毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿幼苗生长、气体交换和叶绿素荧光对模拟降水量变化的响应

选择毛乌素沙地优势灌木中间锦鸡儿为研究对象,人为控制4种降水量水平来测定中间锦鸡儿幼苗的形态,。生物量干重,气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数,结果表明,不同施水量显著影响幼苗株高,基径,叶数,叶面积,生物量干重,净光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度以及水分利用效率,157．5mm和630mm施水的幼苗以上参数显著低于472．5mm施水的幼苗,157．5mm和630mm施水量的幼苗PSIII光化学效率和最大荧光与初始荧光比显著小于472．5mm施水量的幼苗;不同施水量对幼苗生物量干重分配有显著影响;随着施水量增加,根冠生物量干重比显著减少。     

施水量变化对毛乌素沙地优势植物形态与生长的影响

 以毛乌素沙地优势植物沙柳(Salix psammophila)、杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum)、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和柠条(Caragana intermedia)为对象,人工控制4种施水量来研究这4种植物形态和生长对模拟降水量变化的响应。结果表明不同施水量显著影响着沙柳、杨柴、油蒿和柠条的分枝格局、叶片、生物量及其分配,并且这4种植物的以上特征对不同施水量的响应也有明显差异。在157.5 mm和630.0 mm的施水量之间,施水量的增加对沙柳、油蒿和杨柴枝叶形态     

模拟增雨对荒漠植物幼苗生长和根系形态的影响

降雨是荒漠生态系统过程和功能的最重要限制因子,荒漠植物幼苗对生长季降雨的变化极端敏感。为探讨荒漠植物对未来降雨格局变化的响应,选取乌兰布和沙漠两种典型荒漠植物幼苗(白刺和油蒿)为研究对象,根据生长季内(6—9月)每次降雨量,进行不同梯度的人工模拟增雨试验(CK:自然降雨、A:增雨25%、B:增雨50%、C:增雨75%、D:增雨100%),研究两种植物幼苗生长和根系形态特征对降雨量变化的响应。结果表明:(1)不同增雨处理对白刺和油蒿幼苗的地上部生长有显著影响(P0.05),增雨处理的白刺和油蒿幼苗的株高、平均冠幅和基径显著高于CK,并随着增雨量的增大而增大(白刺基径除外);(2)增雨处理之间、白刺和油蒿之间在总根长、总表面积、平均直径、总体积、根尖数和分叉数均有显著差异(P0.05)。对白刺幼苗而言,B处理和C处理的根系参数均显著大于CK、A和D处理,且B和C处理之间没有显著差异(平均直径除外);对油蒿幼苗而言,随着增雨量的增加,油蒿总根长、总表面积、总体积、根尖数和分叉数呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而平均直径呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在B处理下达到最大值。(3)增雨处理显著降低了白刺幼苗的根冠比,而对油蒿幼苗的根冠比没有显著影响,并且白刺幼苗根冠比显著大于油蒿幼苗。(4)白刺和油蒿幼苗的根系主要分布在0—0.5 mm和0.5—1 mm内,2 mm的细根比例分别在B和D处理下达到最大值。这表明白刺和油蒿幼苗能够通过调整地上部生长和根系形态来适应降雨的变化。     

水分条件对干热河谷锥连栎种子萌发及幼苗早期生长的影响

对锥连栎(Quercus franchetii Skan)在4种施水量下的种子萌发、幼苗早期生长形态及生物量分配的响应特征进行了研究。结果表明,施水量对锥连栎的种子萌发过程具有显著影响。随着施水量增加,其种子萌发率、萌发指数以及萌发时间和萌发持续时间均呈明显的上升趋势,而萌发时滞和萌发速率系数呈下降趋势。锥连栎幼苗早期生长对施水量的适应幅度较大,每次施水4～12 mm时,幼苗均能存活,但生长状况存在明显差异,随着施水量的减少,幼苗生长和生物量的积累速度均出现显著减缓。同时,施水量对锥连栎幼苗生物量分配具有显著影响,随着施水量增加,幼苗根冠比呈显著下降趋势,表明在生物量分配上锥连栎幼苗具有极大的可塑性,施水量减少时,光合产物将向地下部分迁移,增加根冠比。     

攀援植物绞股蓝幼苗对光照强度的形态和生长反应

 利用遮阳网产生光照强度梯度,以研究攀援植物绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)幼苗对光梯度的形态和生长反应。结果表明：1)相对生长速率、净同化速率和总生物量随光照强度减弱而降低,总叶面积、比茎长、株高、分枝角度、叶面积率和比叶面积却增加;2)株高生长与相对生长速率成负相关;3)幼苗生物量分配对光梯度的反应不敏感。这些结果意味着绞股蓝幼苗的形态和生长反应对不同光环境具有可塑性,比茎长和株高随光照减弱而增加有利于绞股蓝幼苗“寻找”到外界支持物。     

鄂尔多斯高原3种优势灌木幼苗对气候变暖的响应

鄂尔多斯高原是中国半干旱沙区典型沙地,这里的干旱生态系统对全球的水热分配格局具有灵敏的响应。随着未来全球变暖,将给这里的陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力带来巨大影响。选择鄂尔多斯高原优势灌木柠条（Caragana intermedia Kuang etH.C.Fu）、杨柴（Hedysarum dmongolicum Turcz.)和油蒿（Artemisia ordosica Kraschen.)幼苗为研究对象,人为控制2种温度水平来探讨它们的幼苗形态可塑性、生物量效应和光合生理特征对增温条件下的生态适应策略,研究结果表明,增温处理对3种植物种类生长和光合生理特征的影响是不同的,增温对柠条和杨和杨柴幼苗生长具有显正效应。增温对油蒿幼苗生长总体影响不显,叶数、叶大小、叶面积、生物量、蒸腾速度和气孔导度随着温度增高没有显增大,但树高和净光合速率随着温度增高而显增大。柠条、杨柴和油蒿幼苗之间的种间生长差异显,除叶大小外,其余7个特征值均为柠条幼苗显高于杨柴和油蒿幼苗。     

施氮对干旱胁迫下毛竹幼苗生物量和根系形态的影响

为探讨氮素添加对水分胁迫下毛竹幼苗地上生物量及地下根系形态的调控作用,选取1年生毛竹实生苗为材料,采用水分和施氮双因素完全随机区组设计,以田间持水量的80%～85%作为水分对照(CK)、50%～55%为中度干旱(MD)、30%～35%为重度干旱(HD)设置3个水分水平,氮处理分未施氮(N0,0 mg N·kg^-1)和施氮(N1,100 mg N·kg^-1)2个水平,通过盆栽试验,测定毛竹实生苗根系形态特征及各器官生物量。结果显示：施氮显著增加了同一水分下毛竹幼苗叶、根及整株生物量,其中,N1MD和N1HD分别较N0MD和N0HD地上生物量增加15.6%、11.9%,总生物量分别增加36.7%、25.0%(P<0.05);施氮降低了相同水分处理下毛竹的比根长、茎叶比,显著促进了中度和重度干旱下根冠比的增加(P<0.05);水分胁迫下,除根生物量比显著增加外,茎、叶生物量比均随氮素添加呈减小的趋势;施氮对毛竹幼苗根系形态特征(根长、根表面积、根体积)具有不同程度的促进作用;施氮对中度干旱下毛竹幼苗干物质积累的缓解作用比重度干旱大,但在...     

不同光环境对麻栎和刺槐幼苗生长和光合特征的影响

通过搭建遮阳棚设置3个光照强度,模拟森林幼苗生长的林缘、林窗和林下光环境,研究麻栎和刺槐幼苗形态结构、光合特性、生物量积累及其分配对不同光照强度的响应。结果表明,极度弱光环境限制了幼苗的株高、基径、总叶面积、冠面积、叶面积指数和总叶数等形态指标的增长,与全光环境相比,适度遮荫有利于幼苗的形态生长,光照对麻栎形态的异速生长曲线影响较小,刺槐较麻栎的曲线变化更明显一些,弱光降低了异速生长指数。随遮荫程度的增加,麻栎的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度逐渐降低,刺槐的净光合速率则在适度遮荫下最大,两者的光能利用效率均显著增大,水分利用效率先升后降。随光照强度的减弱,麻栎各器官的生物量积累降低,叶面积比率的增加和根冠比的减少有利于增加光能的捕获,而刺槐的生物量积累和分配则在适度遮荫下达到最优;各叶绿素含量均显著上升,而叶绿素a/b则逐渐下降。麻栎和刺槐显示出不同的生存策略和光利用策略,在一定程度上可以揭示它们在阔叶林群落中不同的演替地位。     

光强对三种喀斯特植物幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

以块根紫金牛、地枫皮和秀丽海桐的2年生幼苗为材料,通过搭建遮阴棚设置3个光照强度,对其不同光强下的形态结构、生物量分配以及光合特性进行了比较研究,以探讨光强对喀斯特植物幼苗生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明:遮阴促进了3种喀斯特植物幼苗株高、总叶面积和冠面积等形态指标的增长。总体而言,3种植物幼苗的根生物量比和根冠比均随光强的增大而显著增大,叶生物量比、叶面积比和比叶面积均随光强的增大而显著降低。强光显著降低了地枫皮与块根紫金牛的净光合速率(Pn),非气孔限制是其Pn下降的主要因素;秀丽海桐的Pn随光强的升高而显著增大。遮阴显著增加了地枫皮和秀丽海桐的单位面积叶绿素含量,强光显著增加了块根紫金牛的单位面积类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比。地枫皮和块根紫金牛在50%遮阴强度下的总生物量最大,秀丽海桐总生物量随光强增大而显著增大。3种喀斯特植物幼苗对不同的光环境表现出较强的适应性,但强光不利于地枫皮和块根紫金牛幼苗的生长,而秀丽海桐幼苗对光的适应性很强。     

峨眉冷杉幼苗叶片功能特征及其N、P化学计量比对模拟大气氮沉降的响应

通过人工施氮模拟大气氮沉降,研究了施氮对峨眉冷杉(Abies fabiri)幼苗叶片功能特征、氮和磷含量及其化学计量比的影响,以及幼苗对氮素的积累效应。结果表明:经过2个生长季节的施氮处理(2009年和2010年,N2)幼苗的总生物量、叶干重、叶重比、叶片氮和磷含量及其N:P分别高于对照处理11.29%、46.70%、41.40%、37.30%、22.33%和6.43%,而比叶面积则降低了6.61%,其中叶干重、叶重比和叶片氮含量与对照处理差异显著(P<0.05),N:P差异极显著(P<0.01),并且叶干重与叶片氮含量具有较强的线性相关;与经1个生长季节施氮处理(2009年,N1)的幼苗总生物量、叶干重、叶重比、比叶面积、叶片氮和磷含量及其N:P的比较分析表明,除叶重比和比叶面积外,其他指标N2均高于N1;人工施氮显著促进了幼苗叶片的生长,提高了叶片氮、磷含量及其N:P,但也反映幼苗生长仍受氮素限制,同时,峨眉冷杉幼苗具有氮素积累效应。     

鄂尔多斯高原沙柳幼苗对模拟降水量变化的响应

鄂尔多斯高原是中国干旱、半干旱沙区典型沙地。随着未来全球变化,尤其降水变化进一步激烈,将给这里的陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力带来巨大影响,选择鄂尔多斯高原优势灌木沙柳为研究对象,人为控制４种供水量水平来探讨沙柳幼苗对模拟降水量变化的响应,结果表明,幼苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导率和荧光效率随着供水的增加而增大,而供水对幼苗的水分利用效率影响不显著;不同供水量的沙柳幼苗树高、枝条数、叶数和叶面积生长动态存在明显差异,随着供水量的增加,沙柳幼苗树高、基径、枝条数、叶数、叶面积、生物量干重和冠根生物量干重比值均逐渐增大;供水显著增加了沙柳幼苗总分枝率、各级枝条数、枝条长度和叶面积。     

Effects of drought stress and N supply on the growth, biomass partitioning and water-use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to understand the adaptation responses to different water and N conditions, and further explore if additional N supply could improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and adaptability of Sophora davidii seedlings under dry conditions. Two-month-old seedlings were subjected to a completely random design with three water (80, 40 and 20% water field capacity (FC)) and three N supply (N0: 0, Nl: 92 and Nh:184 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) regimes. Drought stress dramatically decreased seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, root length, and biomass production. An increase in below-ground biomass was observed indicating a higher root/shoot ratio (R/S) under drought stress conditions, and drought further decreased relative water content (RWC) and WUE. On the other hand, S. davidii seedlings exhibited strong responses to N supply, but the responses were inconsistent with the various N supply levels. Low N supply (Nl) increased seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and biomass production, but decreased root length. In contrast, high N supply (Nh) decreased or had little effect on these growth characteristics. N supply increased leaf percentages, but decreased fine root percentages. In addition, Nl rather than the other two N treatments increased leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf/fine root mass ratio (L/FR), R/S and RWC under severe drought stress (20% FC), even though these parameters could increase with the Nh treatment under well-watered condition (80% FC). Moreover, Nl also increased WUE under three water conditions, but Nh had little effect on WUE under drought stress conditions (40% FC and 20% FC). The results suggested that water and N co-limited the growth of S. davidii seedlings, and the seedlings exhibited great positive responses to Nl in this study. Appropriate or low N supply, therefore, would be recommended to stimulate growth, enhance WUE, alleviate drought stress, and consequently contribute to S. davidii seedling establishment under dry condition, but excess N supply should be avoided.     

单叶蔷薇幼苗根系对不同潜水埋深的适应机制

地下水是影响西北地区植被分布、生长和群落演替的重要因子,通过人工装置模拟30 cm(D30)、40 cm(D40)、50 cm(D50)、60 cm(D60)、70 cm(D70)5个潜水梯度,从生长发育、根系形态、拓扑结构与分形维数以及表型可塑性四个方面来分析不同潜水埋深对单叶蔷薇幼苗的影响,力求揭示单叶蔷薇幼苗对不同水分环境的适应性策略,这将对今后开展单叶蔷薇植被恢复和保育工作具有重要价值。研究结果表明:(1)单叶蔷薇幼苗可通过增加扎根深度、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数量、分支数量、地上干物质和根系干物质来应对不同潜水埋深带来的干旱胁迫,D50、D60、D70和CK处理下的幼苗还可以通过提高根冠比来适应更长久的干旱环境。(2)不同潜水埋深处理下,单叶蔷薇幼苗根系的拓扑指数基本保持在0.8-0.9之间,说明该根系属于典型的人字形分支模式,受环境影响较小。其中,短而细的密集细根(0-2 mm)构成了单叶蔷薇幼苗根系的主体。从资源分配的角度来看,该种拓扑结构相对简单、内部竞争较小、碳消耗少,有利于根系扩大土壤资源获取效率,从而保障植株生长发育的物质供需平衡,这是单叶蔷薇对环境胁迫的适应性策略。(3)适度的干旱,如50-70 cm的潜水埋深,可以促进单叶蔷薇幼苗扎根深度;而在较浅的潜水埋深(30-40 cm)环境中,单叶蔷薇幼苗能快速解除干旱,转向地上器官的生长发育,同时它通过降低垂直根系长度、增加分支和根尖数量来获取更多氧气和适应水分充足的新环境,到第75天时生长旺盛,在株高、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数量、分支数量、地上干物质、根系干物质、根组织密度和分形维数10个指标上与CK组具有显著差异,说明单叶蔷薇幼苗对水分充足和严重干旱的极端环境均有较好的适应能力,表型可塑性强。     

干旱胁迫对欧李幼苗表型可塑性的影响

该研究以欧李为材料,探讨了干旱胁迫对欧李表型可塑性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,欧李根生物量、枝叶生物量、植株总生物量积累、根冠比和根冠比胁迫指数均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在T1处理下达到最大值,并显著高于其他处理(α=0.05)。(2)随土壤含水量的降低,欧李根的生物量分配指数呈现先增加后降低的趋势,叶生物量与之相反,在T1处理下根的生物量分配指数最大,枝叶的最小(α=0.05)。(3)在水分供应为60%～80%时,欧李的株高、冠幅、基径、二级分枝数、主根长、主根直径及侧根数量均达到最大值(α=0.05),对一级分枝数的生长没有显著影响。(4)随着水分胁迫的加剧,叶片长从T2处理开始下降,叶片宽、单片叶面积及比叶面积均呈现先增加后减少的趋势(α=0.05)。综上可得,欧李通过调整形态特性和各器官生物量积累及其分配对不同干旱胁迫条件产生了较强的可塑性。     

Root morphology and water transport of Pistacia lentiscus seedlings under contrasting water supply: A test of the pipe stem theory

Restoration of degraded Mediterranean areas often requires the reintroduction of key-stone woody species but the establishment of seedlings of native species is frequently poor. This is partly due to insufficient knowledge of the ecology of these species at the seedling stage. Fast rooting and efficient water supply under water limiting conditions may be crucial to withstand summer drought and ensure establishment. However, knowledge of the relationship between root morphology and the water transport capacity of Mediterranean woody species in response to drought is still scarce. We evaluated the effect of low water availability on biomass allocation, root morphology and transpiration of a common Mediterranean shrub species, Pistacia lentiscus L. Seedlings of this species were grown in pots filled with soil under glasshouse conditions for 6 months, and irrigated either weekly (W+) or monthly (W?). Low water availability strongly reduced all fractions of biomass, and decreased relative biomass allocation belowground. Average diameter of fine roots colonising the soil was higher in W+ plants, but this resulted in only marginal effects on specific root length. Water limitation did not affect the topology of secondary roots colonising the soil. Surprisingly, the ratio of leaf area to coloniser roots surface area was higher in W? seedlings. Sapwood area was strongly correlated with leaf area, secondary roots cross-sectional area, and surface area of fine roots colonising the soil when all seedlings were pooled. In agreement with the pipe stem theory, the ratio of sapwood area to leaf area was not affected by watering regime. Plant water loss when soils were taken to field capacity was significantly correlated with leaf area, sapwood area, secondary roots cross-section area and coloniser roots surface area. Water loss at high water availability was greatly reduced in W? plants, as leaf area decreased and transpiration rates on a leaf area basis were similar in W+ and W? seedlings. P. lentiscus showed limited capacity to acclimate to low water availability by modifying biomass allocation and root morphology. Thus, parallel to what has been observed aboveground, this species can benefit from periods of high water availability by showing relatively high root growth rates, but may respond poorly to water scarcity.     

桢楠种源幼苗细根形态和生物量研究

为了解桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)不同种源细根形态和生物量分配的差异,采用全根调查的方法,对桢楠自然分布区13个种源2.5年生幼苗的细根形态和生物量进行了研究。结果表明,桢楠种源间各级细根的平均直径、总根长和表面积差异显著,在种源内细根的平均直径随根序的增加而增加,但根序间总根长和表面积差异规律不明显。根序生物量分配随根序增加而增加,1~4级根生物量分配分别为6.33%、14.47%、25.03%和54.17%。通过综合评价,以HT、LF、ES和WC种源的根系最优,具有较高的生长潜力。     

林冠环境对润楠幼苗构型和生物量分配的影响

植物幼苗早期适应对策对种群的更新具有决定性的作用。润楠(Machilus nanmu)是国家Ⅱ级保护植物,是重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林优势乔木树种之一。研究润楠幼苗的适应对策对于维持种群更新和保护常绿阔叶林生物多样性具有重要意义。本研究采集了重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林中不同林冠环境(林窗/林下)下不同年龄阶段(阶段1: 1～3年;阶段2: 4～6年;阶段3: 7～9年)的润楠幼苗,从构型和生物量分配角度研究其早期适应对策的时间动态及其对异质生境的响应。结果表明: 林窗中润楠幼苗的茎构型各指标(除枝倾角)和叶倾角在阶段2和阶段3显著大于林下,根构型各指标(除根直径)和叶面积在阶段1和阶段2显著大于林下;而林窗中润楠幼苗的比叶面积在3个阶段均显著小于林下。不同林冠环境和年龄阶段的生物量分配均以叶为主,但林窗中润楠幼苗从阶段2开始增加了茎的生物量分配,减少了根的生物量分配,林下润楠幼苗根的生物量分配则无显著变化。润楠幼苗各器官的协调性随生境条件不同产生适应性进化,即林窗中润楠幼苗的根与叶之间显著相关,且此相关关系随年龄增大由正到负;林下润楠幼苗的根和茎呈显著正相关,根和叶之间无显著相关。不同林冠环境下润楠幼苗枝干重与枝长的标准化主轴回归(SMA)方程斜率仅在阶段3差异显著,而叶、根生物量与构型间的SMA方程斜率的差异均不显著;大部分生物量与构型间的SMA方程截距在阶段2差异显著。     

五叶爬山虎实生苗的生长特征对水分梯度下保水剂的反应

为探讨保水剂和未来降雨变化对五叶爬山虎实生苗生长特征的影响及寻求改善生态环境的途径,在内蒙古正蓝旗育草站开展了爬山虎实生苗生长特征对水分梯度下保水剂的反应的实验。结果表明:保水剂处理更能显著提高土壤的有效含水量,并能保持较长时间;爬山虎幼苗的株长、侧枝数、叶数及茎、叶、根和植株生物量增重等指标均随施水的增多而增大,但保水剂处理增幅较大,尤其是W3和W4两种供水与对照相比均达显著水平;保水剂处理还影响植株的生物量分配,尤其对叶重比和根重比影响显著,而茎重比和根冠比两种处理差异较小。     

Root Growth of the Annual Tillering Grass Panicum miliaceum in Heterogeneous Nutrient Environments (in English)

To study growth responses of the roots of Panicum miliaceum L. to heterogeneous supply of nutrients. The authors analyzed the effects of the nutrient levels in both original patches (O) and destination patches (D) on the root growth of P. miliaceum when its roots were allowed to extend from original patch into destination patch. When the nutrient levels in the original patches were low, coarse root biomass ratio (coarse root biomass in the D/total coarse root biomass), coarse root length ratio (coarse root length in the D/total coarse root length), coarse root surface area ratio (coarse root surface area in the D/total coarse root surface area) and fine root length ratio (fine root length in the D/total fine root length) were greater in the destination patches with lower nutrient levels than in the destination patches with higher nutrient levels, while fine root length, fine root length density, fine root surface index, and fine root surface area density were smaller in the former than in the latter. When the nutrient levels in the original patches were high, fine root length, fine root length density, fine root surface area index and fine root surface density were greater in the destination patches with lower nutrient levels than in the destination patches with higher nutrient levels, coarse roots did not respond to the nutrient levels in the destination patches significantly. When the roots extended from the original patches with the same nutrient level into the destination patches with contrasting nutrient levels, fine root biomass and its percentage allocation did not respond to the nutrient levels in the destination patches significantly, whereas both root length and root surface area did. This indicates that the fine roots of P. miliaceum responded to difference in nutrient supply by plasticity in their length and surface area, rather than in their root biomass.