三乙醇胺基强碱性聚苯乙烯树脂共价固定胰酶的研究

用多孔强碱型三乙醇胺基聚苯乙烯阴离子交换树脂做为载体,用CNBr与载体上的多羟基作用共价偶联了胰酶。红外光谱表明:其共价偶联反应机理与用CNBr活化多糖类载体并接酶的机理相类似。最适偶联条件研究表明:CNBr用量增多,酶蛋白载量增加。但比活下降。偶联pH为10时,固定化酶有适宜的载量和较高的比活。由于胰酶水解蛋白反应释放出H~+质子,这些质子在载体内积累,使微环境内H~+质子浓度增加,进而使得固定化胰酶的pH—活性曲线在pH9～11范围内未出现下降。在变温和60℃恒温下对固定化酶的热稳定性测试表明:固相酶的热稳定性比天然酶的热稳定性有所提高。     

离子型多孔聚苯乙烯固定化糖化酶

 用离子型多孔聚苯乙烯固定化了糖化酶。研究了制孔剂比例对载体孔径的影响。用麦芽糖做底物,三乙醇胺基聚苯乙烯载体使固定化糖化酶的最适pH向左移动约2个pH单位;磺酸基苯胺基聚苯乙烯载体使固定化糖化酶最适pH向右移动2个单位。固定化酶最适pH的移动值随缓冲液浓度的增加而减少。用可溶性淀粉为底物时固定化糖化酶的pH—活力曲线变宽。用dextrin作底物,天然糖化酶的Km为3.47×10~(-3)mol/L,固定化糖化酶的素质K_m为4.17×10~(-3)mol/L,表现K_m(app)为1.11×10~(-2)mol/L。延长重氮化反应时间,得到2000ug~(-1)干胶的高活力固定化糖化酶。     

固定化酶及双酶共反应

 <正> 葡萄糖异构酶(GI)将糖化酶(GA)的水解淀粉产物葡萄糖转化为果糖。这二种酶是生产高果糖浆(HFCS)不可缺少的酶。我们根据离子型载体可以改变固定化酶最适PH的道理,将GA固定在磺酸型聚苯乙烯载体上,其最适pH由4.6移到了6.8。将GI固定在季胺多羟基聚苯乙烯载体上,其PH-活力曲线变宽,在pH7.0的活力由48％提高到66％。本文首次创建了使两种酶的最适PH相向移动的双酶共反应体系。其意义在于更加广泛地利用固定化多酶体系的动力学优势。     

固定化酶的微环境效应—载体离子基团性质的影响

作者合成了阴离子型和阳离子型葡聚糖,以此为载体,用CNBr活化其剩余羟基,固定化了葡萄糖淀粉酶和葡萄糖异构酶。就离子型载体对固定化酶的蛋白载量、最适pH和热稳定性等的影响做了考察。发现固定化酶的蛋白载量不仅与载体的电性质有关,也与酶分子自身的电性质有关。当载体电性质与酶蛋白电性质相反时,固定化酶的蛋白载量增加,热稳定性提高、载体电性质与酶蛋白电性质相同时,固定化酶的蛋白载量不变或下降,其热稳定性不变。作者还发现当离子型载体孔度和体系缓冲液浓度一定时,酶分子能否进入多孔性载体内部,对其最适pH是否变化影响极大。若酶分子仅被连接在载体的外表层,其最适pH不发生变化,反之亦然。作者还观察到当多糖类载体引入氨基或羧基后,大大增强了其抵抗微生物侵蚀的能力。     

一种固定化酶的新载体——对氨基苯砜乙基(ABSE-)交联琼脂

1.8%琼脂经环氧氯丙烷交联后,在碱性条件下与对β-硫酸酯乙砜基苯胺(SESA)反应制得了对氨基苯磺酰乙基-(ABSE)-交联琼脂。醚化反应最适pH是10。控制SESA加入量制得含有107～1216微克分子苯胺基/克干重琼脂载体。2.ABSE-交联琼脂经重氮化后可在pH6.4～8.0偶联核酸酶P_1,每克琼脂可结合105～120毫克核酸酶P_1,固定化酶活力为4280单位/克干重固定化酶。活力回收可达18～35%。3.偶联时硫酸铵的存在可稍微提高固定化核酸酶P_1的活力,但其稳定性却比对照的差。4.载体上苯胺基含量过多会不利于所固定化的酶显示活力,用α-萘酚封闭残留的苯胺基,可以明显增加固定化酶的稳定性。     

一种固定化酶的新载体——对氨基苯砜乙基(ABSE-)交联琼脂

1.8%琼脂经环氧氯丙烷交联后,在碱性条件下与对β-硫酸酯乙砜基苯胺(SESA)反应制得了对氨基苯磺酰乙基-(ABSE)-交联琼脂。醚化反应最适pH 是10。控制SESA 加入量制得含有107～1216微克分子苯胺基/克干重琼脂载体。2.ABSE-交联琼脂经重氮化后可在pH6.4～8.0偶联核酸酶P_1,每克琼脂可结合105～120毫克核酸酶P_1,固定化酶活力为4280单位/克干重固定化酶。活力回收可达18～35%。3.偶联时硫酸铵的存在可稍微提高固定化核酸酶P_1的活力,但其稳定性却比对照的差。4.载体上苯胺基含量过多会不利于所固定化的酶显示活力;用α-萘酚封闭残留的苯胺基,可以明显增加固定化酶的稳定性。     

来源于Alicyclobacillus sp.A4葡萄糖异构酶的克隆表达及转化应用研究

葡萄糖异构酶在体外可以将D-葡萄糖异构化为D-果糖,是商业制备高果糖浆的关键酶。本研究从嗜热菌Alicyclobacillus sp.A4中克隆了葡萄糖异构酶(A4GI)基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21中成功进行了表达。利用His-tag蛋白纯化磁珠对粗酶液进行纯化,并对已纯化的重组A4GI进行详细的酶学性质及转化率的测定。结果表明:A4GI的最适温度和pH分别为65℃和p H 7.5,该酶在p H 6.0-11.0之间很稳定,在pH 6.0-11.0缓冲液中37℃处理1 h后,剩余酶活99%以上。最适反应条件下,重组酶对D-葡萄糖的Km与Vmax值为99.8 mM与3.75μmol/min/mg。在不同浓度的葡萄糖转化实验中,A4GI的转化率在一定底物浓度范围内随底物浓度增加呈现升高的趋势,在底物葡萄糖浓度为3 M时达到52.7%的最高转化率,因此可以实现在高浓度葡萄糖下进行高效转化,降低后期浓缩的生产成本,具有较好的工业应用潜力。     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖新载体制备和对葡萄糖淀粉酶的固定化

把魔芋葡甘露聚糖(KGM)制备成强度高稳定性好的不溶性载体,通过钛活化固定化葡萄糖淀粉酶,检验固定化效果。偶联酶蛋白量通常是30～40mg/g载体,固定化酶的活性保持在50％以上,并且结合过酶的载体可以反复再生固定化酶。将自由酶和固定化酶进行比较,最适pH从4.0变到4.0～4.4,最适温度从50变成50～55℃,K_m从0.16％变为0.28％淀粉液。在45℃连续柱式运转反应,DE值平均98.62％,半衰期151天。结果表明本报道的主要优点是成本低廉、效果显著、操作简单和安全无毒。     

固定化酶的微环境效应Ⅰ——最适pH的移动

以葡聚糖为载体,在葡聚糖上引入了不同量的羧甲基,采用CNBr法活化葡聚糖上剩余的羟基,使之与葡萄糖淀粉酶(GA)共价结合,从而观察载体羧甲基定量变化对固定化葡萄糖淀粉酶pH——活性曲线的影响。分别使用了两种不同孔度的葡聚糖(SephadxG100、G200)作为载体,首次发现在载体带有离子基因的情况下,载体的孔度变化对固定化酶的pH——活性曲线影响极大,甚至可以完全消除载体静电荷对此带来的影响。这些结果表明:固定化酶的微环境不仅与载体的静电势有关,也与载体分子空间结构的疏密程度有关。本文对固定化葡萄糖淀粉酶(IGA)的热稳定性也作了评价。     

胰蛋白酶的固定化及其性质研究

 以自制的脱乙酰壳多糖作载体,戊二醛为交联剂,对胰蛋白酶的固定化条件及其固定化酶的性质进行了研究。考查了交联剂的用量、pH值、以及载体与酶的比例等因素对胰蛋白酶固定化的影响。在所选择的固定化条件下,固定化酶的活性回收可达50％以上。同时研究了固定化胰蛋白酶的一些性质;最适温度60℃,最适PH8.0,Km值比可溶性酶升高,热稳定性、pH贮存稳定性以及在乙醇水溶液中的稳定性明显高于可溶性胰蛋白酶。在柱式反应器内,以2％酪蛋白为底物对,操作半衰期为40天。     

Preparation of immobilized NAD glycohydrolase from Neurospora crassa conidia by hydrophobic interaction--characteristics of the enzyme derivative

NAD glycohydrolase from Neurospora crassa conidia has been immobilized by hydrophobic interaction on Sepharose 4B beads coated with propyl residues through CNBr activation. The bond resulted stable under a wide range of conditions (ionic strength, temperature, pH). As a result of immobilization the pH optimum for catalytic activity shifted by about 0.2 pH unit in the acidic direction, to lie between 7.5 and 7.3. The stability of the enzymatic activity was largely enhanced by effect of immobilization but the Km value towards NAD+ was increased compared with that of the free enzyme (1 X 10(-3) and 2 X 10(-4) M respectively).     

Immobilization of Exo-maltotetraohydrolase and Pullulanase

A dual enzyme system of exo-maltotetraohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.60] and pullulanase [EC 3.2.1.41] was studied for the continuous production of maltotetraose. Porous chitosan beads were selected from among many carriers as the best carrier to immobilize both enzymes.

The properties of the immobilized enzymes were examined and compared with those of the native enzymes. For exo-maltotetraohydrolase, the optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme shifted slightly to the acidic side and the pH stability was improved on the alkaline side. The optimum temperature of the immobilized enzyme increased by about 15°C and thermostability was improved by about 10°C. As for pullulanase, very little difference in thermostability was observed.

The effects of operating conditions on the continuous production of maltotetraose using exo- maltotetraohydrolase immobilized on the porous chitosan beads were examined. Porous chitosan beads were recognized to be superior to Diaion HP-50.

The continuous production of maltotetraose was accomplished using the dual immobilized enzyme system. The dual enzyme system proved to be effective to increase the maltotetraose content in the product. A stable operation was successfully continued for more than 60 days.     

发酵参数对葡萄糖异构酶活力的影响

控制发酵参数对提高葡萄糖异构酶活力影响明显,尤其是通气比和ｐＨ影响更大。通过观察其菌丝形态变化能预测其胞内酶比例,有效确定放罐时间,提高产得率。     

Purification and properties of glucose isomerase of Actinoplanes missouriensis

Actinoplanes missouriensis produces an intracellular soluble glucose Isomerase. The soluble enzyme can be purified by a DEAE-cellulose beads columm with a onestep salt elution. The purified enyzme exhibited a molecular weight of approximately 80,000 daltons, being composed of two identical subunits of about 42,000 daltons each. The K_m for glucose is 1.33M, the K_m for frucotse is 1.67M. The enzyme has an optimal pH of 7.0. The presence of the cobalt ion is not required to produce optimal activity of the enzyme if the proper amount of magnesium is present.     

Structural and enzymatic analysis of soybean beta-amylase mutants with increased pH optimum

Comparison of the architecture around the active site of soybean beta-amylase and Bacillus cereus beta-amylase showed that the hydrogen bond networks (Glu380-(Lys295-Met51) and Glu380-Asn340-Glu178) in soybean beta-amylase around the base catalytic residue, Glu380, seem to contribute to the lower pH optimum of soybean beta-amylase. To convert the pH optimum of soybean beta-amylase (pH 5.4) to that of the bacterial type enzyme (pH 6.7), three mutants of soybean beta-amylase, M51T, E178Y, and N340T, were constructed such that the hydrogen bond networks were removed by site-directed mutagenesis. The kinetic analysis showed that the pH optimum of all mutants shifted dramatically to a neutral pH (range, from 5.4 to 6.0-6.6). The Km values of the mutants were almost the same as that of soybean beta-amylase except in the case of M51T, while the Vmax values of all mutants were low compared with that of soybean beta-amylase. The crystal structure analysis of the wild type-maltose and mutant-maltose complexes showed that the direct hydrogen bond between Glu380 and Asn340 was completely disrupted in the mutants M51T, E178Y, and N340T. In the case of M51T, the hydrogen bond between Glu380 and Lys295 was also disrupted. These results indicated that the reduced pKa value of Glu380 is stabilized by the hydrogen bond network and is responsible for the lower pH optimum of soybean beta-amylase compared with that of the bacterial beta-amylase.     

Preparation and properties of trypsin chemically attached to EEDQ activated styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers

Styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers of varying combinations crosslinked with p-DVB (1-2%) and porous structure were synthesized to be used as carriers in trypsin immobilization. The styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers containing free carboxy groups were activated by conversion into the mixed carbonic anhydride with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) at pH 4.0. The degree of activation of copolymers were determined from the amount of p-aminobenzoic acid each could bind. The activated copolymers were incubated with trypsin in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) at 4 degrees C for 24 h. The optimum conditions for enzymatic activity measurements determined and the activity tests were carried out in 1.5 x 10(-2)M CaCl(2) solution (pH 8.0) at 0.05 ionic strength with a pH-stat instrument. The dependence of the activity of styrene-methacrylic acid (SMA)/trypsin derivatives to pH was investigated and it was observed that the optimum pH of the immobilized trypsin derivatives moved to the basic region compared to the native trypsin. It was found that as the ionic strength increased, the shift in the optimum pH decreased and the activity increased. The Michaelis constants for the SMA-trypsin derivatives were determined with aid of Lineweaver-Burk diagrams. The thermal, storage, and operational stabilities of SMA-trypsin derivatives were assessed. It was found that the above stabilities for all the immobilized trypsin derivatives were better than that for the native trypsin.     

Salts- induced oxidase activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase from pig heart.

A weak NADH oxidase activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase at neutral pH is increased as much as 15-fold by the addition of KI or (NH4)2SO4. The addition of NAD+ shifts the optimum pH for the KI-induced oxidase activity from 6.3 to 5.5 without changing the maximum activity. The optimum pH is similarly shifted to 5.6 when sulfhyldryl groups of the enzyme are oxidized in the presence of small amount of cupric ion. The NADH: lipoamide and NADH: p-benzoquinone reductase activities are strongly inhibited by KI but both are increased by the presence of (NH4)2SO4. The known intermediate having a charge-transfer band at 530 nm can be seen upon an addition of NADH to the enzyme in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 but not in the presence of KI. The enzyme flavin is reductase by a stoichiometric amount of NADH when KI is present.