毛乌素沙地3种优势植物对模拟降水量变化的水分平衡研究(英文)

未来全球变化 ,尤其降水变化的进一步加剧 ,将对毛乌素沙地陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力带来巨大影响。为了预测未来变化 ,提出合理的对应策略 ,实验选择毛乌素沙地 3种优势灌木、半灌木为研究对象 ,人工控制 4种降水量水平来探讨水分平衡对全球降水量变化的响应。结果表明 ,沙地蓄水量和不同沙层深度含水量季节变化明显受到不同施水量和 3种植物种类的影响。 3种植物沙地蓄水量和不同深度沙层含水量随着施水量的增加逐渐增大 ,并且不同施水量和植物沙地含水量随深度增加逐渐增大。在同一施水量处理下的蓄水量和同一深度含水量均大体为杨柴 (HedysarummongolicumTurcz.) >沙柳 (SalixpsammophilaC .WangetCh .Y .Yang) >油蒿 (Artemisiaordosi caKrasch .) ;3种植物的蒸发量和蒸腾量季节变化明显受到施水量的影响。随着施水量的增加 ,即 15 7 5、315 0、472 5和 6 30 0mm ,蒸发总量依次为 12 3.6 6、2 5 8.6 8、376 .30、45 8.5 7mm ;蒸腾总量 ,油蒿分别为 5 0 .80、6 8.93、10 8.39、16 3.36mm ;沙柳分别为 47.37、6 8.17、93.6 5、135 .97mm ;杨柴分别为 46 .73、6 7.37,86 .0 7、10 9.6 4mm。蒸发量显著大于蒸腾量     

库布齐沙漠不同人工固沙灌木林土壤微生物量与土壤养分特征

在库布齐沙漠东段选取人工油蒿+杨柴半灌木混交林、人工柠条锦鸡儿灌木林和人工沙柳灌木林3种人工固沙灌木林为对象,以流动沙地为对照,研究了不同人工固沙灌木林土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、土壤微生物数量、土壤养分变化特征及其相互间的关系,并运用综合指数法对不同人工固沙灌木林的土壤恢复效果进行评价.结果表明: 与流动沙地相比,3种人工固沙灌木林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷含量均有不同程度的提高,表现为油蒿+杨柴林地＞柠条锦鸡儿林地＞沙柳林地,且均随土层加深而依次降低;3种人工固沙灌木林土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳和氮均较流动沙地有不同程度的提高,油蒿+杨柴林地土壤微生物生物量碳氮和细菌相对数量高于柠条锦鸡儿林地和沙柳林地,而真菌与放线菌相对数量则表现为柠条锦鸡儿林地＞沙柳林地＞油蒿+杨柴林地;影响3种人工固沙灌木林土壤细菌相对数量、微生物生物量碳和氮的因素是土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷含量及C/N,而放线菌、真菌相对数量主要受土壤全磷、速效氮和速效磷含量的影响;不同人工固沙灌木林土壤质量排序为:油蒿+杨柴林地＞柠条锦鸡儿林地＞沙柳林地＞流动沙地,表明不同人工固沙灌木林的建植均能提高沙漠土壤质量,其中营造油蒿+杨柴半灌木混交林对提高土壤综合质量效果最好.     

鄂尔多斯高原3种优势灌木幼苗对气候变暖的响应

鄂尔多斯高原是中国半干旱沙区典型沙地,这里的干旱生态系统对全球的水热分配格局具有灵敏的响应。随着未来全球变暖,将给这里的陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力带来巨大影响。选择鄂尔多斯高原优势灌木柠条（Caragana intermedia Kuang etH.C.Fu）、杨柴（Hedysarum dmongolicum Turcz.)和油蒿（Artemisia ordosica Kraschen.)幼苗为研究对象,人为控制2种温度水平来探讨它们的幼苗形态可塑性、生物量效应和光合生理特征对增温条件下的生态适应策略,研究结果表明,增温处理对3种植物种类生长和光合生理特征的影响是不同的,增温对柠条和杨和杨柴幼苗生长具有显正效应。增温对油蒿幼苗生长总体影响不显,叶数、叶大小、叶面积、生物量、蒸腾速度和气孔导度随着温度增高没有显增大,但树高和净光合速率随着温度增高而显增大。柠条、杨柴和油蒿幼苗之间的种间生长差异显,除叶大小外,其余7个特征值均为柠条幼苗显高于杨柴和油蒿幼苗。     

植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀的差异性

以4年生4种内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区常见水土保持植物柠条、沙柳、白沙蒿和沙棘为研究对象,选取反映枝叶防风特性和根系特性的13项指标,即单株防风效能、林带防风效能、群落防风效能、直根抗拉强度、代表根本构特征、代表根弹性模量、侧根分支处抗拉强度、累计根表面积、拉拔摩阻特性、根-土界面摩擦系数、累计根长、根-土复合体粘聚力、根-土复合体内摩擦角,采用层次分析法对春季大风和夏季暴雨2种自然条件下4种植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀的差异性进行评价.结果表明： 4种植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀指数为：春季大风条件下为沙柳(0.841)>柠条(0.454)>白沙蒿(-0.466)>沙棘(-0.829);夏季暴雨条件下为柠条(0.841)>沙柳(0.474)>白沙蒿(-0.470)>沙棘(-0.844).沙柳可作为研究区重要的防风抗蚀植物种之一;柠条则可作为研究地区重要的水土保持植物种之一.     

不同水分条件对毛乌素沙地油蒿幼苗生长和形态的影响

选择毛乌素沙地优势半灌木油蒿为研究对象,人为控制4种施水量水平来观察油蒿幼苗的生长和形态对全球降水量变化的响应。结果表明,不同施水量显著影响了幼苗生物量及其分配,枝叶形态和细根分布。随着施水量的增加,幼苗生物量、株高、总枝数和长度、总叶片数、总叶面积、比叶面积和细根长逐渐增大,而生物量根冠比、硬叶特征和叶肉质化程度逐渐减小。     

4种植物生长旺盛期侧根分支处与相邻上级直根抗折特性的差异

以3~4年生并处于生长旺盛期的柠条、沙柳、沙棘和白沙蒿为研究对象,采用自制夹具、TY8000伺服强力机,对有生命力的、根径为1~4 mm的侧根分支处及其相邻上级直根的抗折力进行测定,分析4种植物侧根分支处与相邻上级直根抗折力、抗折强度的差异.结果表明:尽管4种植物各径级侧根分支处平均根径大于相邻上级直根的平均根径,但侧根分支处的抗折力和抗折强度均小于相邻上级直根的抗折力和抗折强度;柠条、沙柳、沙棘和白沙蒿的侧根分支处抗折强度分别为相邻上级直根的71.5%、62.9%、45.4%、35.4%.4种植物侧根分支处、相邻上级直根的抗折力与根径呈显著的幂函数正相关,抗折强度与根径呈显著的幂函数负相关;4种植物侧根分支处、相邻上级直根抗折强度大小均为:柠条(33.66、47.06 MPa)沙柳(17.31、27.54 MPa)沙棘(3.97、8.75 MPa)白沙蒿(2.18、6.15 MPa).     

水分共享在毛乌素沙地4种灌木根系中的存在状况

为揭示水分共享在毛乌素沙化草地4种沙生灌木根系中的存在状况,选择酸性品红为示踪剂开展野外实验。结果表明,只有沙地柏（Sabina vulgaris)和油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）根系具有共享水分的潜力,而沙柳Salix psammophaila)和杨柴（Hedysarum mongolicum)根系不具有这种潜力。基于酸性品红在细根中的存在状况以及沙子与酸性品红发生中和反应,被步认为沙地柏和油蒿根系可能具有提水作用潜力。     

模拟增雨对荒漠植物幼苗生长和根系形态的影响

降雨是荒漠生态系统过程和功能的最重要限制因子,荒漠植物幼苗对生长季降雨的变化极端敏感。为探讨荒漠植物对未来降雨格局变化的响应,选取乌兰布和沙漠两种典型荒漠植物幼苗(白刺和油蒿)为研究对象,根据生长季内(6—9月)每次降雨量,进行不同梯度的人工模拟增雨试验(CK:自然降雨、A:增雨25%、B:增雨50%、C:增雨75%、D:增雨100%),研究两种植物幼苗生长和根系形态特征对降雨量变化的响应。结果表明:(1)不同增雨处理对白刺和油蒿幼苗的地上部生长有显著影响(P0.05),增雨处理的白刺和油蒿幼苗的株高、平均冠幅和基径显著高于CK,并随着增雨量的增大而增大(白刺基径除外);(2)增雨处理之间、白刺和油蒿之间在总根长、总表面积、平均直径、总体积、根尖数和分叉数均有显著差异(P0.05)。对白刺幼苗而言,B处理和C处理的根系参数均显著大于CK、A和D处理,且B和C处理之间没有显著差异(平均直径除外);对油蒿幼苗而言,随着增雨量的增加,油蒿总根长、总表面积、总体积、根尖数和分叉数呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而平均直径呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在B处理下达到最大值。(3)增雨处理显著降低了白刺幼苗的根冠比,而对油蒿幼苗的根冠比没有显著影响,并且白刺幼苗根冠比显著大于油蒿幼苗。(4)白刺和油蒿幼苗的根系主要分布在0—0.5 mm和0.5—1 mm内,2 mm的细根比例分别在B和D处理下达到最大值。这表明白刺和油蒿幼苗能够通过调整地上部生长和根系形态来适应降雨的变化。     

干旱荒漠区不同生活型植物生长对降雨量变化的响应

降水是荒漠生态系统过程和功能的最重要限制因子,荒漠生态系统中的植物物种对生长季降雨的变化极端敏感。根据生长季内每次降雨量,进行不同梯度的人工模拟降雨试验(减雨50%、减雨25%、增雨25%、增雨50%、增雨100%),以自然降雨为对照,研究植物生长对降雨量变化的响应。结果表明:生长季降雨量影响植物的生长和初级生产力,不同生活型植物对降雨量变化的响应显著不同;减雨处理减缓了柠条、油蒿新枝生长,但影响不显著;增雨25%未能显著促进柠条、油蒿新枝生长;50%增雨未能促进柠条新枝生长而能促进油蒿的新枝生长;5—7月,增雨100%能显著增加油蒿新枝生长量,仅能增加柠条6—7月生长量;1年生草本植物地上部分生物量随降雨量增加呈线性增加趋势,减雨50%显著降低了草本植物株高,而其他降雨处理对株高影响不显著。     

根系固土主导力学因素与差异性评价

为了探究影响根系固土的主导力学因素,并为侵蚀区固土抗蚀植物种的筛选提供部分依据。以3—4年生(4年生为主)5种内蒙古干旱、半干旱地区常见的水土保持植物:柠条(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、沙柳(Salix psammophila C.wang et Ch.Y.Yang)、沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)、白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)为研究对象,针对春季土壤干旱和夏季暴雨(土壤湿润)两种自然条件,对影响5种植物根系固土的10项指标进行主成分分析。结果表明,根系抗拉力学特性是影响植物根系固土的主导力学因素,其次为根-土界面摩阻特性,最后是根-土复合体抗剪特性。在此基础上,从根系力学特性的角度出发,运用层次分析法对两个时期5种植物根系固土能力的差异性进行评价。在评价过程中,为了保证评价数据完整性,减小专家主观因素所带来的误差,使评价结果更具科学性,该文将两个时期主成分分析所得3个力学特性的方差贡献率作为权重。评价结果显示,根系固土指数为:春季土壤干旱时期,柠条(0.834)沙柳(0.330)沙地柏(-0.066)白沙蒿(-0.206)沙棘(-0.864);夏季暴雨时期分别为,柠条(0.876)沙地柏(0.218)沙柳(0.065)白沙蒿(-0.404)沙棘(-0.755)。5种植物中,柠条根系的抗拉力学特性显著优于其他植物,可作为干旱、半干旱地区固土抗蚀的重要参考树种。     

Study on the Water Balance in Three Dominant Plants with Simulated Precipitation Change in Maowusu Sandland

The distribution pattern and productivity of Maowusu sandland terrestrial ecosystem are greatly affected with the future severe global change, especially global precipitation change. Considering the predicative global precipitation change and the appropriate relevant strategy for the sustainable development of the China dry territory, the authors have investigated the response of water balance to global precipitation change by creating an artificial control of four levels of water supply treating 3 dominant plants in Mauwusu sandland. The results showed that the seasonal changes of water storage and moisture of different sandland layer depths were affected by different water supply treatments and different plants. The water storage of the three plant growing sandlands and the moisture of different sandland layer depths increased as water supply was increased. The moisture of different water supply treatments and plants increased with the increase of sandland layer depth. The water storage and moisture of the same layer depth of Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz. growing sandland were larger than that of Salix psammophila C. Wang et Ch. Y. Yang growing sandland, which were in turn higher than that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. growing sandland in the same water supply treatment. Water supply significantly affected the seasonal changes of evaporation and transpiration of the three plant growing sandlands. With the increased levels of water supply, viz. 157.5 mm, 315.0 mm, 472.5 mm and 630.0 mm, the total evaporation was 123.66 mm, 258.68 mm, 376.30 mm, 458.57 mm, respectively, and the total transpiration of A. ordosica was 50.80 mm, 68.93 mm, 108.39 mm, 163.36 mm, respectively, and that of S. psammophila , 47.37 mm, 68.17 mm, 93.65 mm, 135.97 mm, respectively, and that of H. mongolicum 46.73 mm, 67.37 mm, 86.07 mm, 109.64 mm, respectively. Evaporation was significantly higher than transpiration in the experiment.     

Response of Seedlings of Three Dominant Shrubs to Climate Warming in Ordos Plateau

Ordas plateau is a classical semi-dry sandland in China. The dry ecosystem responds sensitively to water-heat pattern of global change there. The distribution pattern and productivity of terrestrial ecosystem are greatly affected by global warming. Ecological adaptation strategies of seedlings of Caragana　intermedia Kuang et H. C. Fu, Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz. and Artemisia ordosica Kraschen.,three dominant shrubs in Ordas plateau, were investigated in terms of morphological plasticities, biomass effects and photosynthetic and physiological characters, to the global warming by artificially controlling two temperature levels. The results show that the effects of temperature enhancement on growth and photosynthetic and physiological characters were obviously different among these three plant species. Temperature enhancement significantly increased tree height, leaf number, leaf area, biomass, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, indicating that elevated temperature significantly affected the growth of these seedlings positively. Elevated temperature had almost no significant effect on the growth of A. ordosica seedlings. Their leaf number, leaf size, leaf area, biomass, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance did not increase obviously, but tree height and photosynthetic rate obviously increased with increasing temperature. Interspecific growth was significantly different among C. intermedia, H. mongolicum and A. ordosica seedlings. Except leaf size, values of the other seven characters of C. intermedia seedlings were greater than those of H. mongolicum and A. ordosica seedlings.     

CO2浓度倍增和土壤干旱对两种幼龄沙生灌木碳分配的影响

利用大型环境生长箱研究了两种幼龄沙地优势灌木柠条 (Caraganaintermedia) 和羊柴 (Hedysarummon golicum) 对CO2 浓度倍增和土壤干旱交互作用的响应。CO2 浓度倍增并没有改善两种沙生灌木叶片的水分状况, 而土壤干旱使叶片的相对含水量 (RWC) 显著降低。在土壤水分充足条件下, CO2 浓度倍增促进两种沙生灌木植株生长, 在干旱条件下则主要促进根的生长, 提高根冠比。土壤干旱显著减少了植株生物量, 但相对促进了根的生长, 特别是显著提高了羊柴的根冠比。CO2 倍增使稳定性碳同位素组分 (δ13 C) 降低, 但土壤干旱使之增加。两种沙生灌木叶片与根部的δ13 C值呈极显著线性关系, 羊柴的斜率大于柠条的, 表明前者叶片与根部在光合产物分配上具有较高的生态可塑性, 这和干旱条件下羊柴的根冠比增加相关联。羊柴的“源库”调节特性反映了对土壤水分胁迫具有较高的耐性。     

毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿幼苗生长、气体交换和叶绿素荧光对模拟降水量变化的响应

选择毛乌素沙地优势灌木中间锦鸡儿为研究对象,人为控制4种降水量水平来测定中间锦鸡儿幼苗的形态,。生物量干重,气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数,结果表明,不同施水量显著影响幼苗株高,基径,叶数,叶面积,生物量干重,净光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度以及水分利用效率,157．5mm和630mm施水的幼苗以上参数显著低于472．5mm施水的幼苗,157．5mm和630mm施水量的幼苗PSIII光化学效率和最大荧光与初始荧光比显著小于472．5mm施水量的幼苗;不同施水量对幼苗生物量干重分配有显著影响;随着施水量增加,根冠生物量干重比显著减少。     

Experimental Measurement of the Water Relations Parameters of Nine Shrubs and Some Ecological Interpretations

Determination of some water relations parameters of 9 shrubs with the Pressure-volume technique has shown that there were considerable variations in the water relations parameters of different shrubs and that some parameters were indicative for their adaptations to the ecological conditions. It has been found that two desert shrubs, Tetraena mongolica Maxim. and Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bge.) Maxim., exhibited strong ability of drought tolerance, whereas the typical sandy shrubs were quite diverse in adaptation strategy. Salix psammophila C. Wang et Ch. Y. Yang, Artemis& ordosica Krasch., Caragana intermedia Kuang et H. C. Fu and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) were more or less close to each other in water relations parameters. Their фπ, p ranged from - 1.4 MPa to -2.4MPa, and Vp/Vo lay between 62% and 76%. However, some special features of adaptation were found in the other three species, e.g., Sabina vulgaris Ant., Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz. and Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.     

Brushing effects on the growth and mechanical properties of Corispermum mongolicum vary with water regime

High water availability and mechanical stress can induce opposite responses in plants. In arid areas of Northern China the occurrence of high wind and high water availability tend to be negatively correlated. Since turgor pressure is a determinant of the mechanical stability of annuals, it is hypothesised that the effects of mechanical perturbation (MP) on annuals may depend on soil water availability. To test this proposal, we conducted an experiment in which a pioneering annual Corispermum mongolicum was subjected to two levels of MP and water supply, and then determined its growth and mechanical traits. Brushing had no effect on plant height and total biomass, but stimulated leaf and branch production. Water supply affected plant height, basal diameter, total biomass and stem rigidity, but not leaf and branch number, root/shoot ratio or flexibility. With high water availability, brushing stimulated the production of stiffer stems (thicker and with a higher Young's modulus) and more roots relative to shoot mass, but with low water availability MP induced the opposite response. This shows that both the degree and direction of plant responses to MP depend on the presence of other factors. We discuss how the interactive effects of MP and water availability on growth and mechanical properties may help C. mongolicum to establish in windy and arid environments.