Effects of spacing interval of wide bed planting on canopy characteristics and yield in winter wheat

2010-2012连续两年在大田试验条件下以多穗型品种‘百农矮抗58’为供试材料, 研究了宽幅播种(播幅8 cm)种植方式下不同带间距7 cm (KF7)、12 cm (KF12)和17 cm (KF17)对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)冠层特征及产量的影响。结果表明: 与常规条播比较, 宽幅播种群体叶面积指数、平均叶倾角、光截获量、相对湿度、成穗数、生物量和产量较高, 而冠层开度和温度较低; 2010-2011年和2011-2012年宽幅播种成穗数和产量显著高于常规条播, 成穗数分别增加4.8%-16.4%和8.9%-21.0%, 产量分别提高2.96%-15.94%和4.09%-14.23%。宽幅播种下随带间距增大, 叶面积指数、平均叶倾角、光截获量、湿度及成穗数降低, 而冠层开度和温度升高; 穗粒数、千粒重、产量、生物量和收获指数以KF12最高, KF7最低。综合分析, 宽幅播种下12 cm带间距处理的小麦冠层结构合理, 微环境适宜, 产量最高, 可作为该种植方式的适宜带间距。     

宽幅播种下带间距对冬小麦衰老进程及产量的影响

在大田试验条件下以多穗型品种‘百农矮抗58’和大穗型品种‘兰考矮早八’为供试材料,研究了宽幅播种(播幅8 cm)种植方式下不同带间距7 cm(KF7)、12 cm(KF12)和17 cm(KF17)对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)衰老进程及产量的影响。结果表明:与常规条播(行距20 cm,播幅1—2 cm)相比,宽幅带播种植方式的花后旗叶叶绿素降解缓慢,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,抗氧化酶活性增强,成穗数和产量提高。宽幅带播下不同带间距处理间差异因品种类型而异,矮抗58品种叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性整体呈现为KF12KF17KF7,兰考矮早八品种表现为KF7KF12KF17,而MDA变化规律则相反。试验条件下,多穗型品种矮抗58以KF12处理、大穗型品种兰考矮早八以KF7处理花后叶绿素含量高,MDA含量低,抗氧化酶活性强,叶片衰老进程缓慢,产量结构协调,最终产量最高。     

宽幅播种带间距对冬小麦冠层特征及产量的影响北大核心CSCD

2010-2012连续两年在大田试验条件下以多穗型品种'百农矮抗58'为供试材料,研究了宽幅播种(播幅8cm)种植方式下不同带间距7cm(KF7)、12cm(KF12)和17cm(KF17)对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)冠层特征及产量的影响。结果表明:与常规条播比较,宽幅播种群体叶面积指数、平均叶倾角、光截获量、相对湿度、成穗数、生物量和产量较高,而冠层开度和温度较低;2010-2011年和2011-2012年宽幅播种成穗数和产量显著高于常规条播,成穗数分别增加4.8%-16.4%和8.9%-21.0%,产量分别提高2.96%-15.94%和4.09%-14.23%。宽幅播种下随带间距增大,叶面积指数、平均叶倾角、光截获量、湿度及成穗数降低,而冠层开度和温度升高;穗粒数、千粒重、产量、生物量和收获指数以KF12最高,KF7最低。综合分析,宽幅播种下12cm带间距处理的小麦冠层结构合理,微环境适宜,产量最高,可作为该种植方式的适宜带间距。     

宽幅播种对冬小麦‘泰农18’产量和氮素利用率的影响

为阐明小麦宽幅播种的增产增效效应,于2015-2016年小麦生育季在泰安、兖州试验点分别采用宽幅播种和常规条播两种播种方式,研究了播种方式对冬小麦‘泰农18’产量和氮素吸收利用的影响.结果表明: 播种方式、试验点及两者的互作效应显著影响冬小麦产量、氮素利用率及其相关指标.在两试验点,相对于常规条播,宽幅播种均可通过提高单株与群体分蘖数和单株成穗数来提高单位面积穗数,实现增产,在泰安、兖州点分别增产22.5%和15.4%;宽幅播种均可通过促进小麦氮素吸收积累、提高氮素吸收效率来提高氮素利用率,在泰安、兖州点氮素吸收效率分别提高27.7%和17.5%,氮素利用率分别提高22.5%和15.4%.泰安点宽幅播种的增效效应尤为显著.生产上采用宽幅播种方式可有效提高冬小麦产量和氮素利用率,实现小麦高产高效栽培.     

氮肥运筹对不同种植方式冬小麦群体结构及产量的影响

以山西农业大学培育的多穗型冬小麦山农9801为供试材料,采用随机区组的方法,在施氮总量每公顷300 kg时,分别对常规条播(B1)和窄行稀条播(B2)实施不同氮肥基追比:CK(10∶0)、C1(7∶3)、C2(5∶5)、C3(3∶7),研究其对拔节期小麦群体形态、各生育期叶面积指数及总茎数、产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:窄行稀条播促进了冬小麦群体生长,提高了实际产量。不同氮肥运筹对两种播种方式小麦生长及产量的影响很大,拔节期追施氮肥后小麦各指标均在C1、C2较高,整体看C1最高,且对窄行条播的提高作用更为明显。B2种植基追比7∶3时,旗叶面积、株高、次生根数最多,黄叶数最少,且与其他处理达到显著差异,拔节期到孕穗期LAI最高,群体总茎数及单株成穗数最大,C1处理通过显著增加有效穗数、穗粒数及千粒重来增加实际产量。上述分析结果为晋中窄行条播冬小麦氮肥合理利用,优质高产提供了实验和理论依据。     

播种方式和施磷对冬小麦群体结构、光合特性和产量的影响

为研究播种方式和施磷对新疆冬小麦群体结构、光合特性和产量的影响,以‘新冬22号’为材料,采用双因素裂区试验设计,设播种方式为主区,分条播(D)和匀播(U),设施磷量(P₂O₅)为副区,分0、60、120、180 kg·hm^-2(分别用P₀、P₆₀、P₁₂₀、P₁₈₀表示)4种水平。结果表明: 匀播群体分蘖成穗率较条播群体高15.9%;光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率、消光系数、叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值和光合参数均以匀播下P₁₂₀最优,是兼顾群体结构、光合特性和产量的最佳组合。     

不同耕种方式对沿黄稻茬麦田土壤因子及小麦生育的影响

对沿黄稻茬麦田不同耕种方式的生态效应进行了系统研究．结果表明,旋耕条播是沿黄稻茬小麦高产的最佳播种方式,与免耕播种相比,其耕层温度高,土壤容重小,耕层含水量适宜,肥效高而持久,麦田群体和个体发育好,分蘖成穗率高,千粒重及产量最高．     

不同种植行距的大穗型小麦品种''''兰考矮早八''''中几种与旗叶衰老有关的生理指标变化

在大田高产栽培条件下,检测不同种植行距的大穗型小麦品种‘兰考矮早八’开花后与旗叶衰老相关生理指标以及产量性状的结果表明,相对于传统行距为20cm而言,‘兰考矮早八’种植行距缩至15cm的花后旗叶中叶绿素降解减慢,丙二醛（MDA）含量下降,抗氧化系统酶活性增强,功能叶衰老减缓,穗粒重提高;行距缩至10cm时,尽管灌浆中后期过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,但过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,花后旗叶中叶绿素降解加快,MDA含量升高,植株衰老加快,穗粒重下降。     

行距对晚播冬小麦群体的调节效应

为了明确行距对晚播冬小麦群体的调节效应,在2011—2013年度,以"济麦22"为试验材料,在晚播条件下设置3个行距处理(12、20、30 cm),比较了不同行距类型群体生育后期的冠层结构和冠层下部环境的差异、群体内植株个体性状及变异程度、产量和产量构成因素的变化。结果表明:行距缩小至12 cm,群体生育后期的叶面积指数显著提高,中上部冠层的光能截获显著增加、冠层下部的漏光损失显著减小;与20 cm和30 cm行距相比,12 cm行距群体内部的最高温度分别降低0.9和2.5℃,相对湿度增加0.3%和0.9%;行距缩小后,群体内单株性状的变异程度缩小,穗长和小穗数显著增加,单株穗粒重变异系数缩小,群体产量的稳定性提高,产量增加7.8%~24.5%。研究认为,窄行距(12 cm)播种有利于提高华北平原干旱缺水地区晚播冬小麦的群体产量。     

不同穗型小麦品种分蘖发育的代谢基础研究

比较研究了大穗型和多穗型小麦品种的分薛发育特征及其代谢基础。结果表明,与多穗型品种相比,单株分蘖较少的大穗型品种分蘖期具有较低的IAA氧化酶（IAAO）活性、较高的IAA含量和较强的碳代谢活性。在分蘖的两极分化期,大穗型品种在碳、氮代谢和同化物分配方面存在较强的主茎优势,因此,其分蘖较难继续发育成穗。     

Expression of Tolerance for Meloidogyne graminicola in Rice Cultivars as Affected by Soil Type and Flooding

The effects of different water regimes on the pathogenicity of Meloidogyne graminicola on six rice cultivars were determined in two soil types in three greenhouse experiments. Two water regimes, simulating continuous flooding and intermittent flooding, were used with five of the cultivars. All cultivars were susceptible to the nematode, but IR72 and IR74 were more tolerant than IR20 and IR29 under intermittent flooding. All were tolerant under continuous flooding. UPLRi-5 was grown under multiple water regimes: no flooding; continuous flooding; flooding starting at maximum tillering, panicle initiation, or booting stage; and flooding from sowing until maximum tillering or booting. In sandy loam soil, M. graminicola reduced stem and leaf dry weight, root dry weight, and grain weight under all water regimes. In clay loam soil, the nematode reduced root weight when the soil was not flooded or flooded only for a short time, from panicle initiation, or booting to maturity, and from sowing to maximum tillering. In clay loam soil, stem and leaf dry weight, as well as grain weight, were reduced by the nematode under all water regimes except continuous flooding or when the soil was flooded from sowing to booting stage. These results indicate that rice cultivar tolerance of M. graminicola varies with water regime and that yield losses due to M. graminicola may be prevented or minimized when the rice crop is flooded early and kept flooded until a late stage of development.     

Utilization of15N-urea fertilizer by irrigated wheat in Zambia

A two year field study was conducted to assess the efficiency of urea-N use under various irrigation schedules and fertilizer N placement methods and application times. The field studies were conducted during the cool and dry season (May–October) at the National Irrigation Research Centre, Nanga, Zambia on a typic Haplustalf. Broadcast applications of 150 kg N ha^–1 resulted in higher utilization and efficiency of fertilizer N use compared to placement of fertilizer in a narrow band 2.5 cm to the side of the seeding row. Maximum fertilizer utilization and grain dry matter yields, however, were obtained with split application of urea-N of which the initial portion was broadcast and incorporated prior to sowing or broadcast two weeks after sowing and topdressing was applied at tillering under a weekly irrigation schedule at which irrigation was applied at 70 percent of the total class A pan evaporation during the whole irrigation interval. The percent N derived from fertilizer was independent of fertilizer placement at various water regimes, thus leading to the conclusion that under the experimental, conditions N utilization was primarily a function of water availability.Contribution no R528 of the Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology.     

Genetic control of duration of pre-anthesis phases in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and relationships to leaf appearance, tillering, and dry matter accumulation

The duration of pre-anthesis developmental phases is of interest in breeding for improved adaptation and yield potential in temperate cereals. Yet despite numerous studies on the genetic control of anthesis (flowering) time and floral initiation, little is known about the genetic control of other pre-anthesis phases. Furthermore, little is known about the effect that changes in the duration of pre-anthesis phases could have on traits related to leaf appearance and tillering, or dry matter accumulation before terminal spikelet initiation (TS). The genetic control of the leaf and spikelet initiation phase (LS; from sowing to TS), the stem elongation phase (SE; from TS to anthesis), and, within the latter, from TS to flag leaf appearance and from then to anthesis, was studied in two doubled-haploid, mapping bread wheat populations, Cranbrook × Halberd and CD87 × Katepwa, in two field experiments (ACT and NSW, Australia). The lengths of phases were estimated from measurements of both TS and the onset of stem elongation. Dry weight per plant before TS, rate of leaf appearance, tillering rate, maximum number of tillers and number of leaves, and dry weight per plant at TS were also estimated in the Cranbrook × Halberd population. More genomic regions were identified for the length of the different pre-anthesis phases than for total time to anthesis. Although overall genetic correlations between LS and SE were significant and positive, independent genetic variability between LS and SE, and several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with different effects on both phases were found in the two populations. Several of these QTLs (which did not seem to coincide with reported major genes) could be of interest for breeding purposes since they were only significant for either LS or SE. There was no relationship between LS and the rate of leaf appearance. LS was strongly and positively correlated with dry weight at TS but only slightly negatively correlated with early vigour (dry weight before TS). Despite significant genetic correlations between LS and some tillering traits, shortening LS so as to lengthen SE without modifying total time to anthesis would not necessarily reduce tillering capacity, as QTLs for tillering traits did not coincide with those QTLs significant only for LS or SE. Therefore, the study of different pre-anthesis phases is relevant for a better understanding of genetic factors regulating developmental time and may offer new tools for fine-tuning it in breeding for both adaptability and yield potential.     

不同积温和种植密度对饲用黑麦分蘖动态的影响

应用回归均匀设计构造试验方案,采用分期播种的方法,研究了不同冬前积温、种植密度对饲用黑麦单株分蘖动态、群体分蘖动态以及有效茎数动态变化的影响,并建立了模拟模型。结果表明,饲用黑麦单株分蘖数量同时受播期、播量的影响,生长前期主要受播期早晚的影响,生长后期主要受播种密度的制约,总体来看,播期越早、播量越小,其单株分蘖数量就越多,反之就越少,饲用黑麦不论是在生长前期、中期,还是后期,随着播期推迟,各播量群体分蘖数不断下降;随着播量增大,各播期群体总蘖数不断上升,饲用黑麦群体有效茎数取决于播期和播量的共同作用,播期早,要控制播量不宜过大,合理的群体结构主要依靠单株有效茎数的增长潜力来保证;播期晚,要防止播量过小,合理的群体结构主要依靠主茎数量的增加来实现。     

Interactions between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, row spacing and density and the effect on weed suppression and crop yield

In 1995/1996 weed suppression ability of two wheat cultivars (Spark and Tonic) was investigated in conjunction with two row spacings (15 cm and 9 cm) and three sowing densities (125, 250 and 350 plants m^-2). Weed biomass was influenced initially by crop density, and following stem extension by both cultivar and density, although these factors did not interact. Tillering capacity was a poor predictor of weed suppression ability and Spark, the more profusely tillering cultivar, contained greater weed biomass than Tonic. The earlier stem extension of Tonic increased shading at 0–20 cm above ground level compared to Spark and this was believed to be the reason for reduced weed biomass. Row spacing did not influence weed suppression, but grain yield was reduced in 15 cm rows at a density of 350 plants m^-12 compared to 250 plants m^-12. This may be of importance to growers contemplating the use of wider row spacings for mechanical weeding.     

Time-related mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying tiller number in rice.

Using time-related phenotypic data, methods of composite interval mapping and multiple-trait composite interval mapping based on least squares were applied to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying the development of tiller number in rice. A recombinant inbred population and a corresponding saturated molecular marker linkage map were constructed for the study. Tiller number was recorded every 4 or 5 days for a total of seven times starting at 20 days after sowing. Five QTL were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, and 5. These QTL explained more than half of the genetic variance at the final observation. All the QTL displayed an S-shaped expression curve. Three QTL reached their highest expression rates during active tillering stage, while the other two QTL achieved this either before or after the active tillering stage.     

Mutations in Barley Row Type Genes Have Pleiotropic Effects on Shoot Branching

Cereal crop yield is determined by different yield components such as seed weight, seed number per spike and the tiller number and spikes. Negative correlations between these traits are often attributed to resource limitation. However, recent evidence suggests that the same genes or regulatory modules can regulate both inflorescence branching and tillering. It is therefore important to explore the role of genetic correlations between different yield components in small grain cereals. In this work, we studied pleiotropic effects of row type genes on seed size, seed number per spike, thousand grain weight, and tillering in barley to better understand the genetic correlations between individual yield components. Allelic mutants of nine different row type loci (36 mutants), in the original spring barley varieties Barke, Bonus and Foma and introgressed in the spring barley cultivar Bowman, were phenotyped under greenhouse and outdoor conditions. We identified two main mutant groups characterized by their relationships between seed and tillering parameters. The first group comprises all mutants with an increased number of seeds and significant change in tiller number at early development (group 1a) or reduced tillering only at full maturity (group 1b). Mutants in the second group are characterized by a reduction in seeds per spike and tiller number, thus exhibiting positive correlations between seed and tiller number. Reduced tillering at full maturity (group 1b) is likely due to resource limitations. In contrast, altered tillering at early development (groups 1a and 2) suggests that the same genes or regulatory modules affect inflorescence and shoot branching. Understanding the genetic bases of the trade-offs between these traits is important for the genetic manipulation of individual yield components.     

Comparison of five methods for finding conserved sequences in multiple alignments of gene regulatory regions.

Conserved segments in DNA or protein sequences are strong candidates for functional elements and thus appropriate methods for computing them need to be developed and compared. We describe five methods and computer programs for finding highly conserved blocks within previously computed multiple alignments, primarily for DNA sequences. Two of the methods are already in common use; these are based on good column agreement and high information content. Three additional methods find blocks with minimal evolutionary change, blocks that differ in at most k positions per row from a known center sequence and blocks that differ in at most k positions per row from a center sequence that is unknown a priori. The center sequence in the latter two methods is a way to model potential binding sites for known or unknown proteins in DNA sequences. The efficacy of each method was evaluated by analysis of three extensively analyzed regulatory regions in mammalian beta-globin gene clusters and the control region of bacterial arabinose operons. Although all five methods have quite different theoretical underpinnings, they produce rather similar results on these data sets when their parameters are adjusted to best approximate the experimental data. The optimal parameters for the method based on information content varied little for different regulatory regions of the beta-globin gene cluster and hence may be extrapolated to many other regulatory regions. The programs based on maximum allowed mismatches per row have simple parameters whose values can be chosen a priori and thus they may be more useful than the other methods when calibration against known functional sites is not available.     

小麦不同蘖位叶片出生的两段线性模式及其品种、播期效应

叶片出生动态是小麦生长发育进程及其协调状况的重要表现,研究发现,小科叶片出生与播后累积ＧＤＤ（ｆｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ ｄｅｇｒｅｅ ｄａｙｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｓｏｗｉｎｇ）的关系遵循两段（阶段Ⅰ快于阶段Ⅱ）线性模式,护颖分化期为两段模式的分界点,这一规律在正常发育的冬性和春性品种的７主茎及分蘖中表现一致,冬性品种播期１（９月３０日）、播期３（３月２日）的主茎及冬、春性品种各播期的Ｔ３分蘖,因生长发育异常而”     

行距和播种量对冬小麦冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布、生物量和籽粒产量的影响

为明确行距和播种量对冬小麦冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)垂直分布、生物量和籽粒产量的影响,在不增加水肥等投入的基础上,设置等行距(R₁,20 cm+20 cm)、宽窄行(R₂,12 cm+12 cm+12 cm+24 cm)两种行距方式和低(D₁,120 kg·hm^-2)、中(D₂,157.5 kg·hm^-2)、高(D₃,195 kg·hm^-2)3个播种量水平,分析不同处理组合下冬小麦主要生育时期冠层PAR的截获率及利用率、群体光合能力、生物量和产量差异。结果表明: 冬小麦冠层总PAR截获率、上层PAR截获率均表现为R₁行距显著大于R₂,而中层和下层PAR截获率则表现为R₂大于R₁,且在中层差异显著;从小麦开花至成熟期,相同播种量下R₂行距光合势(LAD)、群体光合速率(CAP)、PAR转化率和利用率都显著高于R₁,并以R₂D₂处理最大;冬小麦的群体生物量(BA)和不同层次叶片生物量(BL)均表现为随播种量增加而增加,但单株生物量(BP)则相反。在同一播种量下,BA、BL和BP均在开花期之后表现为R₂行距高于R₁,其中,BA、BP在成熟期行距间差异显著,中层和下层BL在D₂、D₃播种量下行距间差异显著;不同处理组合间冬小麦的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量分别以R₂D₃、R₂D₁、R₂D₁、R₂D₂最大,其中,R₂行距下千粒重、穗粒数和籽粒产量显著大于R₁。综上,改变行距可以改善小麦冠层中下层PAR的截获量,增强冬小麦单株和群体光合能力、光合有效辐射的利用及转化效率,提高生物量和籽粒产量。在冬小麦高产栽培中,应重视通过优化田间结构,塑造麦田理想的群体光合结构,以充分利用单位土地面积上光照资源,挖掘作物自身的光合生产潜力,达到高产高效的目的。在本试验条件下,以R₂D₂配置群体光合能力、光合有效辐射利用率和产量最佳。