中药海藻质量评价研究

对从不同地方收集到的5个中药商品海藻进行品种鉴定,分别为马尾藻科半叶马尾藻、海蒿子、羊栖菜、海黍子、铜藻。水提醇沉法提取海藻粗多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,用Bradford法测定蛋白质含量。比较发现,作为海藻正品使用的海蒿子和羊栖菜的多糖含量均高于其他马尾藻品种。半叶马尾藻由于多糖和蛋白的含量差异不大,可以作为代用品,但铜藻不能代替使用。     

2008年夏季青岛近海浒苔无机元素含量分析

2008年夏季对青岛近海栈桥、汇泉湾和五四广场三个海域的漂浮浒苔进行了样本采集,针对其12种无机元素进行了含量分析与比较,并与2007年夏季三个海域的浒苔的无机元素含量进行了比较。结果表明,2008年采自汇泉湾海域的漂浮浒苔的Ca,Cu,N,Na和P含量在三个海域中最高,而采自五四广场的漂浮浒苔的Fe,Mn,Pb和Zn含量最高,Cd,K和Mg的含量在三个海域的水平相差不大。与2007年相同海域比较,2008年的漂浮浒苔更富含Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na和P。另外,与海带和紫菜比较,浒苔中的Fe,Mg和Na含量较高,而P和Zn含量较低,Ca和K含量,低于海带而高于紫菜中的含量;有害元素Cd和Pb含量远低于相应的藻类制品卫生标准（GB19643—2005）和无公害产品海藻（NY5056-005）中的限量要求。结果从无机元素角度为浒苔的综合利用提供数据支持。     

条浒苔和缘管浒苔对镉胁迫的生理响应比较

为探讨大型海藻对重金属胁迫的生理响应及耐受机制,以条浒苔（Enteromorpha clathrata）和缘管浒苔（Enteromorpha linza）为试验材料,研究了不同浓度的镉（Cd2 ）处理7天对两个浒苔品种的生长、叶绿素（Chl）和类胡萝卜素（Car）含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及可溶性糖（SS）和可溶性蛋白含量（SP）的影响。结果表明：随着Cd2 浓度的增加,条浒苔和缘管浒苔鲜重和相对生长速率（RGR）与对照相比显著下降,且条浒苔的鲜重和RGR降低幅度大于缘管浒苔。镉胁迫下,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素a/叶绿素b（Chla/Chlb）、PSⅡ最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率（Yield）、最大相对电子传递速率（rETRmax即Pm）和光能利用效率（α）、可溶性蛋白含量随着Cd2 浓度的升高均出现下降趋势,除了叶绿素外,条浒苔的其它指标的降幅要大于缘管浒苔。随着镉胁迫强度的增加,浒苔可溶性糖含量呈现逐渐显著上升。上述表明,条浒苔和缘管浒苔对Cd2 胁迫均具有一定的适应能力,且缘管浒苔耐镉性高于条浒苔。在镉胁迫下,维持较高的Car含量、Chla/Chlb、Fv/Fm、Yield、rETRmax、α、SS含量、SP含量是缘管浒苔耐镉性高于条浒苔的主要原因。     

温度对4种大型海藻氮磷吸收效率及光合生理特性的影响

研究以裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、肠浒苔(Ulva intestinalis)、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneaformis)、坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)为实验材料, 分析了不同温度(15、20、25、30℃)下4种大型海藻对海水中N、P元素的吸收效率和光合特性的特点。结果显示: (1)4种大型海藻对水体N、P均有明显的吸收效果, 吸收能力高低依次为肠浒苔>裂片石莼>坛紫菜>龙须菜; (2)温度过高或过低都会限制藻类对N、P的吸收和正常生长, 同时降低4种藻的相对电子传递速率及光化学效率; (3)裂片石莼与肠浒苔的N、P吸收能力强, 且光合系统对温度耐受性高, 是实施养殖污水生物净化的良好材料; (4)4种海藻对水体中N、P营养盐的吸收在48h内基本完成, 实地应用中可考虑24—48h周期换水或采用流通循环式的培养模式, 以达到既促进藻类的生长又提高营养盐吸收效率的目的, 以避免藻体因营养缺乏引起负生长而造成二次污染。     

温度和盐度对浒苔生长和光合生理特性的影响

为研究海水盐度和温度对大型海藻光合生理影响的复合效应,选取浒苔（Ulva prolifera）为实验材料,探讨不同温度（22℃和15℃）和不同盐度（25和10）对浒苔的相对生长速率、色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、可溶性蛋白含量等影响。结果表明:在低温条件下,盐度对浒苔生长的影响不显著,而在正常温度条件下,盐度降低显著降低了浒苔的生长;在低盐条件下,尽管差异不显著,温度降低呈现出促进浒苔生长的趋势,但在正常盐度条件下,低温降低了浒苔的生长。相对于温度变化,盐度变化对浒苔潜在的光合效率（F_v/F_m）影响不明显,但低温低盐处理下浒苔具有较高的效光化学效率（F_v’/F_m’）、光能利用效率（α）、非光化学淬灭（NPQ）、SOD酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量。     

2007年夏季青岛石莼科(Ulvaceae)绿藻无机元素含量分析

2007年夏季对青岛沿海石莼科绿藻,包括定生石莼Ulva、定生浒苔Enteromorpha以及漂浮浒苔Enteromorpha进行了样本采集,针对其17种金属元素和3种非金属元素进行了含量分析与比较。结果表明,石莼科绿藻对铅、镉、铜、砷、锌等元素有较强的富集作用,可以作为海洋环境的藻类指示生物。另外,漂浮浒苔中多种元素含量明显少于定生种类,特别是铁、铝、磷等元素含量差别非常悬殊,最高可达100倍;相反的是,漂浮浒苔的钙元素含量接近于定生种类的两倍。上述结果可为石莼、浒苔等大型绿藻的加工利用提供参考。     

2010年—2011年山东近海石莼属绿潮藻的种类鉴定

山东近海近年来连续遭遇绿潮危害,绿潮种类组成是否发生变化?尚未有研究加以解决。2010年—2011年,对山东近海海域漂浮藻进行了调查和取样,选取采集的29株漂浮石莼属样品和2株固着石莼属样品,进行了形态学观察,并对其核糖体ITS、叶绿体rbcL基因和5S rDNA间隔序列进行了分子系统发育分析。结果表明,山东近海石莼属绿潮由浒苔U.prolifera、孔石莼U.pertusa和扁浒苔U.compressa共同构成,浒苔是优势绿潮藻种群,其次为孔石莼,扁浒苔发生很少。     

两种浒苔无机碳利用对温度响应的机制

为了探讨温度对大型海藻无机碳利用机制的影响,选择了潮间带常见的绿藻缘管浒苔 （Ulva linza）和浒苔（Ulva prolifera）为实验材料,研究了碳酸酐酶抑制剂乙酰唑磺胺（AZ）和己氧苯并噻唑磺胺（EZ）在不同的温度下对藻体光合作用的影响。实验设置6个温度梯度（5、10、15、20、25和30℃）。结果表明,缘管浒苔和浒苔都有很强的无机碳利用能力,而温度对此有显著的影响。但他们之间存在明显的种间差异。缘管浒苔对温度的依赖性要强于浒苔,其对温度的适应范围要窄于浒苔,尤其是在高温下（30℃）,缘管浒苔的最大光合作用能力与最适温度相比下降了56%,而浒苔仅为20%,这表明在高温的情况下,浒苔比缘管浒苔具有更强的生存适应能力,这是浒苔能够在绿潮藻占有绝对优势的原因之一。对缘管浒苔来说,在低温（5℃）和高温（30℃）时,无机碳的转运主要是通过胞外碳酸酐酶的催化作用,而在15℃时,加入胞外碳酸酐酶的抑制剂对无机碳的转运没有明显的影响,这表明在此温度下其他无机碳转运形式可以有效补偿胞外碳酸酐酶的作用。在其他的温度下,胞外碳酸酐酶和其他无机碳转运方式各占一定的比例。而对于浒苔来说,在低温5℃时,其他无机碳转运形式占主要作用,而从10℃开始,胞外碳酸酐酶作用比例显著增加,并且保持在相同的水平上。     

三种大型绿藻光合能力的差异及其在珊瑚养殖中的应用

利用水下饱和脉冲调制叶绿素荧光仪(Diving-PAM)测定了珊瑚养殖水处理中3种常见大型海藻石莼(Ulva lactuca)、条浒苔(Enteromorpha clathrata)和羽状蕨藻(Caulerpa mexicana)光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),快速光曲线(RLC)相关参数和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)。结果表明:石莼和条浒苔的Fv/Fm分别为0.808±0.004和0.816±0.009,显著高于羽状蕨藻。最大相对电子传递速率rETRmax(17.52±2.92和19.59±4.43μmol e·m-2·s-1)、半饱和光强Ik(53.41±8.18和59.71±13.52μmol photons·m-2·s-1)也明显高于羽状蕨藻(rETRmax和Ik分别为13.72±5.41μmol e·m-2·s-1和32.67±14.06μmol photons·m-2·s-1),表明石莼和条浒苔有着比羽状蕨藻更高的光合能力和对强光的耐受能力,光保护能力更强;羽状蕨藻较高的RLC初始斜率α表明其在弱光下拥有更强的光捕获能力,弱光下光合效率更高;随光照的增强(0~373μmol photons·m-2·s-1),羽状蕨藻NPQ的增幅有限(0~0.2),最大值仅为条浒苔和石莼的38.1%和62.5%,表明这种藻类更容易受到强光的抑制。因此,在珊瑚养殖的水处理中,可以根据不同的光照选择适宜的藻种或藻种组合并根据光梯度进行布局,反之也可以根据藻种来选择合适的光源,以达到最佳的处理效率。     

褐藻77 K荧光特异性研究

测定了裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带、囊藻、海蒿子、鼠尾藻、萱藻和水云等８种褐藻的７７Ｋ荧光光谱并同菠菜和红藻条斑紫菜作了比较。结果表明与红藻和高等植物明显不同,褐藻没有作为ＰＳＩ特征的７３０ｎｍ荧光峰。按荧光主峰的波长,可以分为二种类型：裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带和囊藻的荧光主峰位于６９０ｎｍ,海蒿子、萱藻、水云和鼠尾藻的荧光主峰在７０５～７２０ｎｍ。这种７７Ｋ荧光特异性预示褐藻同高等植物之间在ＰＳＩ结构上的差异。     

Neodictyoprolenol and dictyoprolenol, the possible biosynthetic intermediates of dictyopterenes, in the Japanese brown algae Dictyopteris

Neodictyoprolenol [(-)-(3S)-(1,5Z,8Z)-undecatrien-3-ol] and dictyoprolenol [(-)-(3S)-(1,5Z,8Z)-undecadien-3-ol]), which had been proposed as possible biosynthetic intermediates of the sex pheromones of marine brown algae such as dictyopterene B [(-)-trans-1-((1'E,3'Z)-hexadienyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane], D' [(+)-6-((1'Z)-butenyl)-1,4-cycloheptadiene] and C' [(+)-6-butyl-1,4-cycloheptadiene], were again identified in the essential oils from Dictyopteris prolifera, D. latiscula, and in D. undulata, together with the C11-related volatile compounds such as neodictyoprolene, dictyoprolene and dictyopterenes. Incubation of D. prolifela preparation with racemic neodictyoprolenol and dictyoprolenol as substrates showed (S)-enantioselective decreases of the added substrates and increases in dictyopterenes. From these results, a possible pathway to form dictyopterenes is discussed.     

18SrDNA序列分析鉴定棕囊藻香港株P2为球形棕囊藻

有毒赤潮原因种棕囊藻(Phaeocystis sp.)生活史复杂,且形体微小,缺乏明确可靠的分类标准。1997、1999年中国东南沿海发生两次棕囊藻赤潮,但目前种的鉴定仍存在混乱。本文测定了香港海域一株棕囊藻赤潮原因种P₂的18SrDNA部分核苷酸序列,序列长度为650bp,并对其进行了分子鉴定,结果表明其为球形棕囊藻(P.globosa)。     

Rapid and simple determination of selenium and other trace elements in very small blood samples by XRF

Selenium and other trace elements (Cu, Zn, Br, and Rb) were determined in very small (0.75 μL) human serum and mice whole blood samples, by an XRF method. Accurate results of elemental concentration were obtained without the need of exact volume measurement, because of the backscatter correction used. The XRF method is highly sensitive (M.D.L.=0.06, 0.13, 0.09, 0.07, and 0.05 ppm for Se, Cu, Zn, Br, and Rb, respectively), rapid (counting time—100 s/sample), easy to perform and therefore suitable for routine trace element analyses. The results obtained are in good agreement with the values reported in the literature.     

X-ray fluorescence-based differentiation of neck tissues in a bovine model: Implications for potential intraoperative use

This study explores the possibility of using X-ray fluorescence (XRF)-based trace-element analysis for differentiation of various bovine neck tissues. It is motivated by the requirement for an intra-operative in-vivo method for identifying parathyroid glands, particularly beneficial in surgery in the central neck-compartment. Using a dedicated X-ray spectral analysis, we examined ex-vivo XRF spectra from various histologically verified fresh neck tissues from cow, which was chosen as the animal model; these tissues included fat, muscle, thyroid, parathyroid, lymph nodes, thymus and salivary gland. The data for six trace elements K, Fe, Zn, Br, Rb and I, provided the basis for tissue identification by using multi-parameter analysis of the recorded XRF spectra. It is shown that the combination of XRF signals from these elements is sufficient for a reliable tissue differentiation. The average total abundance of these trace elements was evaluated in each tissue type, including parathyroid and salivary gland for the first time. It is shown that some tissues can unequivocally be identified on the basis of the abundance of a single element, for example, iodine and zinc for the identification of thyroid gland and muscle, respectively.     

Multielement compositions of marine phytoplankton samples from coastal areas of japan by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Phytoplankton samples were collected during spring bloom of diatoms from three coastal areas of Japan using a NORPAC P-25 net (25-Μm opening) with a NGG52 prenet (335-Μm opening), and 25 major and trace elements have been analyzed by INAA. Concentration ranges of analyzed phytoplankton samples are much wider than the concentration ranges compiled by Bowen (1979) except for As, and data of marine phytoplankton samples for Br, Sb, Hf, Sc, La, Ce, Sm, and Eu were not included in the compilation. The 25 analyzed elements have been categorized into three groups: elements showing positive correlation with Br, positive correlation with Al, and no positive correlation with Br or Al. The marine phytoplankton samples have been plotted on a Masuzawa-Koyama-Terazaki (MKT) plot and it proved that the MKT plot is applicable to marine phytoplankton samples.     

Screening marine algae from China for their antitumor activities

Thirty-nine species of marine algae collected from the coast of China were screened for their antitumor activities, and eight species Leathesia difformes, Polysiphonia urcedata, Scytosiphon lomentarius, Gloiopeliis furcata, Punctaria latifolia, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Rhodomela confervoides and Ulva pertusa showed potent cytotoxic activities. Three, Rhodomela confervoides, Scytosiphon lomentarius and Gloiopeliis furcata, were used for further investigation. More than 30 compounds were isolated and purified, and 14 bromophenols, 1 steroid and 1 carotene were identified by advanced spectroscopic methods including IR, MS, and NMR techniques. Amongst the 16 identified compounds, 7 showed vigorously selective activities against KB, Bel7402 and A549 cancer cells, and 6 bromophenols were new compounds.     

THE PHYLOGENETICS OF ACROCHAETIALES REVISITED: INFERENCES FROM RBCL AND CHLOROPLAST ENCODED 23S RRNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

Recent molecular evidence from 23S rRNA sequences has shed light on the phylogenetic status of Acrochaetiales and Palmariales, suggesting a paraphyletic Acrochaetiales and a monophyletic Palmariales-Acrochaetiales assemblage characterized by the absence of both the carpogonial filament and associated post-fertilization fusions. It has also brought into question the status of Palmariales. Despite these findings, the familial and generic systematics of Acrochaetiales have remained somewhat obscure, in large part due to inadequate taxon and gene sampling. In the present study we address this problem by performing phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and 23S r RNA sequences from acrochaetioid algae covering a broad range of morphologies. Our results confirm elements from several primarily chloroplast based classification schemes (Papenfuss 1945, 1947; Stegenga 1979, 1985; Lee & Lee 1988) while also providing new phylogenetics insight. Two groups are supported at the most inclusive level. Group I is marine, has parietal chloroplasts, and includes three clades delimited primarily by the presence/absence of pyrenoids, number of chloroplasts, and possibly spore germination pattern. Group II is more heterogeneous and consists of three clades differentiated largely by chloroplast type (stellate/parietal, pyrenoid present/absent) and number, habitat (marine/freshwater) and life history. Systematic criteria drawn from the closely related order Palmariales suggest that we recognize Group I as a new family, Colaconemataceae, and the three taxa in Group II as Acrochaetiaceae, Rhodochortonaceae and Audouinellaceae. Furthermore, each of the three groups in Colaconemataceae could be regarded at the generic level. We also report on the utility of 23S rRNA for red algal systematics.     

Marine pharmacology in 1999: compounds with antibacterial,anticoagulant, antifungal,anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory,antiplatelet, antiprotozoal and antiviral activities affecting the cardiovascular,endocrine, immune and nervous systems,and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action

This review, a sequel to the 1998 review, classifies 63 peer-reviewed articles on the basis of the reported preclinical pharmacological properties of marine chemicals derived from a diverse group of marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. In all, 21 marine chemicals demonstrated anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antituberculosis or antiviral activities. An additional 23 compounds had significant effects on the cardiovascular, sympathomimetic or the nervous system, as well as possessed anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant or fibrinolytic effects. Finally, 22 marine compounds were reported to act on a variety of molecular targets, and thus could potentially contribute to several pharmacological classes. Thus, during 1999 pharmacological research with marine chemicals continued to contribute potentially novel chemical leads in the ongoing global search for therapeutic agents for the treatment of multiple disease categories.     

Long-Term Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution of Ussuri Bay,Sea of Japan

Russian Journal of Marine Biology - The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were studied in the brown algae Sargassum miyabei Yendo and S. pallidum (Turner) C. Agardh collected in...