角质层下间隙充满了分泌物,其分泌物的性质很可能决定了线纹香茶菜腺毛的颜色。     

紫苏腺毛的形态发生研究

紫苏叶上有两种腺毛:盾状腺毛和头状腺毛。两者都具1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部。前者的头部可由1、2、4或8个分泌细胞组成,扩展成盾状;后者的头部由1、2或4个分泌细胞组成,聚成圆球状。两种腺毛的原始细胞都来源于原表皮细胞,经两次平周分裂产生基细胞、柄细胞和顶细胞。在腺毛后期的形态发生中,柄细胞的分化状态决定腺毛的类型。若柄细胞保持扁平状且处于分生状态时,其顶细胞将发育成盾状腺毛的头部;若柄细胞纵向引长并迅速液泡化时,其顶细胞将发育成头状腺毛的头部。     

紫苏腺毛的形态发生研究

紫苏叶上有两种腺毛：质状腺毛和头状腺毛。两者都具１个基细胞、１个柄细胞和头部。前者的头部可由１、２、４或８个分泌细胞组成,扩展成质状;后者的头部由１、２或４个分泌细胞组成,聚成圆球状。两种腺毛的原始细胞都来源于原表皮细胞,经两次平周分裂产生基细胞、柄细胞和顶细胞。在腺毛后期的形态发生中,柄细胞的分化状态决定腺毛的类型。若柄细胞保持扁平关且处于分生状态时,其顶细胞将发育成质状腺毛的头部;若柄细胞纵向     

Glandular hairs in the genusDrosera (Droseraceae)

On the leaves and sepals of 52 species, representing all sections of the genusDrosera except one, 14 different types of glandular hairs were found: two-celled papillae, peltate scales, several types with unbranched, bi- or multiseriate stalk with a two- or multicellular gland, and one type with a multiseriate stalk and a two-armed gland. The combination of these hairs and the presence of non-glandular hairs confirm the actual classification of the genus. In combination with simple morphological characters (e.g., the type of insertion of the petiole) glandular hairs facilitate the identification of species even in the pharmaceutically important cut crude drug.