鲁西北草坪植食性昆虫的种类组成及危害现状

普查了鲁西北地区草坪植食性昆虫的种类 ,共发现草坪植食性昆虫及其它有害动物 5 5种 ,其中成灾种类 2 0多种 ,例如危害禾本科草坪的草地螟、赤须盲蝽、麦牧野螟、灰飞虱和叶蝉类、危害白三叶草的烟蓟马、甜菜白带野螟、豆卷叶螟和多种盲蝽象以及在两类草坪上均造成严重危害的大青叶蝉、黄地老虎和蛴螬类等 ,首次报道了小蓑蛾和梨冠网蝽可对三叶草造成危害。研究了草坪害虫的分布特点及主要害虫的消长规律 ,发现不同区域、不同栽培环境害虫种类组成不同 ;同一区域在不同年份、不同季节优势种群不同。并针对草坪害虫的时空分布提出了几点治理对策     

关于绿僵菌的异名

绿僵菌(Metarizium anisopliae)是一种昆虫病原真菌,用于防治蛴螬等害虫很有效。国内已开始研究。此菌异名很多。据查,此菌最初由Metchnikoff从奥地利金龟子(Anisoplia austriaca)死虫体上分离到,1879年由他命名为金龟子虫霉     

昆虫病原线虫的耐寒性

昆虫病原线虫可开发成生物农药,广泛应用于多种地下及钻蛀害虫的安全防治。但昆虫病原线虫货架期较短,对寒冷等极端环境的耐受性较差,影响了其在生物防治方面的商业开发。本文介绍了寒区的昆虫病原线虫资源,总结了昆虫病原线虫耐寒性的测定方法及增强方法、耐寒性差异的研究进展,并对其耐寒的生理生化机制及分子机理进行了综述。研究昆虫病原线虫的耐寒性,对于解释种群动态,指导昆虫病原线虫的低温保存,以及拓展其在生物防治方面的应用具有重要意义。     

医学昆虫的病原真菌

昆虫病原真菌在自然环境中对害虫数量起着抑制作用,在害虫的微生物防治中也占有独特的地位。长期以来,在应用昆虫病原真菌防治人畜害虫方面研究进展较为缓慢,六十年代以来才有较大的发展。本文介绍了近十年的发展概况,并讨论了影响这个研究领域迅速发展的原因及病原真菌在生物防治中应用的潜力。认为尽管至今对这类真菌了解还较少,但通过今后加强有关方面的研究工作,其应用前景是广阔的。     

医学昆虫的病原真菌*

昆虫病原真菌在自然环境中对害虫数量起着抑制作用,在害虫的微生物防治中也占有独特的地位。长期以来,在应用昆虫病原真菌防治人畜害虫方面研究进展较为缓慢,六十年代以来才有较大的发展。本文介绍了近十年的发展概况,并讨论了影响这个研究领域迅速发展的原因及病原真菌在生物防治中应用的潜力。认为尽管至今对这类真菌了解还较少,但通过今后加强有关方面的研究工作,其应用前景是广阔的。     

昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种重要的世界性害虫,目前已扩散至我国十余个省、市(区)。由于草地贪夜蛾已报道对多种常用农药及Bt等制剂产生抗性,因此寻求新的生防制剂具有重要的意义。昆虫病原线虫具有防治草地贪夜蛾的应用潜力。本文从昆虫病原线虫品系、保护剂、增效药剂、施用技术以及综合防控等方面综述了昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进展,并对进一步开展应用昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进行了展望。     

害虫的生物防除

昆虫天敌对于昆虫的发生常有抑制的作用,科学工作者根据这一原理,利用害虫的天敌去防治害虫,其方法称为害虫生物防除法. 昆虫的天敌很多,包括病原微生物(病毒、细菌、真菌和原生动物)线虫、壁虱目动物,昆虫(捕食性昆虫及寄生性昆虫)和脊椎动物.除此以外,还可包括一些高等植物.昆虫的天敌,虽然有上述的几大类,但并非全部都能够用来防治害虫,利用得最普遍的是捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫,其次是病原微生物和脊椎动物,至于线虫和壁虱目动物,只是偶有利用.     

昆虫病原线虫与其他杀虫因子之间相互作用的研究进展

昆虫病原线虫作为生物杀虫剂近年来已被人们所认识,并已广泛应用于防治多种农林害虫.本文介绍了昆虫病原线虫与其他杀虫因子之间相互作用的研究概况.     

昆虫病原真菌紫外线诱变育种研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是控制害虫发生与危害的重要生物防治因子之一,优良的菌种是生物防治的关键。紫外线诱变育种是昆虫病原真菌菌种选育中最常用的方法之一,具有易操作、效果好、作用时间长等优点。本文以白僵菌、绿僵菌、玫烟色棒束孢等三种常用的昆虫病原真菌为例,从诱变育种的材料、方法和应用等方面综述了昆虫病原真菌紫外线诱变育种的研究现状,以期为昆虫病原真菌的生物防治研究提供参考。     

乳状菌与金龟子

金龟子是为害农林等作物的重要害虫。过去应用化学药剂未能有效地控制蛴螬的为害,因而利用病原微生物进行防治是一个值得注意的途径。 病原微生物——乳状菌(Bacillus popilliae Dutky)用于防治害虫的效果仅次于苏芸金杆菌,是一种有效的微生物病原菌。乳状菌属于真细菌科、芽孢杆菌属。现在已知的有6个种及1个变种。用于害虫防治国外已做成商品供销。乳状茵对日本丽金龟(Popillia japonicaNewman)、大介壳虫等都有很好的防治效果。 乳状菌是一种兼性好气菌,但也能适应厌氧生长,在寄主昆虫体内能普遍形成孢子。在人工培养基上能够生长、繁殖,但孢子萌发率目前仅达20—30％。 据文献记载,乳状菌能寄生50多种金龟子幼虫。感染方式,大体上可分注射接种和口服感染两类。     

Research Advances in Mechanisms of Turfgrass Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses: From Physiology to Molecular Biology

Turgrfass used on landscapes, parks, sports fields, and golf courses has significant ecological, environmental, and economic impacts. The economic value of seed production of turfgrasses is second to hybrid corn. The land area cultivated with turfgrass is increasing due to rapid urban development. Turfgrass is often subjected to various abiotic stresses, which cause declines in aesthetic quality, functionality and seed yield. Among abiotic stresses, drought, salinity, heat, and low temperature are the most common detrimental factors for turfgrass growth in various regions. Thorough understanding of mechanisms of turfgrass stress responses is vital for the development of superior stress-tolerant germplasm through breeding and biotechnology. Significant progress has been made in turfgrass stress physiology and molecular biology in recent decades, but research for turfgrasses generally lags behind that of the major Poaceae crops, particularly at the molecular and genomic levels. This review focuses on research advances in turfgrass stress physiology and provides an overview of limited information on gene discovery, genetic transformation, and molecular marker development for improving stress tolerance, with emphasis on drought, salinity, heat, and low temperature stress. Major growth and physiological traits associated with these stresses, as well as metabolic and molecular factors regulating various traits for turfgrass tolerance to each stress are discussed. Future research at the systems biology level and through genomic sequencing is paramount for further insights on fundamental mechanisms of turfgrass stress tolerance and for improving turfgrass tolerance to various environmental stresses.     

草坪草种质资源抗旱性及其改良研究进展

本文综述了草坪草抗旱性的形态学、生物学、解剖学和生理学等鉴定方法.介绍了草坪草适应干旱胁迫的形态和生理生化机制.对草坪草种质资源的抗旱性改良进展进行了概述.最后,对草坪草抗旱性研究中存在的问题和前景进行了讨论.     

草坪植物遗传转化的研究进展

从草坪植物组织培养与植株再生体系的建立、转基因的研究现状以及转基因育种的应用前景和存在的问题入手,综述了近年来草坪植物遗传转化的研究进展,并对草坪植物遗传转化的几种主要方法作了较为详细的阐述。     

草坪草种质资源抗旱性及其改良研究进展

本文综述了草坪草抗旱性的形态学、生物学、解剖学和生理学等鉴定方法。介绍了草坪草适应干旱胁迫的形态和生理生化机制。对草坪草种质资源的抗旱性改良进展进行了概述。最后, 对草坪草抗旱性研究中存在的问题和前景进行了讨论。     

草坪蒸散研究进展

草坪蒸散量是指导草坪合理灌溉的重要指标。自20世纪中叶以来,以节水为目的的草坪蒸散研究越来越受到人们的重视。草坪蒸散研究的内容主要包括相互关联的3个方面：草坪蒸散率的测定与比较,草坪蒸散机制的研究和草坪节水灌溉的研究。草坪蒸散率在不同草种间存在不同程度的差异。暖季型草坪草和冷季型草坪草相比普遍具有较低的草坪蒸散率。暖季型草坪草的夏季日平均最大蒸散率为3.0-9.0mm,而冷季型草坪草的为3.6-12.6mm。密度大,生长缓慢的杂交狗牙根、结缕草、野牛草和假俭草的耗水量很低,细羊茅的耗水量中等,而草地早熟禾、高羊茅、1年生早熟禾和匍匐剪股颖的耗水量很大。同种草坪草的不同品种的草坪蒸散率存在差异。有些草种内品种间差异的程度高达64％,不亚于种间。冷季型草坪草品种的蒸散率与留茬量显著相关,但环境因子对品种的蒸散率影响很大,品种的蒸散特性不稳定。与冷季型草坪草相比,暖季型草坪草的种内品种间蒸散率的差异和谐较小。草坪的冠层是草坪蒸散的一个主要外部条件,具有较低蒸散率的草坪往往具备高冠层阻力和低叶面积。土壤水分不受限制时,不同的暖季型草坪草种间的草坪蒸散率与叶片背面的气孔密度显著负相关。但在种内品种间没有表现出相关性。冷季型草坪草种间和种内的叶片气孔数目和草坪的蒸散率不相关。草坪的作物系数是确定最适灌溉量的关键参数,线性梯度灌溉系统比小型蒸渗仪提供的草坪作物系数更接近于实际。当草坪的质量维持在可接受的水平时,以彭曼公式推测的苜蓿的潜在蒸散量为参照蒸散量,高羊茅草坪的作物系数为0.60-0.80,草地早熟禾草坪的作物系数为0.50-0.80。基于草坪冠层温度的作物水分胁迫系数（CWSI）是确定灌溉时机的比较合理的指标。CWSI在不同的季节和不同的草种间表现不稳定,并且这种方法的节水效果也表现不一,还处于发展阶段。草坪蒸散的研究在我国几乎处于空白状态,开展我国的草坪蒸散研究,寻求适合的草坪节水途径已势在必行。     

Characterization of soil properties associated with type-I fairy ring symptoms in turfgrass

Fairy ring is a frequently reported disease of turfgrasses worldwide, and necrotic or severely injured grass are observed in those turf sites exhibiting type-I fairy ring symptoms. The objective of this research was to characterize soil chemical and physical properties at two soil sampling depths (0.5 cm and 3.0 cm) at a turfgrass site exhibiting type-I fairy ring symptoms. Soil samples were obtained from a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) golf course fairway at one sampling date in the summer when environmental conditions were most conducive to the appearance of severe type-I fairy ring symptoms. At both soil depths, soil analysis indicated that concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur were statistically higher in soil underlying necrotic or bare zones versus soil in healthy turfgrass zones. At both soil depths, soil electrical conductivity was statistically higher, and volumetric soil water content was statistically lower in necrotic zones versus soil under healthy turfgrass. At both soil depths, total nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter content were not statistically different among necrotic and healthy turfgrass zones. Soil pH was statistically higher in the necrotic zone versus soil under healthy turfgrass at only the 3.0 cm soil sampling depth. Comparing soil properties within the necrotic zone, only potassium and electrical conductivity was statistically higher at the 0.5 cm depth compared to the 3.0 cm depth. Although most soil information was considered very similar at both sampling depths, soil sampling at the 3.0 cm depth would be a more practical or easier method for turfgrass managers. At either soil sampling depth, the necrotic zones of type-I fairy ring areas in turfgrass were most likely associated with a combination of direct and indirect effects of the basidiomycete fungi on soil chemical and physical properties in the turfgrass root zone. Presented at the International Conference on Biohydrology, Prague, Czech Republic, 20–22 September 2006.     

禾本科牧草和草坪草雄核发育与单倍体育种研究进展

禾本科牧草与草坪草在农业可持续发展、城市绿化和生态环境保护方面起着至关重要的作用。近年来, 随着生物技术的发展, 国内外在牧草及草坪草雄核发育与单倍体育种研究方面取得了较大进展。该文在归纳总结该领域研究成果的基础上, 对影响禾本科牧草及草坪草雄核发育与单倍体育种的几个主要因素进行了探讨。大量研究结果表明, 供试材料的基因型是影响培养效率的最主要因素。小孢子发育到单核中期至晚期时有利于提高培养效率。培养前花药经过低温和甘露醇等预处理不但可以提高愈伤组织的诱导效率, 还可提高愈伤组织的质量。适宜的激素种类和配比也是影响培养成败的关键因素。同时, 总结了雄核发育再生植株的倍性鉴定方法和加倍技术, 对单倍体育种技术在禾本科牧草及草坪草育种中的应用前景进行了展望。     

水肥对草坪草影响的研究进展

施肥和灌溉作为草坪日常养护管理的两大重要措施,是建成高质量草坪的重要保障.从施肥措施中的N、P、K及其三元素配施对草坪草的影响以及灌溉措施中的灌溉频率和灌溉水量对草坪草生长发育的影响等方面,综述近年来草坪草施肥和灌溉研究的热点问题,探讨理想草坪草所需的适合施肥水平和灌溉水平,阐明施肥和灌溉两个措施对草坪草的影响存在一定的互助关系.通过对施肥和灌溉对草坪草生长发育影响的研究作简要的概述,为制定适宜的草坪施肥与灌溉计划,节约水资源利用,减少过量肥料对环境与草坪草生长的不利影响,同时为获得理想的草坪质量提供参考依据.     

Does N fertiliser regime influence N leaching and quality of different-aged turfgrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) stands?

The effects of N fertiliser regimes on N leaching and turfgrass quality during the establishment and maintenance of Kikuyu turfgrass (Pennisetum clandestinum (Holst. Ex Chiov)) were evaluated in a 24 month field study. Treatments included two turfgrass ages (established from 20 week or 20 year old turfgrass, the later included a 50 mm ‘mat’ layer), three N application rates (50, 100 or 150 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) and three application frequencies (every 4 weeks, 4 applications per year, 2 applications per year); and included turfgrass plots that received no N fertiliser. Nitrogen leaching, measured using soil lysimeters, ranged from 35 to 69 kg N ha^?1 by the end of 24 months, and varied with turfgrass age, but not N fertiliser regime. Greatest N losses occurred during turfgrass establishment, with up to 50% of all N leached in the organic form. We recommend measuring both total N and mineral N when assessing N leaching from turfgrass. The quality of the older turfgrass was maintained using less N fertiliser than the younger turfgrass, while increasing N application frequency improved the consistency of turfgrass growth and colour.