Spatial variation and controlling factors of temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in forest ecosystems across China

土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)是陆地碳循环与气候系统间相互作用的关键参数。尽管已有大量关于不同类型森林Q₁₀季节和年际变化规律的研究, 但是对Q₁₀在区域尺度的空间变异特征及其影响因素仍认识不足, 已有结果缺乏一致结论。该研究通过整合已发表论文, 构建了中国森林生态系统年尺度Q₁₀数据集, 共包含399条记录、5种森林类型(落叶阔叶林(DBF)、落叶针叶林(DNF)、常绿阔叶林(EBF)、常绿针叶林(ENF)、混交林(MF))。分析了不同森林类型Q₁₀的空间变异特征及其与地理、气候和土壤因素的关系。结果显示, 1) Q₁₀介于1.09到6.24之间, 平均值(±标准误差)为2.37 (± 0.04), 且在不同森林类型之间无显著差异; 2)当考虑所有森林类型时, Q₁₀随纬度、海拔、土壤有机碳含量(SOC)和土壤全氮含量(TN)的增加而增大, 随经度、年平均气温(MAT)、平均年降水量(MAP)的增加而减小。气候(MAT、MAP)和土壤(SOC、TN)因素间存在相互作用, 共同解释了33%的Q₁₀空间变异, 其中MAT和SOC是Q₁₀空间变异的主要驱动因素; 3)不同类型森林Q₁₀对气候和土壤因素的响应存在差异。在DNF中Q₁₀随MAP的增加而减小, 而其他类型森林中Q₁₀与MAP无显著相关性; 在EBF、DBF、ENF中Q₁₀随TN的增加而增大, 但Q₁₀对TN的敏感性在EBF中最高, 在ENF中最低。这些结果表明, 尽管Q₁₀有一定的集中分布趋势, 但仍有较大范围的空间变异, 在进行碳收支估算时应注意尺度问题。Q₁₀的主要驱动因素和Q₁₀对环境因素的响应随森林类型而变化, 在气候变化情景下, 不同森林类型间Q₁₀可能发生分异。因此, 未来的碳循环-气候模型还应考虑不同类型森林碳循环关键参数对气候变化的响应差异。     

中国森林生态系统土壤呼吸温度敏感性空间变异特征及影响因素

土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)是陆地碳循环与气候系统间相互作用的关键参数。尽管已有大量关于不同类型森林Q₁₀季节和年际变化规律的研究, 但是对Q₁₀在区域尺度的空间变异特征及其影响因素仍认识不足, 已有结果缺乏一致结论。该研究通过整合已发表论文, 构建了中国森林生态系统年尺度Q₁₀数据集, 共包含399条记录、5种森林类型(落叶阔叶林(DBF)、落叶针叶林(DNF)、常绿阔叶林(EBF)、常绿针叶林(ENF)、混交林(MF))。分析了不同森林类型Q₁₀的空间变异特征及其与地理、气候和土壤因素的关系。结果显示, 1) Q₁₀介于1.09到6.24之间, 平均值(±标准误差)为2.37 (± 0.04), 且在不同森林类型之间无显著差异; 2)当考虑所有森林类型时, Q₁₀随纬度、海拔、土壤有机碳含量(SOC)和土壤全氮含量(TN)的增加而增大, 随经度、年平均气温(MAT)、平均年降水量(MAP)的增加而减小。气候(MAT、MAP)和土壤(SOC、TN)因素间存在相互作用, 共同解释了33%的Q₁₀空间变异, 其中MAT和SOC是Q₁₀空间变异的主要驱动因素; 3)不同类型森林Q₁₀对气候和土壤因素的响应存在差异。在DNF中Q₁₀随MAP的增加而减小, 而其他类型森林中Q₁₀与MAP无显著相关性; 在EBF、DBF、ENF中Q₁₀随TN的增加而增大, 但Q₁₀对TN的敏感性在EBF中最高, 在ENF中最低。这些结果表明, 尽管Q₁₀有一定的集中分布趋势, 但仍有较大范围的空间变异, 在进行碳收支估算时应注意尺度问题。Q₁₀的主要驱动因素和Q₁₀对环境因素的响应随森林类型而变化, 在气候变化情景下, 不同森林类型间Q₁₀可能发生分异。因此, 未来的碳循环-气候模型还应考虑不同类型森林碳循环关键参数对气候变化的响应差异。     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的变化

为探明中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林演替序列土壤呼吸(R_s)的变化趋势及其影响机制, 在福建省建瓯市万木林自然保护区选取演替时间分别为15年(演替初期)、47年(演替中期)和110年(演替后期)三个不同演替阶段, 进行了为期1年的野外原位观测。结果发现: 演替初期、中期和后期的R_s分别为2.38、3.32和3.91 µmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 温度敏感性(Q₁₀值)分别为2.64、1.97和1.79; 与演替初期相比, 演替后期的R_s显著增加64.29%, Q₁₀值显著降低32.30%; 不同演替阶段R_s的季节变化模式相似, 温度和含水量可分别解释季节变化的69.5% (初期)、81.9% (中期)和61.3% (后期); 回归分析发现, R_s与凋落物年归还量、细根生物量和土壤全氮和土壤有机质碳含量显著正相关。表明本研究区内植被演替促进了土壤碳排放, 降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性; 土壤碳输入增加、养分含量的提高和细根生物量增大是中亚热带常绿阔叶林R_s随演替进程逐渐增大的主要原因。     

氮和水分添加对内蒙古荒漠草原放牧生态系统土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分, 同时也是评价生态系统健康状况的重要指标, 对于评估退化草地恢复过程中生态系统功能具有重要意义。该研究在内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原长期放牧实验平台上进行, 该平台设置对照(CK)、轻度(LG)、中度(MG)和重度(HG) 4个放牧强度。通过在4个放牧处理区设置氮、水添加实验处理, 探讨不同放牧强度背景下, 氮、水补充对荒漠草原土壤呼吸过程的影响。结果表明: (1)历史放牧强度除2015年对土壤呼吸无显著影响, 2016和2017年都有显著影响, 放牧区3年平均土壤呼吸速率基本都高于对照区。此外, 氮和水分添加显著增加了MG区土壤呼吸速率, HG区氮、水同时添加对土壤呼吸速率有显著增加作用; (2)无论是历史放牧强度, 还是氮、水添加处理, 都没有改变荒漠草原生长季土壤呼吸速率的季节动态变化趋势, 土壤呼吸速率基本表现为单峰曲线模式, 峰值出现在水热同期的7月份; (3)不同年份生长季土壤呼吸速率对氮、水处理的响应并不相同, 氮添加至第3年产生显著影响。水分添加在平水年份(2015和2017年)对土壤呼吸产生显著影响, 但在丰水年份(2016年)无显著影响。氮、水共同添加分别在CK、LG和HG区3年平均土壤呼吸速率显著高于单独加水处理, 说明氮添加的有效性依赖于水分条件, 两者表现为协同作用; (4)不同处理下荒漠草原土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)值介于1.13-2.41之间, 平均值为1.71。在无氮、水添加时, 放牧区的Q₁₀值都小于CK区, 总体表现为CK 大于 MG 大于 LG 大于 HG; 加水和氮水共同添加处理后, Q₁₀值都有明显增加, 其中NW处理下Q₁₀值都增加到2.0以上。上述结果说明在过去受不同放牧强度影响的荒漠草原在停止放牧后的恢复过程中, 土壤水分仍是影响土壤呼吸的主导环境因子, 外源氮添加只有在满足一定水分供给的基础上才起作用, 尤其是过去的重度放牧区土壤呼吸速率对氮、水补充的响应最为强烈。该研究结果可以为评估荒漠草原恢复过程中土壤呼吸速率受养分和水分影响提供基础资料和依据。     

黄土高原不同植被带人工刺槐林土壤氮磷转化酶动力学参数及其温度敏感性

土壤酶是有机质降解的催化剂,其动力学特征是表征酶催化性能的重要指标,对评价土壤健康质量有重要作用。本研究选择黄土高原3种植被带下人工刺槐林土壤为对象,探讨了土壤酶动力学参数对温度变化的响应及其温度敏感性(Q₁₀)的变化特征。结果表明: 随着培养温度的升高,土壤丙氨酸转氨酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶的潜在最大反应速率(V_max)和半饱和常数(K_m)均呈线性增加,且V_max呈现出森林带>森林草原带>草原带的地带性规律。V_max的温度敏感性(Q10(V_max))为1.14～1.62,K_m的温度敏感性(Q_10(Km))为1.05～1.47,且两者在森林草原带的值均低于其他植被带。在低、高温区,不同土壤酶的Q₁₀在各植被带间的变化也不尽相同。冗余分析显示,Q₁₀与环境变量尤其是土壤养分有显著的相关关系,这表明Q₁₀可能还受到除温度以外其他环境因子的影响。     

Short-term nitrogen fertilization decreased root and microbial respiration in a young Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Aims As the primary pathway for CO₂ emission from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, soil respiration is estimated to be 80 Pg C·a^-1 to 100 Pg C·a^-1, equivalent to 10 fold of fossil fuel emissions. As an important management practice in plantation forests, fertilization does not only increase primary production but also affects soil respiration. To investigate how nitrogen (N) fertilization affects total soil, root and microbial respiration, a N fertilization experiment was conducted in a five-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in Huitong, Hunan Province, located in the subtropical region. MethodsOne year after fertilization, soil respiration was monitored monthly by LI-8100 from July 2013 to June 2014. Soil temperature and water content (0-5 cm soil depth) were also measured simultaneously. Available soil nutrients, fine root biomass and microbial communities were analyzed in June 2013. Important findings Total soil, root and microbial respiration rates were 22.7%, 19.6%, and 23.5% lower in the fertilized plots than in the unfertilized plots, respectively. The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of soil respiration ranged from 1.81 to 2.04, and the Q₁₀ value of microbial respiration decreased from 2.04 in the unfertilized plots to 1.84 in the fertilized plots. However, neither the Q₁₀ value nor the patterns of total soil respiration were affected by N fertilization. In the two-factor model, soil temperature and moisture accounted for 69.9%-79.7% of the seasonal variations in soil respiration. These results suggest that N fertilization reduces the response of soil organic carbon decomposition to temperature change and may contribute to the increase of soil carbon storage under global warming in subtropical plantations.     

Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration in shrublands in Mt. Dongling,Beijing, China

Aims Soil respiration from terrestrial ecosystems is an important component of terrestrial carbon budgets. Compared to forests, natural or semi-natural shrublands are mostly distributed in nutrient-poor sites, and usually considered to be relatively vulnerable to environmental changes. Increased nitrogen (N) input to ecosystems may remarkably influence soil respiration in shrublands. So far the effects of N deposition on shrubland soil respiration are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the soil respiration of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia shrublands and their response to N deposition. Methods We carried out a N enrichment experiment in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, with four N addition levels (N₀, control, 0; N₁, low N, 20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; N₂, medium N, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1 and N₃, high N, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1). Respiration was measured from 2012-2013 within all treatments.Important findings Under natural conditions, annual total and heterotrophic respiration were 5.91 and 4.23, 5.76 and 3.53 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 for the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands, respectively and both were not affected by short-term N addition. In both shrubland types, soil respiration rate exhibited significant exponential relationships with soil temperature. Temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of total soil respiration in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands ranged from 1.44 to 1.58 and 1.43 to 1.98, and Q₁₀ of heterotrophic soil respiration ranged from 1.38 to 2.11 and 1.49 to 1.88, respectively. Short-term N addition decreased only autotrophic respiration rate during the growing season, but had no significant effects on total and heterotrophic soil respiration in V. negundo var. heterophylla shrubland. In contrast, N addition enhanced the heterotrophic soil respiration rate and did not influence autotrophic and total soil respiration in S. salicifolia shrubland.     

Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration of Rhododendron simsii shrubland in the subtropical mountainous areas of China

Aims As the second largest C flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration plays a vital role in regulating atmosphere CO₂ concentration. Therefore, understanding the response of soil respiration to the increasing nitrogen deposition is urgently needed for prediction of future climate change. However, it is still unclear how nitrogen deposition influences soil respiration of shrubland in subtropical China. Our objectives were to explore the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration, root biomass increment, and litter biomass, and to analyze the relationships between soil respiration and soil temperature and moisture.
Methods From January 2013 to September 2014, we conducted a short-term simulated nitrogen deposition experiment in the Rhododendron simsii shrubland of Dawei Mountain, located in Hunan Province, southern China. Four levels of nitrogen addition treatments (each level with three replicates) were established: control (CK, no nitrogen addition), low nitrogen addition (LN, 2 g·m^-2·a^-1), medium nitrogen addition (MN, 5 g·m^-2·a^-1) and high nitrogen addition (HN, 10 g·m^-2·a^-1). Soil respiration was measured by LI-8100 soil CO₂ efflux system. At the same time, we measured root biomass increment and litter biomass in each plot.
Important findings Soil respiration exhibited a strong seasonal pattern, with the highest rates found in summer and the lowest rates in winter. Annual accumulative soil respiration rate in the CK, LN, MN and HN was (2.37 ± 0.39), (2.79 ± 0.42), (2.26 ± 0.38) and (2.30 ± 0.36) kg CO₂·m^-2, respectively. Annual mean soil respiration rate in the CK, LN, MN and HN was (1.71 ± 0.28), (2.01 ± 0.30), (1.63 ± 0.27) and (1.66 ± 0.26) μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, and it was 17.25% higher in the LN treatment compared with CK (p = 0.06). The root biomass increment was increased by LN, MN, and HN treatments by 18.36%, 36.49% and 61.63%, respectively, compared to CK. The litter biomass was increased by LN, MN, and HN treatments by 35.87%, 22.17% and 15.35%, respectively, compared with CK. Soil respiration exhibited a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature (p < 0.01, R² is 0.77 to 0.82) and a significant linear relationship with soil moisture at the depth of 5 cm (p < 0.05, R² is 0.10 to 0.15). The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) value of CK, LN, MN and HN plots was 3.96, 3.60, 3.71 and 3.51, respectively. These results suggested that nitrogen addition promoted plant growth and decreased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. The increase of root biomass under N addition may be an important reason for the change of soil respiration in the study area.     

北京山区不同植被类型的土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性

土壤呼吸作为陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,是生态系统碳循环研究中的热点问题.土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q₁₀)是估算土壤呼吸对全球变暖的反馈参数,研究不同植被类型的Q₁₀对评估森林生态系统碳收支具有重要意义.本研究以北京山区典型植被类型侧柏、油松和栓皮栎为研究对象,通过测定生长季内3种植被类型的土壤理化性质、土壤水热因素以及土壤呼吸速率(R_s)的变化,探究不同植被类型下的土壤呼吸特征及温度敏感性.结果表明:3种主要植被类型的R_s在生长季内与土壤温度、湿度的变化趋势相似,均呈现先升高后降低的单峰变化,R_s在4月初最低(0.45 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),随后逐渐增大,在7月初达到峰值(3.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),然后逐渐降低,3种植被类型的R_s和Q₁₀值均存在显著差异.土壤温度和湿度是土壤呼吸的重要影响因素,两者与R_s拟合的回归模型可以解析土壤呼吸速率48.1%～56.7%的变化.北京山区的Q₁₀值在2.05～3.19,在同一植被类型下,Q₁₀值与土壤有机碳含量呈显著负相关(R²>0.9),植被类型、海拔和土壤有机碳含量是造成不同植被类型Q₁₀值差异的重要原因.     

纬度梯度移栽对兴安落叶松针叶暗呼吸温度敏感性的影响

叶片暗呼吸温度敏感性对研究森林生态系统碳循环及其对气候变化的响应具有重要意义,但其树种内的变异性及季节动态还不清楚.本研究于2018年在同质园内测定了移栽自4个纬度(塔河、松岭、黑河和带岭)的兴安落叶松针叶的暗呼吸温度敏感系数(Q₁₀),旨在探索来自不同气候条件树木的Q₁₀的种内变异性及季节动态.结果表明: 4个移栽地的Q₁₀具有明显的季节动态,其最大值均出现在生长季中期.4个移栽地树木的Q₁₀存在显著差异,其变动范围为(1.48±0.01)～(2.15±0.03),并且在每个生长季阶段中差异的变化格局一致,即来自低纬度高温地区的树木Q₁₀值较大.Q₁₀与针叶氮浓度、可溶性糖浓度、移栽地年均气温和年均降水量间均存在显著正相关关系.综上,Q₁₀在移栽地之间的差异及其季节动态主要由针叶养分含量和树木对移栽原地气候的长期适应引起的,这些因素在森林碳循环对气候变化响应的模型和预测中应该予以考虑.     

Effects of precipitation intensity and temporal pattern on soil nitrogen mineralization in a typical steppe of Nei Mongol grassland

Aims Our objective is to: 1) explore the dynamics of soil nitrogen (N) mineralization in a grassland ecosystem in response to the changes in precipitation intensity and temporal distribution, and 2) identify the controlling factors.Methods The two study sites located in a typical steppe of the Nei Mongol grassland were fenced in 2013 and 1999, respectively. Our field experiment includes manipulations of three levels of precipitation intensity (increased 50%, decreased 50%, control) in three temporal patterns (increased or decreased precipitation for three years; increased or decreased precipitation for two years and no manipulation for one year; increased or decreased precipitation for one year and no manipulation for one year).Important findings 1) The soil net N mineralization and net nitrification rates decreased with changes in the temporal distributions of precipitation from one year to three years, with the maximum values of soil net N mineralization and nitrification rates observed in the treatments of increased or decreased precipitation for one year and no manipulation for one year (+PY1 or -PY1). This indicates that the high precipitation intensity and longer precipitation may have negative effects on soil net N mineralization and nitrification rates, while the moderate soilmoisture and temperature may stimulate soil mineralization. 2) The soil net N mineralization and nitrification rates, soil cumulative N mineralization, and nitrification in the fenced site in 1999 were higher than those in the site fenced in 2013, implying that a long-term enclosure may have promoted nutrient storage and soil quality restoration. 3) The long-term treatments of increased or decreased precipitation had significant effects on soil water content and temperature, whereas the short-term, discontinuous precipitation produced minor effects on soil moisture and temperature. Moreover, the controlling factors for soil N mineralization were different between the two fields. Soil moisture had a major effect on soil inorganic N content and net N mineralization rate in the site fenced in 2013, while soil temperature played a dominant role in the site fenced in 1999, with the net N mineralization rate depressed by higher soil moisture. Our findings suggest that the precipitation intensity and temporal distribution had important impacts on soil N mineralization in the Inner Mongolia grassland; these effects was site-dependent and particularly related to soil texture, community composition, and disturbance, and other factors.     

The influence of temperature on the behaviour of the Mexican jumping bean

1. 1.|The jumping behaviour of the Mexican jumping bean (Laspeyresia solitans) is stereotyped and predictable and has the characteristics of behaviour which is under the control of a central programme.

2. 2.|Temperatures above and below about 25°C decrease the length of time that movements occur. The movements stop relatively abruptly and not gradually. The duration of movements is apparently controlled by an internal timer whose duration of operation is influenced by temperature.

3. 3.|The frequency of movements show instantaneous temperature compensation from about 21 to 45°C (Q₁₀ = 1.23), whereas between 15 and 21°C there is a large temperature dependence (Q₁₀ = 21.9).

13C脉冲标记揭示放牧对高寒草甸同化碳分配的影响

放牧是人类对草地进行利用的重要方式之一, 放牧影响草地生态系统的结构和功能, 改变植物光合碳(C)分配, 进而改变土壤有机碳的储存。青藏高原的高寒草甸是世界上海拔最高的草地生态系统, 寒冷季节长等独特的环境特点使其具有高的土壤有机碳含量。为了揭示长期轻度放牧对植物光合碳分配及植物光合碳在各库之间运移的影响, 基于在青藏高原矮嵩草草甸开展的长期冬季轻度放牧和围栏封育实验, 利用 ¹³C示踪方法揭示了放牧对光合碳在植物地上、地下组织的分配以及光合碳在植物、土壤各碳库中的运移和滞留。研究结果发现, 在 ¹³C标记之后第30天, 冬季轻度放牧样地的植物地上部分内 ¹³C约占开始时 ¹³C含量的32%, 根和土壤中的 ¹³C约占22%, 植物地上部分呼吸中的 ¹³C量约占30%。在放牧和围封这两个不同处理中, 土壤中光合碳的滞留以及光合碳随土壤呼吸释放的速率存在显著差异。长期冬季轻度放牧促使植物将更多的光合碳输入到根和土壤碳库中。与围栏封育处理相比较, 放牧处理下的 ¹³C从植物地上部分输入到地下的速率较快, 通过土壤呼吸释放的速率也快, 而植物地上部分和植物地上部分呼吸中 ¹³C的量较低。另外, 高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤C储量在冬季轻度放牧和围栏封育处理下没有显著差异。我们的研究表明, 尽管冬季轻度放牧改变了植物光合碳分配在地上和地下碳库中的分配, 但是没有显著影响土壤碳库储量。     

Effects of environmental factors on gross caloric values of three life-forms aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China

Aims Gross caloric value (GCV) reflected plants’ capability of converting solar energy. It provided a reliable indicator of plants’ adaptations to environments in perspective of energy conversion and fixation. The aims of this study were (1) to illustrate the characteristics of GCV of aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, (2) to explore the geographical and environmental patterns and (3) to discuss the underlying mechanisms in forming the patterns.
Methods In July and August 2015, we collected 533 samples of aquatic plants’ leaves in 143 field sites on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and measured their GCV using SDACM-4000 oxygen bomb calorimeter. Together with mean annual temperature (MAT) of climatic factor and properties of water body, this study compared the differences of GCV among submerged, emergent and floating-leaved plants by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD. We further regressed GCV of submerged and emergent plants against geographical and climatic factors and properties of water body by simple regression to explore the relative effects of environmental factors on GCV.
Important findings On the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the mean GCV was (15.95 ± 3.90) kJ·g^-1. Among the three life forms, the rank of GCV was the emergent plants (18.10 kJ·g^-1) > the floating-leaved plants (16.77 kJ·g^-1) > the submerged plants (14.31 kJ·g^-1). With an increasing latitude, the GCV of emergent and submerged plants increased. Only GCV of emergent plants decreased with increasing altitude and temperature. The GCV of emergent and submerged plants increased with increased water salinity. Dissolved oxygen had significant negative effects on emergent plants, while pH value had no significant effects.     

Effects of elevated temperature on soil respiration in a coastal wetland during the non- growing season in the Yellow River Delta,China

Aims Winter soil respiration plays a crucial role in terrestrial carbon cycle, which could lose carbon gained in the growing season. With global warming, the average near-surface air temperatures will rise by 0.3 to 4.8 °C. Winter is expected to be warmer obviously than other seasons. Thus, the elevated temperature can significantly affect soil respiration. The coastal wetland has shallow underground water level and is affected by the fresh water and salt water. Elevated temperature can cause the increase of soil salinity, and as a result high salinity can limit soil respiration. Our objectives were to determine the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in a coastal wetland during the non-growing season, and to explore the responses of soil respiration to environmental factors, especially soil temperature and salinity.
Methods A manipulative warming experiment was conducted in a costal wetland in the Yellow River Delta using the infrared heaters. A complete random block design with two treatments, including control and warming, and each treatment was replicated each treatment four times. Soil respiration was measured twice a month during the non-growing season by a LI-8100 soil CO₂ efflux system. The measurements were taken every 2 h for 24 h at clear days. During each soil respiration measurement, soil environmental parameters were determined simultaneously, including soil temperature, moisture and salinity.
Important findings The diurnal variation of soil respiration in the warming plots was closely coupled with that in the control plots, and both exhibited single-peak curves. The daily soil respiration in the warming was higher than that in the control from November 2014 to January 2015. Contrarily, from March to April 2015. During the non-growing seasons, there were no significant differences in the daily mean soil respiration between the two treatments. However, soil temperature and soil salt content in the warming plots were significantly higher than those in the control plots. The non-growing season was divided into the no salt restriction period (November 2014 to middle February 2015) and salt restriction period (middle February 2015 to April 2015). During non-growing season, soil respiration in the warming had no significant difference compared with that in control. During the no salt restriction period, soil respiration in the warming was 22.9% (p < 0.01) greater than the control when soil temperature at 10 cm depth in warming was elevated by 4.0 °C compared with that in control. However, experimental warming decreased temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q₁₀). During salt restriction period, soil warming decreased soil respiration by 20.7% compared with the control although with higher temperature (3.3 °C), which may be attributed to the increased soil salt content (Soil electric conductivity increased from 4.4 ds·m^-1 to 5.3 ds·m^-1). The high water content can limit soil respiration in some extent. In addition, the Q₁₀ value in the warming had no significant difference compared with that in control during this period. Therefore, soil warming can not only increase soil respiration by elevating soil temperature, but also decrease soil respiration by increasing soil salt content due to evaporation, which consequently regulating the soil carbon balance of coastal wetlands.     

短期施氮肥降低杉木幼林土壤的根系和微生物呼吸

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要过程。在人工林生态系统中, 施肥不仅能提高人工林的生产力和固碳能力, 而且还会对土壤呼吸产生影响。为阐明施氮肥对人工林土壤总呼吸、根系和微生物呼吸的影响, 在中亚热带地区的湖南会同, 以5年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼林为研究对象, 施氮肥1年后, 利用LI-8100对土壤呼吸进行为期12个月的野外原位定点观测。结果发现: 施氮肥使土壤总呼吸、根系呼吸和微生物呼吸分别降低了22.7%、19.6%和23.5%; 土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为1.81-2.04, 施肥使土壤微生物呼吸的Q₁₀值从对照的2.04降低为1.84, 但土壤总呼吸的Q₁₀值没有发生显著变化; 施肥没有改变土壤呼吸的季节变化, 在双因素模型中, 土壤温度和含水量可以解释土壤呼吸季节变化的69.9%-79.7%。研究表明施氮肥能降低中亚热带地区杉木人工林土壤有机碳分解对温度升高的响应, 在全球变暖背景下有利于增加土壤有机碳储量。     

Responses of soil respiration to reduced water table and nitrogen addition in an alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

近20年来, 青藏高原高寒湿地经历了明显的气候变化, 从而导致多数湿地水位下降和氮沉降的增加。对于湿地生态系统来说, 水位下降意味着土壤通气性能的改善, 可能会导致土壤呼吸的增加; 而氮沉降的增加可能会降低土壤微生物生物量和pH值, 从而可能抑制土壤呼吸。为此, 在青海海北高寒草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站利用中宇宙(Mesocosm)实验方法, 探讨了青藏高原高寒泥炭型湿地土壤呼吸对水位降低和氮添加的响应。结果表明: (1)水位降低显著增强了土壤呼吸, 而氮添加对土壤呼吸的影响依赖于水位的变化: 对照水位下, 氮添加显著抑制土壤呼吸; 而水位降低时, 氮添加对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响。(2)土壤呼吸速率与地上生物量、枯落物累积量之间呈显著正相关关系, 而与根系生物量无显著相关关系。(3)水位降低显著提高了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性, 而氮添加对其无显著的影响。因此预测: 随着氮沉降的升高, 高寒泥炭湿地土壤CO₂的排放量将会减少; 然而随着暖干化背景下水位的降低, 青藏高原高寒湿地会排放更多的CO₂。     

Plant leaf traits,height and biomass partitioning in typical ephemerals under different levels of snow cover thickness in an alpine meadow

Aims In the cold life zones, snow cover is a comprehensive environmental factor that directly influences soil temperature, soil water content, light and nutrient availability. Plants in these zones develop a series of unique mechanisms involving phenological characteristics, reproductive strategies, physiology and morphology to adapt to environmental changes. This paper is focused on the responses of plant leaf traits, height and biomass partitioning to variations in snow cover thickness, in order to better understand the responses of plant functional traits and specific adaptation strategies under global climate change scenarios. Methods Three transects were established along a gradient of snow cover in an alpine meadow of Mt. Kaka, in the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Primula purdomii, Pedicularis kansuensis and Ranunculus tanguticus, which are three widely distributed and dominant ephemerals, were sampled and studied, particularly at their blooming stages. Plant height, specific leaf area (SLA) and biomass partitioning were measured accordingly. Important findings The values of SLA in Pedicularis kansuensis and R. tanguticus were relatively greater under better soil conditions; it was smaller in Primula purdomii with thick snow cover. The relationship between aboveground biomass and belowground biomass in Primula purdomii was allometric at sites with both thick and thin snow cover. No significant relationships were found between aboveground biomass and belowground biomass in Pedicularis kansuensis and R. tanguticus at some individual sites. However, when samples of the three species were pooled, the relationships between aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were allometric at all sites, which did not support isometric scaling hypothesis. In addition, on sites with either thick or thin snow cover, aboveground biomass had greater rate of accumulation than belowground biomass; whereas on sites with medium snow cover, the rate of biomass accumulation was greater for belowground component than aboveground component. Functional traits and biomass variables were better correlated in Primula purdomii and Pedicularis kansuensis than in R. tanguticus.     

内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物叶片与根系氮利用效率空间格局及影响因素

氮利用效率是植物的关键功能性状, 同时紧密关联生态系统功能, 但是目前对氮利用效率的区域格局及影响因素仍然不清楚。该研究分析了内蒙古和青藏高原草原82个调查地点、139种植物叶片和根系的氮利用效率及其与环境因素、植物功能群之间的关系, 实验结果显示: 1)草甸草原植物叶片的氮利用效率为53 g·g ^-1, 显著大于高寒草甸(46 g·g ^-1)、荒漠草原(41 g·g ^-1)和典型草原(39 g·g ^-1)。高寒草甸根系氮利用效率为108 g·g ^-1, 显著高于其他生态系统。2)叶片氮利用效率比根系对温度更加敏感, 但随着干旱指数的增加, 两者均表现出显著的降低趋势。3)杂类草叶片和根系氮利用效率低于莎草科和禾本科植物, 豆科植物叶片和根系氮利用效率分别比非豆科植物低48%和60%。4)植物氮利用效率与土壤氮含量之间没有显著关系。总体上, 内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物叶片和根系氮利用效率的空间格局存在差异, 主要影响因素为植物功能群和干旱指数。本研究系统揭示内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物氮利用效率的空间格局及关键驱动因子, 有助于在全球变化背景下了解我国草地生产力维持机制, 同时为草原生态系统管理提供科学依据。     

Responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to changes in soil temperature and moisture in a Stipa krylovii grassland in Nei Mongol

土壤异养呼吸在野外自然条件下除受温湿度影响外, 还受其他多种因子的综合影响, 很难利用野外观测数据确定土壤异养呼吸对温湿度变化的响应方程形式, 以及温湿度间是否存在交互作用。该研究在严格控制温湿度的条件下对内蒙古克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)(西北针茅(Stipa sareptana var. krylovii))草原土样进行室内培养实验, 旨在解决上述问题。该研究的正交实验包括5个温度梯度(9、14、22、30、40 ℃)和5个湿度梯度(土壤持水力(water holding capacity, WHC)分别为20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)。室内培养实验持续71天, 土壤异养呼吸速率测定为2天(后期为1周)一次, 土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量测定约为18天一次。研究结果显示: 土壤异养呼吸与温度呈显著正相关(p < 0.001)且温度间差异显著(p = 0.001), 呼吸温度敏感性(Q₁₀)与土壤水分含量呈正相关(p < 0.001); 呼吸与土壤水分二项式拟合效果较好, 在80% WHC时呼吸速率最大, 且最适湿度随温度上升而增加。土壤温度和水分的交互作用显著(p < 0.05), 土壤异养呼吸最适响应方程为lnRh = 0.914 + 0.098T + 0.046M + 0.001TM - 0.002T² - 0.001M² (Rh为异养呼吸, T为温度, M为湿度), 这说明加和形式的温湿度响应模型可能优于乘积形式。微生物生物量碳与土壤异养呼吸的相关性随培养时间发生变化, 土壤可溶性有机碳与土壤异养呼吸无显著相关(培养第20天除外), 原因可能是培养期间微生物死亡或群落结构改变导致微生物总体代谢活性的变化。