斜纹夜蛾发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

斜纹夜蛾Prodenialitura（Fabricius）属鳞翅目夜蛾科,是一种食性很杂的害虫,常间歇性大暴发。为给预测预报提供依据,更有效地防治斜纹夜蛾,作者对该虫发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。1材料与方法从烟田采回6龄幼虫放人养虫盆中,用新鲜烟叶饲养。羽化后,将成虫雌雄（1：1）配对移人产卵笼内,产卵笼内备有清洁的盆栽烟株,以收集经交配后所产的受精卵粒。1．1饲养方法：卵孵化后,挑取初孵幼虫单头饲养在备有烟叶的罐头瓶中,然后放人人工气候箱内恒温培养,24小时全光照,相对湿度控制在70％～80％,测试温度分别为18、21、24、…     

斜纹夜蛾发生期预测预报的探讨——有效积温预测法

根据斜纹夜蛾发育起点温度和有效积温,探讨了斜纹夜蛾发生期预测方法。结果表明,田间斜纹夜蛾发生高峰期与预测的日期基本吻合。     

美洲斑潜蝇发育起点温度及有效积温研究

设置6个温度12个湿度对美洲斑潜蝇卵、幼虫、蛹的发育速率进行了测定,结果表明：温度是影响孩虫发育的最重要因素;分别运用直线回归法和优选法计算发育起点温度和有效积温,结果是优选法的精确度较高;用优选法所得卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度分别为9．2、6．4、10．8、11．0℃,有效积温分别为4O．2、78．0、129．0、218．9日度。     

变温对甘蓝夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确自然变温环境对甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae生长发育和繁殖的影响,深入研究其对环境温度的适应性。【方法】在13~25℃(日平均19℃), 16~28℃(日平均22℃), 19~31℃(日平均25℃), 22~34℃(日平均28℃)和25~37℃(日平均31℃) 5个梯度变温条件下,以大豆Glycine max植株叶片为寄主材料饲养甘蓝夜蛾卵,测定其各虫态发育历期、发育速率、成虫繁殖力及发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】变温范围为13~25℃时甘蓝夜蛾发育历期最长,世代发育历期为65.93 d,显著长于其他变温处理。且随温度升高,其发育历期缩短,变温范围为22~34℃时,该虫发育历期最短,世代发育历期为38.46 d,显著短于其他变温处理。在变温范围为25~37℃时,该虫不能正常完成个体发育。在日平均温度(T)19~28℃范围内(最大温差12℃),甘蓝夜蛾卵、幼虫及蛹期的发育速率随温度升高而加快,且各个虫态发育速率(V)拟合方程均符合线性方程模型：V_卵期=0.125+0.048T, V_幼虫期=0.023+0.012T, V_蛹期0.027+0.013T, V_成虫=0.073+0.47T。甘蓝夜蛾雌雄成虫的寿命随着日平均温度的升高而逐渐缩短,雌雄成虫寿命在日变温范围13~25℃时最长,分别为7.91 d和8.00 d;在变温范围22~34℃时最短,分别为3.00 d和3.57 d。甘蓝夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫发育起点温度分别为7.98, 6.54, 9.36和10.78℃,有效积温依次为87.00, 607.36, 351.51和108.52 d·℃。16~28℃的变温范围更适合甘蓝夜蛾种群的生存与繁殖,其种群趋势指数I为117.81。【结论】甘蓝夜蛾属于偏低温适应性害虫,对高温环境适应能力较低。研究结果为进一步研究甘蓝夜蛾自然种群发生规律及其发生期、发生量预测预报提供了科学依据。     

温度对双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是近几年在中国大陆新发现的农业害虫,与二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(Mschler)形态相似,危害特点相同。明确温度对其生长发育的影响,对该害虫的预测预报和有效防控具有重要的指导意义。【方法】在光周期16L∶8D,RH 70%±10%的实验室条件下,设置17,21,25,29和33℃5个恒定温度,饲喂人工饲料,研究温度对双委夜蛾发育历期、死亡率及繁殖的影响,并计算各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】在17~33℃范围内,双委夜蛾均可以完成整个世代,各虫态发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;17和21℃下,双委夜蛾幼虫有7个龄期,而25℃以上时幼虫只有6个龄期。25℃下双委夜蛾死亡率最低(21.00%),单雌产卵量最高(763.95粒)。整个世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.38℃和1 015.36日·度。雌雄虫寿命和产卵期随温度的升高逐渐缩短,且各温度下雌虫寿命均较雄虫长,性比(雄雌比)均在1.18~1.20之间。【结论】25℃是双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

温度对咖啡豆象实验种群发育和繁殖的影响

为探讨温度对咖啡豆象Araecerus fasciculatus实验种群生长发育和繁殖参数的影响, 以及昆虫生命活动与环境因子之间的关系, 为其种群数量控制提供依据, 本研究在17, 20, 23, 26, 29和32℃下, 研究咖啡豆象各虫态的发育与繁殖; 用线性回归、Logistic模型及“王-兰-丁”模型对温度与咖啡豆象各虫态之间的数学关系进行拟合; 通过最小二乘法计算了咖啡豆象的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明: 17~29℃之间, 随着温度的升高, 咖啡豆象幼虫的发育速率逐渐增大, 至32℃, 发育速率稍微降低。温度为27.43℃时, 咖啡豆象幼虫有理论最大发育速率0.493 d^-1。卵、幼虫、蛹和卵-蛹期的发育起点温度分别为9.60, 11.48, 7.60和10.55℃, 有效积温分别为135.51, 523.57, 157.09和828.63日度。温度对咖啡豆象实验种群发育和繁殖有显著影响, 发育起点温度和有效积温较低是该虫危害严重的主要原因之一。本研究拟合数学模型可为该害虫的发生危害预测及综合管理提供技术支撑。     

温度和食料对斜纹夜蛾种群的影响

用正弦模型Ｖ（Ｔ）＝Ａ＋Ｂｓｉｎ（Ｃ０＋Ｃ１ｅ＾Ｃ３Ｔ＋Ｃ２ｅ＾－Ｃ３Ｔ）拟合了斜纹夜蛾（Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａ ｌｉｔｕｒａ）发育与温度的关系,并用直接最优法估算了斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段的温度阈值和所需热量。根据不同温度下的实验种群生命表资料,拟合了斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段的存活率与温度关系的模型,卵、低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹的理论最适温度分别为２６．７、２４．７、２４．９、２５．８℃。本文研究了甘蓝、     

草地贪夜蛾在不同温度条件下的生长发育特性

为掌握草地贪夜蛾的主要生物学特性,本文在5个恒温条件下:20℃、25℃、28℃、32℃和35℃,采用玉米苗作为饲料,测定了不同虫态的发育历期、繁殖力、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在20~35℃温度条件下,草地贪夜蛾的发育历期随着温度的升高逐渐下降,完成一个世代发育历期在23.0~48.3 d;其中,卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和世代发育起点温度分别为:12.70℃、11.11℃、11.01℃、5.65℃和9.21℃,有效积温分别为:39.40日·度、201.25日·度、134.12日·度、171.06日·度和636.53日·度;20~32℃是卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫产卵的适宜温度,15℃、35℃恒温条件下不适宜草地贪夜蛾的生长发育。根据本试验测定的发育起点温度与有效积温,推测草地贪夜蛾在滇中、滇西、滇南、滇东南、滇西南、滇东北、滇西北年发生世代分别为2.18~8.59代、2.28~10.15代、3.43~12.13代、3.15~8.46代、2.75~9.39代、1.38~6.87代、1.11~6.72代。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊发育起点温度和有效积温

在实验室条件下对刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,发育历期缩短;刺槐叶瘿蚊的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和全世代的发育起点温度分别为4.51,6.15,4.79和14.17℃,有效积温分别为62.20,281.42,124.45和55.48日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为8.01℃,有效积温为506.93日.度;刺槐叶瘿蚊在秦皇岛年发生代数的预测值为5.12~5.76代。     

斜纹夜蛾的生物学特性

通过室内饲养及田间调查,揭示了斜纹夜蛾生活史、各虫态发育历期及存活率;测定了各龄幼虫的取食量、成虫性比及产卯量;同时揭示了田间成虫种群消长动态。     

Pathways in the emergence of developmental neuroethology: Antecedents to current views of neurobehavioral ontogeny

The historical forces that have contributed to our current views of neurobehavioral development (and thus to the fields of developmental psychobiology and neuroethology) are many and varied. Although similar statements might be made about almost any field of science, it is in particular true of this field, which represents a kind of mongrel discipline derived from at least three major sources (psychology, embryology, and neuroscience) and several more minor ones (including developmental psychology and psychiatry, psychoanalysis, education, zoology, ethology, and sociology). Although I attempt to demonstrate here how each of these sources may have influenced the emergence of a unified field of developmental psychobiology or developmental neuroethology, because the present article represents the first attempt of which I am aware to trace the history of these fields I am certain that there is considerable room for improvement, correction, and revision of the views expressed here. Accordingly, I consider this inaugural effort a kind of reconnaissance intended to trace a necessarily imperfect historic path for others to follow and improve upon. In the final analysis, I will be satisfied if this article only serves to underscore two related points: first is the value derived from historical studies of contemporary issues in development, and the second concerns the extent to which our current ideas and concepts about neurobehavioral development, ideas often considered new and contemporary, were already well known to those who came before us. The first point underscores the arguments expressed in the Introduction that the present must always be reconciled with the past, for the past is never entirely past. The second point returns full circle to an important thought expressed in the opening quotation to this article, namely, that even though our historic predecessors lacked much of the empirical facts available to us they were nonetheless able to attain a surprisingly deep understanding of neurobehavioral ontogeny. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Development of fluctuating asymmetry in tail feathers of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica

Fluctuating asymmetry represents usually small, random deviations from symmetry in bilateral morphological characters. The ontogeny of asymmetry in morphological characters may reveal information about developmental processes in a general sense. I studied the development of fluctuating asymmetry in feather characters of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica, that are developed repeatedly during the single annual moult, with the following results. First, the side developing a larger feather was found to be partially biased, as demonstrated by one side consistently developing a larger feather under natural and experimentally induced growth episode events. Second, asymmetric feathers were found to consist of asymmetric daily growth increments, and the size of the increments developing under different environmental conditions were positively correlated. Third, fluctuating asymmetries of feathers developing under different environmental conditions were positively correlated, although the level of asymmetry was larger under adverse environmental conditions. Fourth, individual asymmetries in tail length and growth bar length were unrelated to the duration of the developmental period, although late growth increments were smaller and more symmetric than early increments. These observations suggest that fluctuating asymmetry partially arises as a consequence of a random bias in the feather follicles and differences in environmental conditions during ontogeny of feathers.     

A simple model of the relationship between asymmetry and developmental stability

The relationship between developmental stability and morphological asymmetry is derived under the standard view that structures on each side of an individual develop independently and are normally distributed. I use developmental variance of sizes of parts, V_D, as the converse of developmental stability, and assume that V_D follows a gamma distribution. Repeatability of asymmetry, a measure of how informative asymmetry is about V_D, is quite insensitive to the variance in V_D, for example only reaching 20% when the coefficient of variation of V_D is 100%. The coefficient of variation of asymmetry, CV_FA, also increases very slowly with increasing population variation in V_D. CV_FA values from empirical data are sometimes over 100%, implying that developmental stability is sometimes more variable than any previously studied type of trait. This result suggests that alternatives to this model may be needed.     

The beak of the other finch: coevolution of genetic covariance structure and developmental modularity during adaptive evolution

The link between adaptation and evolutionary change remains the most central and least understood evolutionary problem. Rapid evolution and diversification of avian beaks is a textbook example of such a link, yet the mechanisms that enable beak''s precise adaptation and extensive adaptability are poorly understood. Often observed rapid evolutionary change in beaks is particularly puzzling in light of the neo-Darwinian model that necessitates coordinated changes in developmentally distinct precursors and correspondence between functional and genetic modularity, which should preclude evolutionary diversification. I show that during first 19 generations after colonization of a novel environment, house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) express an array of distinct, but adaptively equivalent beak morphologies—a result of compensatory developmental interactions between beak length and width in accommodating microevolutionary change in beak depth. Directional selection was largely confined to the elimination of extremes formed by these developmental interactions, while long-term stabilizing selection along a single axis—beak depth—was mirrored in the structure of beak''s additive genetic covariance. These results emphasize three principal points. First, additive genetic covariance structure may represent a historical record of the most recurrent developmental and functional interactions. Second, adaptive equivalence of beak configurations shields genetic and developmental variation in individual components from depletion by natural selection. Third, compensatory developmental interactions among beak components can generate rapid reorganization of beak morphology under novel conditions and thus greatly facilitate both the evolution of precise adaptation and extensive diversification, thereby linking adaptation and adaptability in this classic example of Darwinian evolution.     

Linear and threshold-dependent expression of secondary sexual traits in the same individual: insights from a horned beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Elaborate horns or horn‐like structures in male scarab beetles commonly scale with body size either (a) in a linear fashion with horn size increasing relatively faster than body size or (b) in a threshold‐dependent, sigmoid fashion; that is, males smaller than a certain critical body size develop no or only rudimentary horns, whereas males larger than the threshold size express fully developed horns. The development of linear vs. sigmoid scaling relationships is thought to require fundamentally different regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that such disparate regulatory mechanisms may co‐occur in the same individual. Large males of the south‐east Asian Onthophagus (Proagoderus) watanabei (Ochi & Kon) (Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini) develop a pair of long, curved head horns as well as a single thoracic horn. We show that unlike paired head horns in a large number of Onthophagus species, in O. watanabei the relationship between head horns and body size is best explained by a linear model. Large males develop disproportionately longer horns than small males, but the difference in relative horn sizes across the range of body sizes is small compared to other Onthophagus species. However, the scaling relationship between the thoracic horn and body size is best explained by a strongly sigmoid model. Only males above a certain body size threshold express a thoracic horn and males smaller than this threshold express no horn at all. We found a significant positive correlation between head and thoracic horn length residuals, contrary to what would be expected if a resource allocation tradeoff during larval development would influence the length of both horn types. Our results suggest that the scaling relationship between body size and horn length, and the developmental regulation underlying these scaling relationships, may be quite different for different horns, even though these horns may develop in the same individual. We discuss our results in the context of the developmental biology of secondary sexual traits in beetles. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 83 , 473–480.     

Architectural plasticity in a Mediterranean winter annual

Size variability in plants may be underlain by overlooked components of architectural plasticity. In annual plants, organ sizes are expected to depend on the availability and reliability of resources and developmental time. Given sufficient resources and developmental time, plants are expected to develop a greater number of large branches, which would maximize fitness in the long run. However, under restrictive growth conditions and environmental reliability, developing large branches might be risky and smaller branches are expected to foster higher final fitness. Growth and architecture of Trifolium purpureum (Papilionaceae) plants from both Mediterranean (MED) and semi-arid (SAR) origins were studied, when plants were subjected to variable water availability, photoperiod cues and germination timing. Although no clear architectural plasticity could be found in response to water availability, plants subjected to photoperiod cuing typical to late spring developed fewer basal branches. Furthermore, plants that germinated late were significantly smaller, with fewer basal branches, compared with plants which grew for the same time, starting at the beginning of the growing season. The results demonstrate an intricate interplay between size and architectural plasticities, whereby size modifications are readily induced by environmental factors related to prevalent resource availability but architectural plasticity is only elicited following the perception of reliable anticipatory cues.     

Effects of the egg incubation environment on turtle carapace development

Developing organisms are often exposed to fluctuating environments that destabilize tissue-scale processes and induce abnormal phenotypes. This might be common in species that lay eggs in the external environment and with little parental care, such as many reptiles. In turtles, morphological development has provided striking examples of abnormal phenotypic patterns, though the influence of the environment remains unclear. To this end, we compared fluctuating asymmetry, as a proxy for developmental instability, in turtle hatchlings incubated in controlled laboratory and unstable natural conditions. Wild and laboratory hatchlings featured similar proportions of supernumerary scales (scutes) on the dorsal shell (carapace). Such abnormal scutes likely elevated shape asymmetry, which was highest in natural nests. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that hot and dry environments cause abnormal scute formation by subjecting eggs to a range of hydric and thermal laboratory incubation regimes. Shape asymmetry was similar in hatchlings incubated at five constant temperatures (26–30°C). A hot (30°C) and severely Dry substrate yielded smaller hatchlings but scutes were not overtly affected. Our study suggests that changing nest environments contribute to fluctuating asymmetry in egg-laying reptiles, while clarifying the conditions at which turtle shell development remains buffered from the external environment.     

The axolotl mutants

The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) has enjoyed wide use in experimental embryology for over 100 yr. Its usefulness has been extended into the area of developmental genetics largely due to the contributions of R. Briggs and R. R. Humphrey at Indiana University. To date over 30 mutants have been described, almost all of which affect development. Some of these have been discovered in inbred strains while others have been uncovered in recent Mexican imports. These mutants can be subdivided into several major classes. Maternal effect mutations lead to deficiencies in informational, structural, or metabolic components of the egg essential to early development prior to the time at which the embryo's own genome becomes active. In contrast, the developmental lethals affect later stages in embryogenesis when both morphogenetic and biochemical events are determined exclusively by the genotype of the embryo. Most lead to death at about feeding stage. Some, the cell lethals, are believed to suffer from fundamental metabolic defects affecting all parts of the embryo. Others affect the development of specific organs or tissues. The developmental nonlethals also affect specific systems, but ones that are not essential to survival. Some affect the development and survival of pigment cells and these, along with isozyme variants, are useful as markers in developmental experiments. A number of the mutants have been studied in detail, but others scarcely at all. The purpose of this review is to bring them to the attention of all developmental biologists in the hope that their potential will be even more widely recognized.     

榆黄毛萤叶甲的发育起点温度与有效积温的测定

【目的】有效防控榆黄毛萤叶甲Pyrrhalta maculicollis(Mots.)在吐鲁番地区的危害。【方法】本研究在室内设置22、25、28、31和34℃5个温度梯度,分别测定榆黄毛萤叶甲各虫态的发育历期,并以有效积温法则和"最小二乘法"计算出榆黄毛萤叶甲各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期及全世代的发育起点温度分别为13.83、12.64、12.48、14.63和14.01℃,有效积温分别为83.99、186.32、121.50、185.42和550.54日·度。榆黄毛萤叶甲发育速率与温度的关系分别采用线性日度模型式和Logistic曲线模型式进行拟合,建立各虫态发育速率与温度关系模型。由Lagrange中值定理求出各虫态的发育最适温度、适宜温区,其全世代的分别为:Tmid为28.23℃、Tmin为14.36℃、Tmax为42.11℃。【结论】明确了榆黄毛萤叶甲各虫态的发育起点温度及有效积温,计算出了各虫态的理论发育最适温度及适宜温区,为准确预报榆黄毛萤叶甲发生期及有效防治提供理论依据。