新疆天山中部北山羊社群结构

2013年10月至2014年9月,于天山中部天格尔山脉乌鲁木齐河源区研究了北山羊的社群结构。将其集群类型划分为雄性群、雌幼群、混合群和独羊4类。共统计北山羊497群,总计6 427只。北山羊最大集群为100只,最小群为1只,全年平均群大小为（12.93±0.65）只。其中春季（14.83±1.35）只,夏季（14.16±1.65）只,秋季（15.17±1.69）只,冬季（9.32±0.74）只。冬季北山羊平均集群大小显著低于其他三个季节。混合群的平均群大小最大,其余依次为雌幼群和雄性群。Kruskal-Wallis H检验结果表明各社群类型群大小差异极显著。北山羊多以2-7只的小群活动,占到总遇见频次比例的41.05%,8-20只群占32.80%,20只以上大群出现最少,占17.71%。在4种集群类型中,雌幼群出现频率最高,占51.91%,其次依次为混合群、雄性群和独羊。卡方检验结果表明4个季节间4种社群类型的出现频次差异显著。研究结果显示,北山羊在发情期混群,非繁殖期同性集群。受环境因素和自身生理周期的影响,其集群大小、集群类型均随季节变化而变化。     

天山盘羊集群行为的研究

除了孤盘羊外,盘羊集群可分为４类,即雌性群,雄性群、混合群和家庭群。雌性群和雄性群是盘羊的基本群。其余为季节性群。根据３－１１月野外１８２群,２０４０只盘羊统计。盘羊全年群平均１１．２（２－５６）只,雌性群１２．８（２－５６）只,雄性群６．６（２－１６）只和混合群１８．１（６－４３）只。同时对盘羊群体的季节性变动进行了研究。盘羊集群与其自身的生物学特性、环境的水热分布和人类的竞争有关,因此不同地区     

新疆塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区马可波罗盘羊种群调查

2017年采用地图样带法分别调查了新疆塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区马可波罗盘羊Ovis ammon polii夏季(6—8月)和冬季(11月)的种群分布与数量。本研究共设16条样带,调查总面积1 236. 48 km2。结果表明,保护区内的马可波罗盘羊主要分布在卡拉其古、萨热吉勒尕、色日克塔什、卡拉吉勒嘎、皮斯岭、赞坎等沟谷中。无论夏季和冬季,萨热吉勒尕和色日克塔什均是保护区内盘羊密度最高的区域。夏季马可波罗盘羊种群数量(1 278±569)只,冬季(1 815±827)只。马可波罗盘羊集群大小2～98只,平均集群大小为(14. 54±1. 33)只/群。夏季雌雄比为3. 09∶1,冬季雌雄比为3. 83∶1。过度放牧、矿产开发、围栏建设等是威胁马可波罗盘羊生存的重要因素。建议通过实施生态补偿机制、建设生态廊道、严格划定禁牧区等措施促进马可波罗盘羊种群的健康发展。     

血雉繁殖初期和育雏期的日活动模式及集群行为研究

2013年4—7月,利用红外相机在四川王朗自然保护区研究了血雉（Ithaginis cruentus）在繁殖初期和育雏期的日活动模式和集群行为。结果表明,血雉具有明显的昼行性活动规律,繁殖初期的活动高峰为6：00—14：00（n=42,P=84.00%）,育雏期的活动高峰为6：00—12：00（n=111,P=60.33%）,次高峰为12：00—18：00（n=63,P=34.24%）。繁殖初期记录了50群76只血雉,雌雄性比为1∶2.41,集群大小为（1.52±0.68）只/群,以孤雄（n=23,P=46.00%）和混合群（n=29,P=30.00%）为主。育雏期记录了184群321只血雉,雌雄性比为1∶1.81,集群大小为（1.74±1.21）只/群,以孤雄（n=75,P=40.76%）和家庭群（n=51,P=27.72%）为主。在繁殖初期和育雏期,不同集群类型出现的频率差异均极显著（繁殖初期：χ2=17.680,df=3,P〈0.01;育雏期：χ2=79.478,df=4,P〈0.01）。血雉的集群性较强,即使在以家庭生活为主的育雏期也常集群活动。     

青藏铁路沿线藏羚迁徙期集群特征分析

2006年6月、8月和2007年6月、8月,采用样线法对青藏铁路昆仑山至沱沱河区间藏羚(Pantholops hodgsoni)迁徙期集群行为进行了研究。集群类型有雌性群(46.5%)、雄性群(7.4%)、母子群(39.7%)、混合群(1.5%)和独羚(4.8%)5种类型,共计473群,7 828只。不同集群类型出现频次差异极显著(p0.01)。2~20只的集群占72.1%,21~50只集群占17.1%,51~100只集群占4.4%,大于100只集群占1.5%,独羚占4.9%,不同集群大小出现频次差异极显著(p0.01)。迁徙季节藏羚平均群体大小为(16.6±1.06)只(平均值±标准误),雌性群(22.3±3.37)只,雄性群(10.5±1.48)只,母子群(13.1±1.07)只,混合群(11.3±3.51)只,不同集群类型的群体规模差异极显著(p0.01)。藏羚的集群大小与集群类型、迁徙季节密切相关,而集群大小的变化是对青藏铁路运营后新环境的一种适应。     

新疆卡拉麦里山保护区鹅喉羚的社群结构

2005年11月至2007年5月,在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区对鹅喉羚的社群结构进行了初步研究.将其集群划分为雌性群、雄性群、亚成体群、独羚、雌雄混合群和不明群6种类型.共统计鹅喉羚564群,总计3186只.春季鹅喉羚以雄性群居多(45.7%);夏秋两季则以雌性群为主(52.9%和70.4%);冬季以混合群居多(60%).卡方独立性检验表明,四个季节间三种社群类型的百分比组成差异显著(x2=68.45,P<0.01),受繁殖周期和季节变化影响.鹅喉羚集群大小范围为1～95只,其中3只群出现最多(20.0%);2～5只的群占54.3%;6～10只的群占23.1%;11～20只的群占9.2%;>20只的群占2.3%.春夏秋冬四季平均群大小分别为(4.45±4.07;4.94±4.20;6.66±10.12;6.0±5.66),其中春季平均集群大小分别与秋季和冬季差异显著.     

四川省石渠县西藏盘羊种群与分布现状调查

西藏盘羊长期被怀疑已在四川省甘孜藏族自治州绝灭,直到20世纪末在石渠县发现3只个体。我们于2013-2018年在甘孜州12县34乡开展了访问和实地调查,结果仅在石渠县发现实体,共发现24群321头,集群大小1~41头/群,平均为（13.4 ± 11.4 ）只。其中全雄性14群,集群大小1~15只,平均（7.4 ± 4.6）只;雌幼混合8群,集群大小9~41只,平均（24.6 ± 13.0） 只;雌雄幼混合群2群,分别为8只、12只。共记录到成年个体238头,性比略偏雌 (雌雄比为128∶110);1~2龄个体38头,0~1龄个体45头。根据在真达-色须-尼嘎-洛须等乡镇的历年重复调查,保守估计适宜栖息地内盘羊的种群密度为每平方千米0.33~0.57只。调查区域内盘羊面临的威胁因素包括过度放牧、护牧犬、狼(Canis lupus)、雪豹(Panthera uncia)和金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)。据此,为保护石渠县西藏盘羊,我们建议进行更深入的分布、栖息地和种群调查,并开展以盘羊为主题的宣传教育和生态旅游。     

王朗国家级自然保护区岩羊集群结构及季节变化

岩羊（Pseudois nayaur）是青藏高原常见的食草动物,但对边缘分布区的种群了解较少。2018年6月到2019年8月,我们利用红外相机在四川王朗国家级自然保护区对岩羊的集群结构、特征及其季节变化进行了描述与分析。结果显示：调查共记录到岩羊1 921群次,共计6 623只次。按照性别和年龄组,可将岩羊集群划分为混合群、母仔群、雄性群、独雄、独雌、雌性群。研究观察到的最大岩羊集群为23只,最小为独羊（独雄或独雌）,集群的平均个体数量为（3.45 ± 2.16）只,以小群为主,种群大小的季节间差异不显著。岩羊集群结构和季节波动特征主要有：（1）混合群最常见,占45.3%,其次依次为母仔群、雄性群、独雄、独雌和雌性群;（2）岩羊集群结构季节波动显著,春季以雄性群（29.5%）和独雄（22.6%）为主,夏季、秋季和冬季主要为混合群（58.5%,41.8%,36.7%）和母仔群（21.4%,24.7%,18.6%）;（3）各集群类型在季节间的相对优势存在差异,例如混合群在夏季的优势显著,但母仔群在各季节的优势则无显著差异。依据全年数据,我们认为王朗国家级自然保护区的栖息地特征以及岩羊自身生命周期可能是影响岩羊集群大小、集群类型季节波动的主要因素。     

四川栗子坪自然保护区红腹角雉雌鸟和亚成体冬季集群行为研究

2005年11月至2006年3月,在四川省石棉县栗子坪省级自然保护区对低海拔区域(海拔1800²400 m)红腹角雉Tragopan temminckii雌鸟和亚成体冬季集群行为进行了调查。结果表明:红腹角雉的雌鸟和亚成体以单独活动的个体居多,占44.4%,其它依次为3只群、2只群和4只群。群体的规模较小,最大群体为4只。在集群类型上,家族群可能是主要集群类型,但还有待验证。红腹角雉雌鸟和亚成体集群的个体和单独活动个体在取食行为的时间分配上有显著差异,集群的个体用于取食的时间比例要高于单独活动的个体。在警戒、休息和移动行为时间分配上没有显著差异,但单独活动个体用于警戒的时间比例要高于集群的个体。本研究的结果验证了动物集群的反捕食假说,集群活动的个体有更多的取食时间。     

发情交配期贺兰山岩羊的集群特征

2003 年和2004 年的11 ～12 月,采用样线法和全事件取样法研究了贺兰山岩羊的集群特征。共观察到岩羊715 群,共计2 473只。发情前期平均群大小3.5±2.8 只(n = 241),发情期平均群大小3.4±3.2 只(n =297)。发情前期与发情期雄性群、雌性群、雌雄群、混合群及母子群大小间均无显著差异。发情前期到发情期群类型组成差异极显著,发情期雌雄群、混合群和独羊比例显著上升;雄性群、雌性群和母子群比例显著下降。发情前期到发情期,雄性岩羊在雄性群、雌雄群、混合群和独羊中的分布差异极显著,成年雌性岩羊在雌性群、雌雄群、混合群、母子群和独羊中的分布差异极显著。发情期4 个年龄等级雄性在雄性群、雌雄群、混合群和独羊中分布差异极显著,4 个年龄等级雄性岩羊都倾向分布于混合群。
     

苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊种群的取食生态学

2000年6～11月对苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊(Capra hircus)种群的取食生态学进行了研究.研究表明:山羊的觅食回合长度变化范围从1min到460 min不等,平均觅食回合长度是103.1±15.0 (SD)min,雌性动物的觅食回合长度较雄性的长(P=0.077).野化山羊单位时间的取食频率平均为46.3±0.6 口/min,取食频率随性别(P=0.023)和月份(P<0.001)而显著变化.雄性山羊在繁殖交配之前(6～7月)和之后(10～11月)的取食频率比繁殖交配期中(9～10月)的快(P<0.008),但雌性动物并没有这样的变化(P=0.327).雄性动物在繁殖交配期中的取食时间显著减少.雌、雄两性动物在取食频次和取食时间方面的这些差异可能导致该山羊种群在食物摄入量上的性别差异:雌性山羊的食物摄入量相对比较稳定,而雄性山羊的摄入量则变动很大.估计的食物摄入量随月份而下降(尽管9月份以后有一微小幅度的上升),这意味着拉姆岛上的山羊种群在食物匮乏而天气寒冷潮湿的冬季可能面临着能量收支不平衡的威胁.     

Daytime activity budget of an alpine ungulate (Tatra chamois <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica</Emphasis>): influence of herd size,sex, weather and human disturbance

Environmental factors have strong influence on activity of alpine ungulates. However, the presence and activities of people in high mountains have been growing rapidly and have led to the advent of human-induced factors, which may modify the time budget. In this study, we examined the influence of natural and human-induced factors on the daytime budget of Tatra chamois Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica. On average, chamois spent 46% of their time foraging, 40% resting, 13% moving around and 1% on social behaviour. The amount of time devoted to particular categories of behaviour was influenced by the time of day, herd size, weather conditions and human disturbance. Human disturbance and the time of day had the highest effect on the proportion of foraging in the daytime budget, which increased as the day progressed and at greater distances from the nearest hiking trail. These two factors also increased the amount of time spent resting, which peaked during the afternoon hours and at greater distances from the nearest trail. The time spent moving around decreased with increasing herd size, distance from the nearest trail and as the day progressed. Males devoted less time to foraging and more to resting and moving around than females. The intensity of human-induced factors is particularly important for a population inhabiting a small, isolated area, as is the case with strictly high-mountain species.     

秦岭雄性羚牛的发情行为与其社会状态的关系

2004年5月31日至8月31日在陕西省佛坪县国家级自然保护区,对羚牛秦岭亚种（Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi）的繁殖行为及雄牛的社会状态进行了研究。研究期间每天在比较容易见到羚牛的区域内沿固定路线寻找羚牛,在不惊扰羚牛正常活动的情况下,记录牛群大小、群内个体的性别、年龄、雄性的社会状态,即是单独活动还是在繁殖群中;社会状态的变动,即每只是进入还是离开繁殖群;羚牛群中个体之间的相互关系,包括入群的独牛与群内其它雄牛之间的行为、与群内雌牛之间的行为。同时用摄像机辅助记录羚牛在群内的行为,并根据图像资料对记录的数据进行校正。研究期间累计对277 头次雄性羚牛的繁殖行为进行了观察,记录到241次繁殖行为。虽然6月初至8月下旬都可以见到羚牛的繁殖活动,但80% 以上的繁殖行为发生在6月20日至7月10日期间,其中以6月21 ～ 30日间的繁殖活动最多（105 次）。繁殖季节中雄性羚牛有两种社会状态,即在繁殖群中和单独活动（即独牛）。研究期间累计的独牛比例占成年雄性的30. 32%,其中72. 62%的独牛出现在6月10 日至7 月10 日。6 月21 ～ 30 日间独牛比例最高,占成年雄性个体的50. 67%。雄牛进出繁殖群的现象比较常见,独牛的比例与繁殖行为正相关。繁殖高峰期后,单独活动的雄牛数量迅速减少。雄牛的社会状态会随着繁殖期的不同阶段发生改变,独牛在不同繁殖群之间移动寻求更多的交配机会。我们的研究结果不支持以往认为独牛是繁殖争斗失败者的观点。     

Ecological determinants of herd size in the Thornicroft’s giraffe of Zambia

Ecological factors have a pervasive impact on animal population sizes and the structure of their social systems. In a number of ungulate species, predator pressure exerts a major influence on group size. Given that giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) live in an extremely flexible social system, and that breeding is nonseasonal, they are an ideal species for examining how ecological variables contribute to fluctuations in herd size. We present an analysis of 34 years of data on a population of Thornicroft’s giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti Lydekker 1911) that reveal how herd size changes with season and habitat. Sex differences in herd size were apparent, with bulls often travelling as singletons, whereas cows were generally observed with conspecifics. Herds were larger during the wet than dry season, but herd size changed in a parallel fashion across habitats. Giraffe herds were smaller in woodland and thicket areas than in open habitats, regardless of season. We suggest that the regular fluctuations in herd size among giraffe indicate a fission/fusion social system embedded within a larger social community. We conclude that changes in herd size among giraffe reflect a dynamic process regulated by individuals adjusting the number of associates based upon an interaction of foraging, reproductive, social and antipredator strategies.     

内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚繁殖期及其前后昼间行为时间分配及能量平衡策略

2007年11月、12月和2008年3月,在内蒙古达赉湖地区,采用扫描取样法对雌雄蒙原羚繁殖期及其前后昼间行为时间分配进行了研究。 研究表明：（1）繁殖期前、繁殖期和繁殖期后,雌性蒙原羚采食时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别为（44.9±3.8）%、（43.5±4.0）% 和 (46.2±3.1)%;卧息时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别 为（32.3±4.8）%、（29.2±2.9）% 和 (28.0±4.8)%;雌性蒙原羚在繁殖期及其前后采食、移动和卧息的行为时间分配差异不显著（P>0.05）,站立、繁殖、“其他”行为时间分配差异性显著（P<0.05）。（2）繁殖期前、繁殖期和繁殖期后, 雄性蒙原羚采食时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别为 (52.6±3.8)%、(17.5±2.8)% 和 (29.8±4.8)%;卧息时间,占昼间活动时间的比例分别为 (13.4±6.4)%、(24.2±4.1)% 和 (44.2±4.7)%。雄性蒙原羚在繁殖期及其前后采食、卧息、站立、移动、繁殖、“其他”时间分配均有显著差异（P<0.05）。动物采食卧息的行为时间分配反映动物的能量平衡策略。雌性蒙原羚的时间分配表明,雌性蒙原羚的能量平衡策略在繁殖期前、繁殖期和繁殖期后没有发生显著变化,均为能量摄入最优化策略,尽可能多的时间分配在采食上;雄性蒙原羚的时间分配表明,在繁殖期前,其能量平衡策略为能量摄入最优化策略,尽可能多的时间分配在采食上;雄性蒙原羚繁殖期及繁殖期后其能量平衡策略转变为能量支出优化策略,尽可能少的支出能量,尽可能多的时间分配在卧息上。     

Abundance,population structure and seasonally changing social organization of argali <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ovis ammon karelini</Emphasis> in West-Central Tian-Shan of Kyrgyzstan

The main aim of this study was to determine the numbers, population structure and seasonal changes in group structure of argali Ovis ammon karelini Severtzov, 1873 in the Tian-Shan of Kyrgyzstan. The study was carried out within two adjoining areas: the Baralbas River region, and the Ak-Tash River region. Data were collected during three seasons: winter, spring and summer. This population consisted of 42.3% females, 22.2% males, 13.4% yearlings, and 22.1% lambs. Composition and numbers of groups were seasonally changing. Argali occurred predominantly in mixed groups during winter and exclusively in separated groups during summer. The maximum group size decreased from 25% from winter to spring, however, increased during summer.     

Arctic roars – laryngeal anatomy and vocalization of the muskox (Ovibos moschatus Zimmermann, 1780, Bovidae)

The impressive roaring of adult male muskoxen most often occurs during rutting contests. Roaring in adult females is primarily relevant to mother–infant communication. Loud roars are produced by taking up a specific roaring posture. Acoustic recordings were made in a small herd of zoo muskoxen during three successive rutting seasons. Earlier recordings of a different herd were used for comparison. Head-and-neck specimens were subjected to vascular injection, macroscopic anatomical dissection, computer tomographic analysis and skeletonization. Isolated preserved larynges of young animals were dissected for ontogenetic comparison. Despite a pronounced sexual dimorphism of head mass, larynx size is almost identical in adult male and female muskoxen, as is the fundamental frequency of their roars. Remarkably, the larynges of both sexes of muskoxen are provided with an unpaired ventrorostral ventricle. Probably, this ventricle is inflated during the initial phase of a roar. The ventricle may have two functions: to increase the amplitude of roaring and to darken the timbre of the roars by acting as an additional resonance space. The vocal fold of adult female and young individuals has a sharp rostral edge and a vocal ligament is still present. During male ontogeny the vocal ligament becomes transformed into a large fat pad extending into the wall of the laryngeal vestibulum. Accordingly, the glottic region in the adult male lacks any sharp edges of the mucosa. In both sexes the thyroarytenoid muscle is divided into three portions. A single roar may comprise phases of different sound volume. The roars of both muskox sexes are characterized by a pulsed structure. We suggest that two oscillating systems are involved in the production of roars: one comprising only the medial portion of the vocal fold and one including its lateral portion.     

Population structure and social organization of Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga leonina (L.)

The population structure and social organization of the Southern Elephant Seal, Mirounga leonina , were studied at South Georgia principally by extensive field census work and determination of age and reproductive history from sections of teeth taken from samples of bulls and cows.
The adult males of the South Georgia population were exploited from 1910 to 1964, mainly at the maximum sustainable yield for this population.
The present data are compared with similar information obtained from studies at South Georgia in 1951 during the exploitation phase and at Macquarie Island in the 1950's where sealing ended in 1919 and the population had stabilized.
Changes have been noted in the time of bull haul out, number of bulls ashore, cow: bull ratio, harem size and the age of harem bulls. These changes can all be attributed to the ending of exploitation. In contrast, the structure of the cow herd has not changed appreciably in the same period.
In addition, differences in growth, body size and population structure still persist between the South Georgia and Macquarie Island populations and it is likely that most of them may reflect differences in food availability at the two locations.     

Ranging behaviour and excursions of female roe deer during the rut

Anecdotal evidence has suggested that, during the rutting period, female roe deer may undertake short excursions, outside of their normal home range, possibly to mate with a reproductive partner. To address this question, we analysed the ranging behaviour of 27 female roe deer Capreolus capreolus, equipped with GPS collars, inhabiting a fragmented landscape in France. We compared female movements during the rutting period with a non-rutting period over two summers using a recently published approach. Search intensity and home range size were significantly greater during the rutting period. The difference in home range size between the two periods was significantly greater in 2006 compared to 2005 and in open compared to closed habitat. We were not able to identify any influence of body mass on the difference in ranging behaviour between the two periods. Visual analysis of movement trajectories for 11 females revealed that 5 (45%) performed an excursion for a duration of a few hours to several days. We speculatively suggest that female rut excursions provide an opportunity for active mate choice in roe deer, where males are territorial, although we cannot rule out the alternative explanation that these movements are a means to avoid male harassment.