兼长角纹石蛾的生态特征

湖南柘溪水库大坝之下沿河几公里范围 ,每年以上 10亿头的数量发生一种称之为“兼长角纹石蛾(ＡｍｐｈｉｐｓｙｃｈｅｐｒｏｌｕｔａＭａｃＬａｃｈｌａｎ)”的毛翅目 (Ｔｒｉ ｃｈｏｐｔｅｒａ)昆虫 ,严重影响电站及其附近居家的生产和生活环境。我们曾报道了该石蛾的生活史、各虫态的生活习性、与铁线虫的寄生关系等方面的内容[2 ,3 ,5] 。本文着重报道该石蛾的生态特征 ,进一步为综合治理这种石蛾提供依据[1,4 ,6] 。1　研究地和方法1.1　研究地自然概况柘溪水库位于资江中游 ,自新化县的游家镇至大坝 (安化县柘溪镇 )全长 97ｋｍ。整个…     

侧枝纹石蛾亚属中国种类记述(毛翅目:纹石蛾科:纹石蛾属)

H.H.Ross和John D.Unzicker于1977年将纹石蛾属Branta组的种类建立一个新亚属——侧枝纹石蛾亚属Ceratopsyche,并移入Symphitopsyche属。A.Nielsen(1981)进一步将其提升为属。而P.W.Schefter等(1986)认为仍作为纹石蛾属的亚属较为适当。此亚属均分布于北半球,其中新北区30种,印度——马来区3种,古北区35种。中国目前已知9种,本文又发现9新种和3新记录种。中国种类的雄成虫检索表和新种、新记录种的描述如后。新种模式标本保存于南京农业大学植保系。     

中国弓石蛾属两新种记述(毛翅目,纹石蛾科,弓石蛾亚科)

记述了弓石蛾属2新种,分别是采自云南的三突茎弓石蛾Arctopsyche triacanthophora sp.nov.及采自四川的黄氏弓石蛾Arctopsyche huangi sp.nov..模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本馆.     

石蛾科褐纹石蛾属二新种记述(昆虫纲,毛翅目)

研究了中国毛翅目石蛾科种类,并报道2新种,即莫氏褐纹石蛾Eubasisissa morsei sp.nov.和丽褐纹石蛾Eubasilissa splendida sp.nov..新种模式标本保存在南京农业大学昆虫标本馆.     

中国沼石蛾科五新种记述(昆虫纲,毛翅目)

记述沼石蛾科5新种:挪氏长须沼石蛾Nothopsyche nozakii Yang et Leng,sp.nov.、史氏弧缘沼石蛾Anabolia schmidi Leng et Yang,sp.nov.、云南弧缘沼石蛾Anabolia yunnanensis Leng et Yang,sp.nov.、中华多斑沼石蛾Lenarchus sinensis Yang et Leng,sp.nov.和浙江沼石蛾Limnephilus zhejiangensis Leng et Yang,sp.nov..新种模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本室.     

中国伪突沼石蛾属五新种记述（毛翅目：沼石蛾科）

记述伪突沼石蛾属5新种：钩肢伪突沼石蛾Pseudostenophylax uncatus,sp.nov.,河北伪突沼石蛾P.hebeiensis,sp.nov.,青海伪突沼石蛾P.qinghaiensis,sp.nov.,侧凸伪突沼石蛾P.latiproceris和莫氏伪突沼石蛾P.morsei,sp.nov.。模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

中国伪突沼石蛾属四新种记述(毛翅目,沼石蛾科)

记述了伪突沼石蛾属Pseudostenophylax amplus种团4新种：钝角伪突沼石蛾P．macrogonus sp．nov．,三角伪突沼石蛾P．triquetrus sp．nov．,小瘤伪突沼石蛾P．tubercularis sp．nov．和弱端伪突沼石蛾P．1inquidus sp．nov．。新种模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

中国角石蛾属四新种描述(毛翅目,角石蛾科)

记述了角石蛾科角石蛾属4新种,分别为采自广西的田林角石蛾Stenopsyche tianlinensis sp.nov.,叠尾角石蛾Stenopsyche bistratosa sp.nov.,贵州的鹿肢角石蛾Stenopsyche cervaria sp.nov.和采自陕西的细弯角石蛾Stenopsyche sinuolata sp.nov..模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本馆.     

中国裸齿角石蛾属三新种(毛翅目,齿角石蛾科)

描述了裸齿角石蛾属3新种:细尖裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta apiculata sp.nov.,叠肢裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta superposita sp.nov.和单刺裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta monacantha sp.nov.,并提供了中国及邻近地区该属种类的种组检索表.模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本馆.     

中国裸齿角石蛾属三新种(毛翅目,齿角石蛾科)

描述了裸齿角石蛾属3新种,即脊状裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta vertebrata sp.nov.(广东)、方背裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta cuboides sp.nov.(云南)和凹入裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta excavata sp.nov.(江西)。模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本馆。     

Use of Shields stress to reconstruct and forecast changes in river metabolism

1. Discharge patterns of streams and rivers may be substantially affected by changes in water management, land use, or climate. Such hydrological alterations are likely to influence biotic processes, including overall ecosystem metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration). One regulator of aquatic ecosystem metabolism directly tied to hydrology is movement of bed sediments. 2. We propose that ecosystem metabolism can be reconstructed or predicted for any suite of hydrological conditions through the use of quantitative relationships between discharge, bed movement and metabolism. We tested this concept on a plains reach of the South Platte River in Colorado. 3. Movement of bed sediments was predicted from river discharge and the Shields stress, a ratio of velocity‐induced stress to sediment grain size. Quantitative relationships were established empirically between metabolic response to bed movement and recovery from bed movement, thus linking metabolism to hydrology. 4. The linkage of metabolism to hydrology allowed us to reconstruct daily photosynthesis and respiration over the 70‐year period for which discharge is known at our study site on the South Platte River. The reconstruction shows major ecological change caused by hydrological manipulation: the river has lost two‐thirds of its photosynthetic potential, and the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration is now much lower than it was prior to 1960. 5. The same approach could be used to anticipate ecological responses to proposed hydrological manipulations, to quantify benefits of hydrological restoration, or to illustrate potential effects of change in climate or land use on flowing‐water ecosystems.     

Ecological and historical filters constraining spatial caddisfly distribution in Mediterranean rivers

1. Contemporary species distributions are determined by a mixture of ecological and historical filters acting on several spatial and temporal scales. Mediterranean climate areas are one of the world's biodiversity hotspots with a high level of endemicity, which is linked to complex ecological and historical factors. 2. This paper explores the ecological and historical factors constraining the distribution of caddisfly species on a large regional scale. A total of 69 taxa were collected from 140 sampling sites in 10 Iberian Mediterranean river basins. Approximately 74% of taxa can be considered rare, with the southern basins (the Baetic–Riffian region) having greater endemicity. The greatest richness, involving a mixture of northern and southern species, was found in the transitional area between the Baetic–Riffian region and the Hesperic Massif. 3. The historical processes occurring during the Tertiary (i.e. the junction of the Eurasian and African plates) explained 3.1% of species distribution, whereas ecological factors accounted for 20.7%. Only 0.3% was explained by the interaction of history and ecology. A set of multi‐scale ecological variables (i.e. basin, reach and bedform characteristics) defined five river types with specific caddisfly assemblages. The commonest caddisfly species accounted for the regional distribution pattern, while rare taxa contributed to the explanation of subtle patterns not shown by common species. 4. Despite the importance of historical factors for biogeography and the large scale used in our study, ecological variables better explained caddisfly distribution. This may be explained by the length of time since the historical process we are considering, the high dispersion and colonisation capacity of many caddisfly species, and the strong environmental gradient in the area. Because of the historical and environmental complexity of Mediterranean areas, rare taxa should be included in ecological studies so that the singularity of these ecosystems is not missed.     

污染河道治理技术研究进展

河道综合整治已引起人们广泛关注。综述了国内外河道治理常用的物理、化学和生物等方法的原理和工艺。物理法介绍了调水、机械除藻、底泥疏浚等,该法治标不治本;化学法有混凝沉淀,它易造成产生二次污染;生态-生物法是国外近年来发展很快的,借助自然界自身的水体自净能力治理受污水体的一类新技术,包括河道曝气法、生物膜法、生物修复技术,土地处理法等。同时也介绍了目前发展起来的最新河道治理工艺,如悬浮填料移动床、曝气生态净化系统和底泥生物氧化等多种方法,这类工艺是将生物法与其他工艺相结合,具有多功能、高效率等特点。     

Ecological engineering analysis and eco-hydrodynamic simulation of tidal rivers in Shenzhen City of China

A comprehensive approach using ecological engineering analysis and eco-hydrodynamic simulation was conducted on the tidal rivers in Shenzhen City of China in this study. A tidal river along a near-shore city should be evaluated and regulated from a multidisciplinary point of view, focused especially on ecology, in order to maintain and enhance the ecological structure and function of the river. Firstly, eco-hydrodynamic control can be used, based on simulated modeling of tidal water circulation, to trace the distribution of pollutants and to predict circulation of tidal water. Using findings from this modeling effort, some water control facilities, such as additional channel connection and water gates, can be established. Appropriate operation strategy is to use tidal energy to promote effective water exchange in the water bodies and thereby improve water quality in the tidal river. Secondly, ecological engineering methods should be integrated with hydraulic measures to further improve the environment. Appropriate plant communities for this ecological engineering can be selected. Based on the simulated results of eco-hydrodynamic model, the optimum locations for adding reclaimed land can be determined. These ecological engineering methods are as follows: (1) it is necessary to calculate the ecological water requirements for the tidal river. The water effluent from the sewage treatment plant can be considered as reclaimed water and pumped to upstream of the tidal reach for reuse; (2) well planned aquatic plant systems composed of emergent, floating, and submergent plants can be used to promote water treatment; (3) the configuration of the engineered landscape should give preference to indigenous plants and appropriate non-indigenous plant species; (4) constructed wetlands, especially mangroves at coastal city sites, can also improve the tidal river aquatic environment.     

Application of clustering techniques for the characterization of macroinvertebrate communities to support river restoration management

The European Water Framework Directive prescribes that the development of a river assessment system should be based on an ecological typology taking the biological reference conditions of each river type as a starting point. Aside from this assessment, water managers responsible for river restoration actions also need to know the steering environmental factors to meet these reference conditions for biological communities in each ecological river type. As such, an ecological typology based on biological communities is a necessity for efficient river management. In this study, different clustering techniques including the Sørensen similarity ratio, ordination analysis and self-organizing maps were applied to come to an ecological classification of a river. For this purpose, a series of sites within the Zwalm river basin (Flanders, Belgium) were monitored. These river sites were then characterized in terms of biotic (macroinvertebrates), physical–chemical and habitat variables. The cluster analysis resulted in a series of characteristic biotic communities that are found under certain environmental conditions, natural as well as human-influenced. The use of multiple clustering techniques can be of advantage to draw more straightforward and robust conclusions with regard to the ecological classification of river sites. The application of the clustering techniques on the Zwalm river basin, allowed for distinguishing five mutually isolated clusters, characterized by their natural typology and their pollution status. On the basis of this study, one may conclude that river management could benefit from the use of clustering methods for the interpretation of large quantities of data. Furthermore, the clustering results might enable the development of a cenotypology useful for efficiently steering river restoration and enabling river managers to meet a good ecological status in most of the rivers as set by the European Water Framework Directive.     

水利工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响评价方法初探

通过分析水利工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响,建立了评价指标体系和定量化的评价方法．评价指标体系包括建立评价指标的原则、对河流生态系统服务功能的分类和指标确定等．本文将河流生态系统的服务功能分为四类即供水及与供水量相关的航运和水电功能、生态支持功能、调节控制功能和文化美学功能．依据不同的功能类型,应用以前的研究成果,针对水利工程产生的生态效应如生物多样性的变化和河流净化功能的变化,确定了不同的调度指标,并建立了相应的数量化评价方法,主要包括指效法和BOD-DO模型方法,这些方法特有助于对水利工程的生态环境效应进行深入的分析与评价。     

Integrating and extending ecological river assessment: Concept and test with two restoration projects

While the number of river restoration projects is increasing, studies on their success or failure relative to expectations are still rare. Only a few decision support methodologies and integrative methods for evaluating the ecological status of rivers are used in river restoration projects, thereby limiting informed management decisions in restoration planning as well as success control. Moreover, studies quantifying river restoration effects are often based on the assessment of a single organism group, and the effects on terrestrial communities are often neglected. In addition, potential effects of water quality or hydrological degradation are often not considered for the evaluation of restoration projects.We used multi-attribute value theory to re-formulate an existing river assessment protocol and extend it to a more comprehensive, integrated ecological assessment program. We considered habitat conditions, water quality regarding nutrients, micropollutants and heavy metals, and five instream and terrestrial organism groups (fish, benthic invertebrates, aquatic vegetation, ground beetles and riparian vegetation). The physical, chemical and biological states of the rivers were assessed separately and combined to value the overall ecological state.The assessment procedure was then applied to restored and unrestored sites at two Swiss rivers to test its feasibility in quantifying the effect of river restoration. Uncertainty in observations was taken into account and propagated through the assessment framework to evaluate the significance of differences between the ecological states of restored and unrestored reaches. In the restored sites, we measured a higher width variability of the river, as well as a higher width of the riparian zone and a higher richness of organism groups. According to the ecological assessment, the river morphology and the biological states were significantly better at the restored sites, with the largest differences detected for ground beetles and fish communities, followed by benthic invertebrates and riparian vegetation. The state of the aquatic vegetation was slightly lower at the restored sites. According to our assessment, the presence of invasive plant species counteracted the potential ecological gain. Water quality could be a causal factor contributing to the absence of larger improvements.Overall, we found significantly better biological and physical states, and integrated ecological states at the restored sites. Even in the absence of comprehensive before-after data, based on the similarity of the reaches before restoration and mechanistic biological knowledge, this can be safely interpreted as a causal consequence of restoration. An integrative perspective across aquatic and riparian organism groups was important to assess the biological effects, because organism groups responded differently to restoration. In addition, the potential deteriorating effect of water quality demonstrates the importance of integrated planning for the reduction of morphological, water quality and hydrological degradation.     

The effect of drought on benthic invertebrate communities in a lowland river

Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at regular intervals from rural and urban sections of the River Roding, Essex, England, in 1975 and 1976. During the latter year a severe drought led to a marked decline in flows and to desiccation of parts of the river bed. In general, drought conditions resulted in an increase in invertebrate populations and possible reasons for this are presented. A considerable number of individuals of certain groups such as cased caddisfly larvae and prosobranch molluscs were, however, eliminated from the river at this time, mainly as a result of stranding and chemical changes in the environment. The effect of reduced flows on river faunas is briefly discussed.     

基于服务功能的昆虫生态调控理论

鉴于昆虫在植物传粉授精、害虫生物控制、土壤有机物分解中提供多种生态系统服务功能,本文在害虫生态调控、区域性害虫生态调控与生境管理的基础上,进一步提出基于多种生态服务功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控理论、方法与实践。认为:昆虫管理不仅仅是害虫的管理,还应包括有益昆虫(如传粉昆虫、天敌昆虫、分解昆虫)的管理,这种管理应从单一农田生态系统扩展到农田景观生态系统,充分考虑农田景观中昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能,通过对功能植物、作物与非作物生境的空间布局以及时间序列上的生态设计,从空间上明确昆虫(包括害虫、天敌、传粉昆虫、分解昆虫)在不同生境中的转移扩散动态,从时间上掌握昆虫在不同寄主植物与非作物生境上的演替过程,从技术上着重发挥有利于昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能的综合措施,在研究方法上突出使用稳定同位素、生态能量学、化学生态学等定量分析手段,研究景观区域内中"植物-昆虫"互作过程及其生态调控措施的作用,寻求不同时空条件下控害保益的关键措施,设计和组装出维持多功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控技术体系,创造有利于天敌控害、蜜蜂传粉、土壤分解的环境条件,以发挥昆虫类群在农田景观中最大的生态服务功能。