Succession of sessile organisms on experimental plates immersed in Nabeta Bay,Izu Peninsula,Japan IV. Temporal changes in metabolism,biomass and maturity of community

Community succession in the metabolism, biomass and maturity of sessile organisms on concrete plates immersed at depths of 1.0, 2.5, 4.0 and 5.5 m in Nabeta Bay, Shimoda, pacific coast of Japan, was investigated over a period of about 3 yr. Gross primary production of the community (Pg) and community respiration (R) showed maxima at 10 and 13 months after immersion, and then Pg decreased significantly at all depths, whereas R was reduced only at the lower two depths. A parameter of community biomass, chlorophylla (Chl.a), showed a similar successional change to Pg. Five other parameters, i.e. dry mass (DM), ash dry mass (ADM), ash-free dry mass (AFDM), organic carbon (C) and organic nitrogen (N) increased significantly throughout succession, at least at the uppermost depth, but decreased significantly in the period 13–37 months after immersion at the lowest depth. Successional changes in five indices reflecting community maturity, i.e. the ratios of estimated daily gross primary production/estimated daily respiration (Pg/R), gross primary production/organic carbon (Pg/C), gross primary production/chlorophylla (Pg/Chl.a), organic carbon/organic nitrogen (C/N) and Margalef's pigment diversity (D430/D665), also differed among the depths, especially at 37 months after immersion. Succession at the upper two depths appeared to progress toward a mature state, as opposed to retrogression to an immature state at the lower two depths. This difference in successional changes in these 13 parameters between depths agrees with the prediction of Margalef (1968) and Odum (1969), despite the tendency for Pg/R to be more heterotrophic in an open system. Contributions from the Shimoda Marine Research Center, No. 515.     

Studies on the Carrierea calycina Forest of the Jinfo Shan,China

The Carrierea calycina forest is confined to Jinfo Shah (28˚58″N; I07˚27″E), Sichuan province. Field observations were made in this mountainal area in 1978. In this paper the composition and structure of the interesting community, its enviroment, as well as the dynamics are discussed. The Carrierea calycina forest contains 113 species of higher plants. Among the higher plants 72 species (64.2%) are endemic to China, 20 species have a Sino-Japanese distributional pattern, and a few are Sino-Southeast Asia, elements (table 1). According to the coefficient of similarity of the components, sameness in the bedrock underlying the forest, and dominant species, the forest occuring in four quadrats can be consider- ed the Corrierea calycina community. Based on Raunkiaers classification of life form, the phanerophytes rank first in the type of Carrierea calycina community amounting to 51.8% (fig. 1). Analysis of the population structures of Carrierea calycina and Lithocarpus cleistocarpus indicate that the Carrierea calycina community is not in a steady-state condition. The species Lithocarpus cleistocarpus would replace the Corrierea calycina in the community.     

四川金佛山嘉利树林的初步研究

本文对我国一个特有的植物群落——嘉利树林的立地条件、群落组成及其地理分布以及群落结构等,作了初步分析。从群落区系成分的分析,表明了该群落在种类组成上的特点及古老性,从而证实嘉利树林的古老性质。从生活型谱的分析表明,嘉利树林具有以落叶中高位芽植物为主的特点。对该群落的动态也作了初步分析。     

广西酸性土地区亚热带落叶阔叶林的群落学特点及其合理利用的方向

亚热带落叶阔叶林在大多数情况下是常绿阔叶林或山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林遭受破坏以后发展起来的一个演替阶段。本文对其群落外貌、结构、种类组成和演替进行了比较详尽的分析,充分论证了上述的结论。组成这个类型的建群种多是阳性速生树种,木材的用途广泛,应该加以利用,任意砍伐烧垦和改种其它针叶树种都是不妥当的。一般可待其达到成熟龄时予以择伐利用,并促使群落向常绿阔叶林的方向发展。     

广西亚热带山地针阔混交林的群落学特点

亚热带山地针阔混交林是我国湿润亚热带山地一个独特的垂直带类型。本文对广西境内这类森林的群落学特点作了较详尽的分析,说明它的形成和发展与环境是相适应的。它是处在一个发展到成熟阶段的相对稳定的类型,在涵养水源上起重要作用,应加强保护。群落中有许多珍贵、速生树种可选为发展山地林业之用。     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析：Ⅱ.微齿眼子菜＋穗花狐尾藻＋轮藻群落

微齿眼子菜＋穗花狐尾藻＋轮藻群落是洪湖的一个特殊沉水植物群落类型,其形成和维持与圈养活动及特殊的环境条件密切相关,该群落种类组成简单,组成种分布均一,一秋季峰值为２５１ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,季节最大生物量为春季３１２ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。策齿子菜在生物量为秋季１５２ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,穗花狐尾藻季节最大生物量为冬季４５ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,轮藻季节最大生物量为春季１７８ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。群落水平结果     

舟山岛东部地区小型兽类的群落组成与动态分析

１９９０年７月至１９９２年１２月在浙江舟山岛东部地区每月定点调查小型兽类的群落组成和数量动态。该地区可划分为室内、房周围、稻田区、山地和山林等五类生境的５个小兽群落。群落相似性指数以稻田区的黑线姬鼠＋黄毛鼠群落与山地的黑线姬鼠＋黄毛鼠群落最高,多样性指数和均匀性指数以房周围臭Ｑｕ＋黄毛鼠＋褐家鼠群落最高。各群落的全年数量动态可分为双峰型（室内和山地生境）与单峰型（其余３种生境）。对各群落种类组成的     

Serving Our Science and Community Better

Journal of Systematics and Evolution （JSE） has just debuted with its first issue. While it continues the tradition of its predecessor, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica （APS）, in publishing papers in taxonomy and systematics, it is also embracing new trends in evolutionary biology to include papers in molecular evolution, evolutionary genomics, evolutionary developmental biology, evolutionary ecology, biogeography, and other related fields. We sincerely hope that this expanded journal scope will serve our science and community better. This journal has a long and rich history, It was established in 1951 by consolidating four journals that were founded by early Chinese botanists and published intermittently from the 1920＇s until the late 1940＇s： Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Botanical Series; Contributions from the Institute of Botany, National Academy of Peiping; Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica; and Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Botanical Series. The journal has witnessed the founding and development of modem botany, plant taxonomy, and plant evolutionary biology in China over the last century.     

Preliminary Investigation of Extrafloral Nectaried Plants the Tropical Rainforests in Xishuangbanna,China

In order to understand the distribution pattern of the extrafloral nectaried plants in the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan , China, we investigated seven forest communities ( three primary forests and four secondary forests at different ages) in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve . Fifty-two species belonging to 36 genera and 23 families accounting for 12.3% of 424 angiosperm species in the seven communities were found to bear extrafloral nectaries ( EFNs ). Among which, eight genera and 37 species were the first time to be recorded as plants to bear EFNs. The study indicated, (1)The EFN species mainly occurred in subclasses Dilleniidae, Rosidae and Asteridae of the Magnoliopsida , and the most common EFNs were flattened glands situated on leaf blades ; (2) The proportions of EFN species within the seven communities ranged from 9.5% ( Vatica guangxiensis forest ) to 18 .5% ( Macaranga denticulata forest ), and the EFN species appeared to be more abundant in the secondary forests than those in the primary forests; (3) EFN species were disproportionally distributed among different growth forms, with the abundance being: tree > shrub > liana > herb , and no epiphytic and parasitic plants were found to bear EFNs.     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析Ⅰ.微齿眼子菜群落

微齿眼子菜群落是洪湖面积最大的沉水植物群落,以1992-1993年的调查资料为基础,选择两个不同的群落地段对该群落进行了定量分析。群落种类组成简单,定量生长型谱可以反映不同群落地段的变化状态。群落组成种分布均一,水平结构简单。群落的垂直结构主要决定于微齿眼于菜生物量的空间分布,可区分为水柱下层的垫状层和水中的稀疏层,各组成种之间不存在联结关系,分布各自相互独立,而相关分析则发现在一定时期,某些种对之间生物量的空间分布存在一定的重叠。       

广西英罗湾红树植物群落的研究

 对广西英罗湾红树植物群落的种类组成、类型、外貌、结构、物种多样性和演替等进行了较系统的探讨。组成群落的优势红树植物有木榄、红海榄、秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤和海漆6种,隶属6属4科。主要的群落类型有木揽群落、木榄+红海榄群落、红海榄群落、红海榄+秋茄群落、秋茄群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、秋茄+白骨壤群落、桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、白骨壤+桐花树群落和海漆群落等11个群系。群落外貌由单叶、革质、全缘、中型叶的高位芽植物决定。群落层次结构简单．单层或两层。和陆地植物群落相比较,组成群落的红树植物的物种多样性较低。受潮滩土壤质地、养分状况、环境盐度和潮淹程度以及红树植物自身对盐渍生境的适应性等因子制约,群落的分布形成了明显的生态系列。随着海平面的相对降低和土壤理化性质的改善,群落具有向陆生植物群落演化的趋势。     

长山列岛南部三岛岩相潮间带群落多样性格局

对长山列岛南部南长山、北长山和大黑山岛屿岩相潮间带群落种类组成的调查表明,3岛屿岩礁潮间带的群落结构差异不大,表现在决定群落结构和外貌的前5位优势种群及其优势度序列基本相同;而砾石潮间带的群落结构存在一定差异,表现在北长山群落中优势种群及其优势度序列显著地区别于南长山和大黑山,但后二者趋同-3岛屿岩礁潮间带的景观和群落外貌与结构由东方小藤壶(Chthamalus chal-lengeri)、牡蛎（Ostrea spp.)、大型藻类和短滨螺(Littorina breuicula)控制,砾石潮间带则由东方小藤壶、大型藻类和平背蜞（Gaetice depressus)决定．群落多样性由物种丰富度(R)、均匀度(J)和多样性(HB、Hlv、DR、DIv)衡量,3岛屿岩礁潮间带群落的各种多样性指数呈现一致性,群落多样性以北长山最高,大黑山最低;而砾石潮间带群落的各种多样性指数存在一定差异,南长山高于北长山和大黑山,北长山潮间带群落中物种分布的均匀度最高,南长山和大黑山趋同．比较3岛屿两种基质潮间带的群落多样性发现,砾石潮间带高于岩礁潮间带。     

The Phytoeoenological Features of Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest on Yellow-brown Soil Mountain in Guangxi

The mixed evergreen and deciduons broadleaf forest on yeIlow-brown soil mountain belongs to climax vegetation type in humid subtropics. Analysis of its phytocoenological features shows that its physiognomy is characterized by leathery and herbaceous, simpie-leaved, microphyllous and mesophyllous types of evergreen broadleaf phanerophytes and deciduous broadleaf phanerophytes. As the structure of the community, from the aerial top to the forest floor, there are three distinct layers, namely, the tree layer, the shrub layer and the herbaceous layer. Moreover, the tree layer can be subdivided into three sublayers. Synusia structure is considerably complex, and there are different dominant synusia in each layer. The epiphytes and liana are not as abundant as that of seasonal rain forest. Floristic composition of the community is dominanted by endamic chinese subtropical plant species and East Asian elements. This condition indicates that it can be considered as a special vegetational type of humid chinese subtropics. Analysis of population in the community shows that most of the edificators have different age groups indicating normal reproduction of saplings and seedlings. This means that the habitat is suitable for their growth and reproduction during a certain duration of time. The community will be able to maintain its relative stable status. However, such a forest area is not large, and it is necessary to be protected intensively. Many kinds of rare plants in this forest, for example, Fagus lucida, Fagus longipetiolata, Cyclobalanopsis multinervis, Pseudosassafras tsumu, Manglietia fordiana, Manglietia chingii, Michelia maudiae, Castanopsis lamontii, Schima argentea, Pterostyrax leveillei etc. are worth mentioning.     

历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落植物多样性研究

采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落多样性进行研究。结果表明 :1 )同一群落内 ,多样性指数存在一定的波动范围 ;不同群落间 ,物种多样性也存在差异 ,但其并不一定具有统计学意义。由此表明 ,群落之间存在差异 ,同时也存在着连续性。 2 )海拔高度是决定本区多样性分布格局的主导因子 ,随着群落分布海拔高度的增加 ,多样性呈一致的上升趋势 ,即多样性与海拔呈正相关关系。 3)群落物种多样性对海拔的敏感性由大到小的次序为草本层 >乔木层 >灌木层 ,其中乔木层的丰富度指数、草本层均匀度指数与海拔有着极显著的正相关关系 ,而乔木层的多样性指数、草本层的丰富度指数与海拔有着极显著的负相关关系 ,灌木层的多样性与海拔没有显著的相关性。 4)群落中不同结构、不同层次对群落总体多样性的贡献是不同的 ,两种测定方法所产生的总体多样性之间呈显著相关关系 ,表明给定加权参数的测定方法没有影响客观生态意义的反映 ,同时也更好地反映出群落结构对于群落多样性的功能差异     

甘肃荒漠蜥蜴群落结构的研究

甘肃民勤地区荒漠晰蝎群落多样性与植物种数、植物多样性呈不显著负相关,与植物高度呈不显著正相关(P>0.1),与土壤含水量和pH值几乎无关。而与植物密度,植被覆盖度,食物种数、密度和多样性显著负相关(P<0.05)。植物密度、植被覆盖度和食物是荒漠晰蝎群落结构的主导因子。主导因子通过对群落中优势种种群密度的调节控制群落结构。     

活性污泥微生物群落宏组学研究进展

活性污泥是全球最常用的废水生物处理人工生态系统,微生物是驱动其污染净化能力的关键。活性污泥微生物群落所有物种与基因(简称"微生物组")的研究先后经历了"显微镜观察和纯菌培养分离"(1915)、"PCR扩增-测序"(1994)和"高通量测序-宏组学分析"(2006)三个重要阶段的发展变迁。相应地,我们对活性污泥微生物组的认知经历了从最早对微型动物(如钟虫和轮虫)及其他微生物的形貌观察和纯种培养鉴定到今天对整个微生物组的全局多样性认识的飞跃。近13年来,基于高通量测序的宏组学方法被广泛应用于揭示活性污泥微生物群落组成结构和功能,我们现在充分意识到活性污泥微生物组蕴藏着大量不可培养新物种和基因多样性,驱动着各类污染物的降解与转化。目前,特异性分子标记基因的扩增子测序技术已经被广泛应用于揭示城市和工业废水处理活性污泥微生物组和典型功能种群(如硝化细菌和聚磷菌)的时空多样性和群落构建机制,进而为未来实现活性污泥微生物组功能的精准调控奠定理论基础。宏基因组学研究在群落、种群和个体基因组水平全面解析了活性污泥微生物组驱动的碳、氮、磷元素循环过程,以及有机微污染物的生物降解和转化机理。将来活性污泥微生物组学研究需要在"标准化的组学分析方法和绝对定量""高通量培养组学""高通量功能基因组学"和"多组学方法的结合及多种方法并用"4个方面取得实现精准生态基因组学所需的技术突破,以最大限度发掘活性污泥微生物组在污水处理与资源回收领域的生态学与工程学价值。     

Dynamics of plant communities in the Lomas of southern Peru

A study of the floristic composition of the plant communities of the Lomas was carried out in the Coastal Range of Arequipa, Peru. Data on the seasonal and elevational variation of those communities was obtained by monthly censusing a 20-meter circle sampling stations established at 100 m intervals from 300 to 1 000 m of elevation. The 80 recorded plants belong to 60 genera and to 20 families. Dominating life forms are Therophytes and Chamaephytes. Four vegetational zones (xeric, subxeric, mesic, and submesic), are separated by significant differences in the number of plants of each zone. Considering the entire Lomas transect, no significant statistical differences among the seasons were found. The floristic relationship among the altitudinal samples was found to be a reflection of a moisture pattern. The persistence in the Lomas of a mesophytic flora could be the result of a continuous adaptation to the fogginess and reduced solar radiation of this particular zone in a desert area.This study was supported by the Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa, Perú, and by the Universidad de Los Andes through the Consejo de Desarrollo Cientifico y Humanistico (Proycet C-142-79). Amelia Díaz de Paseual, William E. Duellman, Evaristo López, Luis Malaret, Mario Ricardi and Antonio Vivas made helpful comments and criticisms. Field trips were shared with José Dávila, Evaristo López and Alberto Nuñez. The identification of plants was checked by Ramón Ferreyra and Oscar Tovar of the Museo Javier Prado, Lima, Perú, and Alwing Gentry of the Missouri Botanical Garden. I am grateful to all these institutions and people.     

Effects of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on alpine meadow phytocoenosium and analysis of the strategy it uses to expand habitat

High-density plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) disturbance is one of the main causes of alpine meadow degradation. The response of phytocoenosium to the disturbance of plateau pika may reflect its habitat expanding strategy. We used quadrat sampling method to investigate vegetation height, coverage, and aboveground biomass of non-pika area (NA), transition area (TA), and pika-active area (AA) distributed continuously in alpine meadow located in Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous County of Qinghai Province in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that, from NA to AA (i) vegetation coverage, height, and above-ground biomass decreased (P < 0.01). (ii) While the number of plant species decreased from 41 to 30, and species diversity decreased significantly (P < 0.05), evenness of the alpine meadow showed no significant variations. (iii) Dominant species changed from grasses to weeds. (iv) While plants in TA showed no obvious difference in height between 2011 and 2012, coverage reduced significantly (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that (i) plateau pikas disturbance on alpine meadow will change plant community structure and composition, directly leading to degeneration of alpine meadow. Additionally, (ii) plateau pikas expand their habitat by altering plant coverage firstly.     

广东内伶仃岛夏季鸟类群落生物多样性的研究

于1997－1999年7月10－20日,对内伶仃岛夏季鸟类群落进行了调查和研究,结果表明,34种鸟类是该岛的优势种类,又次内伶仃岛划分为5个岛类群落,并对这5个夏季鸟类群落的组成,群落间的相似性和均匀度以及各群落生物多样性做了分析和讨论。