黄海太平角鼠尾藻有性繁殖分配

以位于黄海的青岛太平角自然生长的鼠尾藻为对象,研究其有性繁殖分配动态及相关环境因子.结果表明:鼠尾藻于6月初开始进入有性繁殖期,于7月中旬海水温度22℃左右达到繁殖高峰,7月19日平均繁殖分配(RA)达76.7%,8月末有性繁殖结束.鼠尾藻繁殖分配与平均分枝长度呈显著线性相关(r=0.855,P<0.01).长度在10cm以下的藻体在整个繁殖期内的RA较低,而长度在10cm以上的藻体在成熟高峰期的RA在70.0%以上.析因方差分析表明,潮位和浪冲击度均对鼠尾藻有性繁殖分配有显著影响(潮位:F=175.62,P<0.001,浪冲击度:F=95.35,P<0.01),且二者之间存在交互作用(F=9.14,P<0.05).其对RA的影响大小依次为潮位>浪冲击度>潮位×浪冲击度.     

黏管藻的分子鉴定与生长特性研究

对分布在辽宁大连黑石礁、付家庄、石槽、金石滩、獐子岛与海洋岛沿岸的黏管藻[Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Hudson) Carmichael]的外部形态、营养与生殖结构、生物量、成熟个体比例与成熟个体生物量/总生物量(R/T指数)的变化、温度性质以及rbcL、COⅠ基因序列进行了详细研究。结果表明: (1) 黏管藻配子体为雌雄同体, 直立, 单生或丛生, 主轴明显, 固着器呈圆盘状, 质地胶质, 颜色为红色或紫红色。采集于獐子岛与海洋岛的藻体长度和宽度明显高于其他采集地点; (2) 藻体由皮层及髓部组成, 皮层由6—10层细胞组成, 髓部存在假根丝细胞。成熟囊果小, 突出于藻体表面, 呈球形或半球形, 通常2—4个囊果聚集在一起; (3) 黏管藻配子体的生物量在6月达到最大, 平均生物量为3.628 g/m2。3—6月成熟个体比例逐渐增大, 6月达到100%; (4) 黏管藻配子体生长周期为3—7月, 温度性质属于温带性; (5) rbcL基因序列分析表明, 6个采集地点的样本间无碱基差异, 与产自加拿大的黏管藻聚在一起, 形成一个独立的分支。COⅠ基因序列分析表明, 6个采集地点的样本间无碱基差异, 形成一个独立的分支, 均确定为黏管藻。     

常熟新建水源地湖泊轮叶黑藻和穗状狐尾藻的生长差异及对水环境的影响

为了探明沉水植物群落构建对新建水源地湖泊水环境的作用效果,于2019年5—11月在常熟新建应急水源地湖泊比较研究了轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)两种沉水植物在人工栽种条件下的生长及对水质和叶绿素a(Chl.a)的影响。结果表明:两种沉水植物在试验湖泊均可正常生长,二者的生物量在5月至9月均呈上升趋势,但轮叶黑藻在5—7月处于快速生长期,而穗状狐尾藻在7—9月处于快速生长期;轮叶黑藻的衰亡期较穗状狐尾藻早,且衰亡过程持续时间短, 11月轮叶黑藻完全衰亡,而穗状狐尾藻仍处于衰亡中期。两种沉水植物在生长期均可有效降低水体Chl.a浓度,对藻类生长起到抑制作用,但是在衰亡期会造成水体营养水平上升, Chl.a浓度升高。由总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、Chl.a、溶解氧(DO)和透明度(SD)计算综合隶属函数值表明在两种沉水植物生长的高峰期,沉水植物组的水质状况优于对照组,衰亡期水质趋于恶化。Pearson相关分析表明轮叶黑藻生物量与Chl.a存在显著负相关关系,轮叶...     

温度和光照强度对鼠尾藻生长和生化组成的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了温度(10、15、20、25 ℃)和光照强度(20、60、100、140、180 μE·m^-2·s^-1)对鼠尾藻生长和生化组成的影响.结果表明,温度、光照强度及两者的交互作用对鼠尾藻生长均具有极显著影响.鼠尾藻在15 ℃和20 ℃下生长速率较高,随着温度的升高,达到最大生长速率所需要的光照强度有上升趋势.在10 ℃和15 ℃下,较高的光照强度对鼠尾藻生长产生了一定抑制作用,而在20 ℃和25 ℃下,其生长速率总体随光照强度的增加而增加.温度和光照强度对鼠尾藻叶绿素a、墨角藻黄素的含量影响极显著,其中光照强度的影响大于温度.总体上,叶绿素a和墨角藻黄素的含量均随着光照强度的升高而显著下降,随着温度的升高而升高.鼠尾藻碳水化合物含量随着光照强度的升高而显著升高,而温度对碳水化合物含量影响不显著.鼠尾藻蛋白质含量随着光照强度的增加而显著下降,在10 ℃和15 ℃下含量较高,随着温度的继续升高,蛋白质含量呈下降趋势.光照强度和温度的变化可改变鼠尾藻的藻体成分含量,这种改变可能是鼠尾藻为了适应环境因子改变而做出的积极的生理调节,对其生长和生存具有重要的生态意义.     

五种典型藻类对C，N，P吸收动力学分析及种间竞争模拟

目的:获得五种典型藻类(甲藻属微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea),赤潮硅藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)以及绿藻属杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)和青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica tsingtaoensis))对C,N,P营养的吸收动力学参数,并利用经典藻类种间竞争模型,构建一个藻类混合共存的生态平衡体系,揭示藻类种间竞争规律,为赤潮爆发机制和预测的研究提供一个新思路。方法:监测批次培养过程中藻体的生长规律以及培养基中C,N,P营养的消耗,计算出藻类营养吸收动力学参数,将参数代入Huisman-Weissing竞争模型,模拟藻类种间竞争。结果:(1)在单独培养条件下,杜氏藻具有最高的比生长率(0.834 d~(-1))和最大细胞浓度(3.4×10~6 cells/mL),锥状斯氏藻和微小亚历山大藻的比生长率μ和最大细胞浓度与其它三种藻相比均明显偏低,p0.01;(2)随着环境总碳浓度从5 mM提高到20 mM,五种藻的比生长率和最大细胞浓度均显著上升,其中杜氏藻和青岛大扁藻对C浓度改变的响应更加敏感;(3)杜氏藻和中肋骨条藻理论最大比生长率(μmax)明显高于其它三种藻类,锥状斯氏藻和微小亚历山大藻对C,N,P营养盐的需求量相比于其它三种藻明显偏高,p0.01;(4)藻类共生平衡系统中,N营养添加有利于杜氏藻和中肋骨条藻发挥更好的种间竞争优势,P营养添加有利于微小亚历山大藻和锥状斯氏藻发挥种间竞争优势;结论:不同环境条件下,五种藻类最大比生长速率μmax和营养吸收半饱和常数Ks直接影响它们的种间竞争能力,基于藻类动力学参数的种间竞争模型为赤潮爆发机制和预测的研究提供一个新思路。     

鼠尾藻对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制作用

通过共培养的方法,研究了鼠尾藻（Surgassum thunbergii）培养水的过滤液、新鲜组织、干粉末、水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）生长的抑制效应,建立了分隔共培养系统并证明了抑制物质的存在,排除了细胞直接接触抑制的可能性.结果表明,在共培养实验中,鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末及水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,且在较高浓度下对两种赤潮微藻的生长具有致死效应.在一次性及半连续培养方式下,鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻的生长无抑制效应,而对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制效应.     

狐尾藻属狭域种和广布种断枝的生长与再生能力比较研究

对比研究了广布种穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)和狭域种扬子狐尾藻(M. oguraense Mikisubsp. yangtzense Wang)不同长度(5、10 和15 cm)和不同位置(顶枝、中枝和底枝)断枝的生长和再生能力。研究结果显示, 两物种由断枝生长所形成植株的总生物量、分枝生物量、分枝数均随断枝长度的增加而增大;在由不同位置的断枝生长所形成的植株中, 顶枝所形成植株的总生物量最大, 中枝所形成植株的分枝生物量、分枝数和平均分枝长最大。由断枝所形成植株的总生物量、分枝生物量、分枝数、平均分枝长和新分枝所处位置在种间均存在显著差异, 穗花狐尾藻顶枝和中枝的生物量较大, 顶枝所产生的分枝位于断枝基部; 扬子狐尾藻的分枝生物量、分枝数及平均分枝长较大, 新产生的分枝多位于断枝顶端附近。研究结果表明穗花狐尾藻和扬子狐尾藻断枝的再生对策不同, 前者是增加对断枝总生物量的投资, 而后者是增加对断枝产生新分枝的投资。研究结果可为进一步开展水生植物广布种与狭域种的生活史对策研究提供资料, 也为湿地物种多样性保护与管理提供科学指导       

东方田鼠两亚种幼体生长特征参数的比较

在相同驯养条件下同步测定东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)指名亚种和长江亚种幼体的生长特征参数。两亚种初生幼体表型特征无明显差异。采用Von Bertalanffy生长模型对两亚种幼体的体重、体长和尾长,以Logistic生长方程对后足长生长过程进行拟合与描述。指名亚种雄体渐近体重、体长和尾长均大于或显著大于长江亚种,雌体前者小于后者;两亚种在17~20 d体重均已产生性二型分化,长江亚种两性个体渐近体重、体长和尾长差值大于指名亚种。两亚种雌体体重、体长、尾长和后足生长速率均相应地大于雄体,体重生长曲线拐点出现时间、瞬时生长率曲线拐点出现时间较体长、尾长和后足长明显迟缓。两亚种两性个体的后足长生长速率要大于其体重、体长和尾长。结果表明,(1)雌体较雄体早熟;(2)雄性体重指名亚种大于长江亚种,雌体相反,指名亚种性二型现象较长江亚种明显;(3)后足长较体重、体长和尾长较早地达到成熟时的大小;(4)两亚种幼体性二型分化时间早于其性成熟过程。     

双岛湾大叶藻的有性生殖特征

对威海双岛湾大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)种群的有性生殖特性进行了研究。结果表明:该水域中,大叶藻种群于3月下旬或4月上旬进入生殖枝始现期,5月上旬进入始花期,6月下旬进入种子散落高峰期,7月上旬进入生殖枝死亡始期,7月下旬生殖期结束,其有性生殖物候进程与水温密切相关,15℃是其开花适宜水温;生殖枝的侧枝数和扇状聚伞花序数在进入始花期时达到最大,分别为4.4和4.9个·株-1,佛焰苞数和生殖枝高度均在种子散落始期最大,分别为18.6个·株-1和96.2 cm,种子败育率较高,平均为40%,成熟种子产量为44.8粒·株-1;生殖枝密度在始花期时达到最大,为64株·m-2,生殖枝分化率平均仅有12.6%,有性生殖期间营养枝密度和种群总密度的下降幅度超过40%;生殖枝生物量在初果期达到最大(27.9 g·m-2),从始花期至种子散落高峰期平均种群生物量分配格局为地下部38.4%,营养枝52.4%,生殖枝9.2%,生殖分配较低,成熟种子产量为1859粒·m-2。     

大连沿海鼠尾藻野生种群遗传结构的ISSR分析

为了解大连沿海鼠尾藻野生种群的遗传结构,采用ISSR分子标记技术对5个采自辽宁大连和1个采自山东蓬莱的野生鼠尾藻种群进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。利用筛选出的14个ISSR引物共扩增得到160个位点,其中多态性位点145个,多态位点个数占90.62%。6个种群的多态位点百分率(PPB)分布为41.25%～64.38%,基因多样性指数(H)为0.2321～0.3464,而Shannon信息指数(I)则为0.1585～0.2333,大连沿海鼠尾藻种群的遗传多样性水平高于蓬莱种群。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明:在总的遗传变异中,种群内部变异为5.66%,种群之间为64.34%。基因流Nm=0.7837,各种群间存在有限的基因交流。UPGMA聚类结果显示,大长山(DC)、董坨子(DT)和将军石种群(JJ)聚为一支,亲缘关系较近,再与石城岛(SC)和盐场种群(YC)聚类,最后与蓬莱种群(PL)聚类在一起。鼠尾藻的生殖方式以及生长环境的差别可能是其种群遗传分化的主要原因。     

A Karyological Study on Fritillaria from Xinjiang

Fritillary is a precious Chinese medicinal herb. Those native to Xinjiang Northwest China, are even more distinguished from other sources for their purity and effectiveness. Fritillaria in Xinjiang comprises 8 native species and one (F. thunbergii Miq.) introduced from Zhejiang, East China. In this paper the authors describe the karyotypes of 6 species native to Xinjiang and F. thunbergii Miq., of which five, i.e.F. olgae Vved., F. walujewii Regel, F. yuminensis X. Z. Duan, F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker and F. thunbergii Miq. were studied for the first time. Detail observation and measurment of chromosomes in each of them were made. The data obtained may be summarized as follows: scietific name karyotype formula (2n=) F. pallidiflora Schrenk 2m + 2sm + 6st + 14t F. olgae Vved. 4m + 6st + 14t F. walujewii Regel 2m + 2sm + 8st+ 12t F. yuminensis X. Z. Duan 4m + 8st + 12t F. verticillata Willd 4m + 8st + 12t F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker 4m + 4sm + 4st + 12t F. thunbergii Miq. 2m + 2sm + 4st + 16t The karyotype of the native species are, on the whole, similar to each other except that of F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker, a species inhabiting desert areas. The number of m-sm chromosomes has increased from 2 to 4 and the number of st-t chromosomes decreased correspondently. So is the karyotype of F. thunbergii Miq. which is noted for its high ratio of long chromosome/short chromosome and the more t-chromosomes. These two peculiar karyotypes coincide amazingly with their specific natural habitats.     

褐藻77 K荧光特异性研究

测定了裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带、囊藻、海蒿子、鼠尾藻、萱藻和水云等8种褐藻的77K荧光光谱并同菠菜和红藻条斑紫菜作了比较。结果表明与红藻和高等植物明显不同,褐藻没有作为PSⅠ特征的730 nm荧光峰。按荧光主峰的波长,可以分为二种类型：裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带和囊藻的荧光主峰位于690 nm,海蒿子、萱藻、水云和鼠尾藻的荧光主峰在705-720 nm。这种77K荧光特异性预示褐藻同高等植物之间在PSⅠ结构上的差异。     

Photosynthetic acclimation of Chlorella saccharophila to heat stress

Photosynthesis is one of the most important metabolic processes of algae; which is altered as a stress response. During mass cultivation of algae, temperature rise and high light are major factors that affect biomass productivity. High temperature affects photosystem II (PSII) complex irreversibly, damaging intermolecular interactions in it. However, the impact of high temperature on photosynthesis is highly variable among different algal species, depending on the prior acclimation to environmental conditions they were exposed to. The acclimation plays an important role in combating high temperature stress via regulation of photosynthetic responses. Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a highly sensitive, non‐destructive and reliable tool for such measurements of photosynthetic parameters, which provides information about algal photosynthetic performance under given conditions. To understand the effect of heat stress on the responses of high light acclimated alga Chlorella saccharophila, chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were measured after heat exposure at 40°C. Our study demonstrates that rise in temperature for short duration; during open field cultivation reversibly affects the efficiency of PSII in light acclimated alga C. saccharophila. The effects of heat stress on chlorophyll a fluorescence in this alga, grown under high light (max‐1600 μmol photons m^?2 s^?1) are presented here; they are used to infer changes in photosynthetic process during its exposure to heat, as well as their recovery after 72 h. We speculate that heat resistance may have been acquired due to prior exposures to high light.     

末次冰期南海巽他陆架上的植被和气候——17962孔孢粉记录

提供了南海大陆坡上17962孔深海沉积物的孢粉记录.该孔长8 m,底部14C年龄为30 000 a BP,跨越了深海氧同位素3期、末次冰期、冰消期和全新世几个地质历史阶段.孢粉记录显示末次冰期低海面时南海南部出露的陆架上覆盖了低地雨林.同时,在邻近的岛屿上山地雨林扩张,表明气候比现在凉,但是没有变干的迹象.冰消期植被和气候都经历了快速变暖和变凉的波动.全新世时,红树林和低地雨林的扩张以及孢粉沉积率的明显降低均表明气候变暖,海面上升,大陆架被淹没.     

绿球藻目的几个中国新记录属种

6个生境比较特殊而有趣的绿球藻目物种首次在我国发现,它们分别是生于土壤的香喇网绿藻(Dictyochloris fragrans Vischer ex Start),寄生于眼子菜叶片的浮萍绿点藻(Chlorchytrium lemmae Cohn.),气生种类—生长在樟树皮上的分层胶囊藻(Gloeocystis polydermatica(Kutz.) Hindak),与真菌共生形成地衣的土著共球藻(Trebouxia aboricola de Puymaly)和团集共球藻(Trebouscia glomerata(Waren) Ahmadjian),还有附生于一种刚毛藻(Cladophora sp.)细胞表面的伊乐外生藻(Ectogeron elodeae Dangeard)。除胶囊藻属(Gloeocystis)外,其它属均为中国新记录属。     

Cristatumins A-D, new indole alkaloids from the marine-derived endophytic fungus Eurotium cristatum EN-220

Four new indole alkaloids, namely, cristatumins A-D (1-4), along with six known congeners (5-10) were identified from the culture extract of Eurotium cristatum EN-220, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine alga Sargassum thunbergii. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Each of these compounds was evaluated for antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. Compounds 1 and 9 showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus, respectively, while compounds 2, 6, and 7 exhibited moderate lethal activity against brine shrimp. Preliminary structure-activity relationships were also discussed.     

Effect of climatic variation on the relative abundance of the red alga Gelidium robustum in Baja California Sur, Mexico

The red alga Gelidium robustum is important,because of its commercial exploitation in Mexico as araw material for the agar industry, providing 10% ofthe world production of agarophytes. In recent years,its annual harvest in Mexico has shownobvious,variations partly because of an increasedharvesting effort, but also because of environmentalchanges. An analysis is presented of the effect thatinterannual variability of the sea surfacetemperature, wind speed, and upwelling index had onthe relative abundance of this alga from 1980 to 1990.The results indicate a close relation betweenenvironmental fluctuations and the relative abundanceof this species. The response of G. robustum tothe different environmental conditions has not alwaysbeen equal. During El Niño 1982–84, the seasurface temperature was the most important factor andthere was a high negative correlation with therelative abundance. A lag period of three monthsshowed a positive correlation with upwelling index andwind speed. Under normal conditions and during LaNiña, the relative abundance of the alga showed apositive correlation with the sea surface temperature. For the upwelling index and wind speed, therelationship was similar to that during El Niño.     

镉胁迫对桂花生长和养分积累、分配与利用的影响

桂花(Osmanthus fragrans var. thunbergii)是长江流域镉污染地区普遍栽植兼具绿化、观赏和净化环境等重要价值的园林树种之一。为了解镉胁迫条件下桂花生长适应特性, 采用盆栽试验研究了不同镉浓度处理下(CK: 0 mg·kg^-1; I: 25 mg·kg^-1; II: 50 mg·kg^-1; III: 100 mg·kg^-1; IV: 200 mg·kg^-1)一个生长季节内一年生桂花生物量生产、生物量分配格局以及C、N、P积累、分配与利用特征。植物各器官生物量生产及C、N和P积累量均表现出随镉处理浓度的增加而降低的趋势, 较高浓度镉处理(II、III、IV)明显抑制了桂花的生物量生产、C、N和P的积累, 显著改变了生物量及其C、N和P积累量的分配格局, 但相对较低浓度镉处理(I)对桂花生物量生产以及C、N和P的积累与分配特征影响并不显著。一定浓度的镉胁迫处理(I、II、III)表现出提高桂花N的利用效率而降低P的利用效率的趋势, 但重度镉胁迫(IV)均降低了桂花N和P的利用效率。结果表明桂花具有一定的抗镉胁迫能力, 但较高程度的镉胁迫显著影响了桂花生长及养分格局。     

The resistant polymer of the walls of the hydrocarbon-rich alga Botryococcus braunii

The outer walls of the green alga Botryococcus braunii (main sites of hydrocarbon production and accumulation) show a complex constitution. They comprise a biopolymer highly resistant to non-oxidative degradation. The resistant polymer accounts for ca 9% of the cell dry wt and appears, along with hydrocarbons, as one of the major constituents of the alga. In addition to chemical resistance, B. braunii polymer exhibits other properties: mode of deposition and fluorescence, often used to identify sporopollenins. (Class of wall components generally regarded as originating from polymerization of carotenoid derivatives.) Nevertheless further studies, using IR spectroscopy and high resolution ¹³C NMR of solids, along with determination of elemental composition and unsaturation levels, indicate that the bulk of the resistant polymer from B. braunii outer walls does not derive from carotenoids; accordingly it cannot be considered, in this respect, as a sporopollenin. In fact the information obtained on the structure of this important constituent of the alga is consistent with its formation via oxidative polymerization of B. braunii dienic hydrocarbons.     

The occurrence of the brown alga Streblonema oligosporum Strömfelt in Britain

The small brown alga Streblonema oligosporum Strömfelt (Ectocarpaceae, Ectocarpales) is reported for the first time in Britain growing on a toxic test panel in Langstone Harbour, south coast of England. An account of the vegetative and reproductive features of the plant is given along with its life history in laboratory culture.