香螺血清、肌肉和唾液腺凝集素凝集性能的初步研究

研究香螺(Naptunea cumingi crosse)肌肉、血清和唾液腺凝集素对7 种脊椎动物红细胞、人的4 种红细胞、4 种单细胞藻类和11 种微生物细胞的凝集性能,同时进行pH敏感性、热稳定性、糖抑制性、EDTA、金属离子以及盐浓度影响试验.结果表明,3 种凝集素对各种细胞的凝集效应存在差异,以家兔红细胞的凝集效果最佳.肌肉和血清凝集素在pH<7.0时均失活,唾液腺凝集素的热稳定性最强,温度为90 ℃仍具有活性.此外,不同的糖溶液对3 种凝集素凝集效果的影响不同,在EDTA浓度为2.00～0.25 mmol/L范围内,3 种凝集素的凝集效价均受到不同程度的抑制.在金属离子影响试验中发现,Zn2+能明显提高肌肉和血清凝集素的凝集活力,而对唾液腺凝集素有抑制的作用.当盐浓度为12～18 g/L时,可增加香螺肌肉凝集素的凝集效价,而当浓度为24～60 g/L时却会抑制肌肉凝集素的凝集活性.     

紫藤凝集素的分离纯化及理化性质研究

用常规方法处理的ＤＥＡＥ离子交换纤维素柱,通过线性离子强度梯度洗脱,从紫藤种子的蛋白粗提液中得到一定纯度的紫藤凝集素。纯化的凝集素凝集兔红血球的比活提高４０倍,总活力回收率为１９．２％。紫藤凝集素的分子量经ＰＡＧＥ鉴定为２０５ｋｄ,是由两种亚基构成的四聚体,这两种亚基各有２个,分子量ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ鉴定分别为７７６００ｄ和２５１００ｄ。紫藤凝集素是一种糖蛋白,等电点约为４．６０。它可凝集人的各种血     

骆驼蓬种子凝集素粗品活性的初步研究

采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法提取骆驼蓬种子凝集素粗品,并进行凝血活性和抗菌活性检测.凝血实验结果表明:(1)50%～60%硫酸铵饱和度下提取骆驼蓬种子的凝集素粗品对鸡红细胞的凝集活力最强,最低凝集浓度为0.6 mg/L,且其凝集素粗品的活力受温度、pH值、金属离子及糖溶液的影响.(2)不同硫酸铵饱和度沉淀获得的凝集素粗品对6种人体致病细菌及5种能引起水果腐烂和粮食霉变的真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中50%～60%硫酸铵饱和度下提取的凝集素粗品抑菌活性最强,其浓度为1.071 mg/mL时对鲍曼不动杆菌和意大利青霉菌的抑菌环半径分别可达8.1 mm和4.9 mm.     

波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undufata)体液和肌肉凝集素的初步研究

目的:研究波纹巴非蛤体液和肌肉凝集素对细胞的凝集性能及其理化性质,为开发新的凝集素来源提供基础材料。方法:利用10种动物及人的4种红细胞1、5种藻类细胞测定波纹巴非蛤的体液和肌肉凝集素的凝集活力,同时进行热稳定性、pH敏感性、糖抑制及金属离子影响试验。结果:体液和肌肉凝集素分别对家鸽、家兔血红细胞最为敏感,凝集效价最高,均为25。对藻类的凝集则具有某些专一性。体液凝集素有较高的温度耐受性,90℃处理10min仍能凝集兔血红细胞。肌肉凝集素对碱性环境较敏感,当pH≥8.0时,凝集活力消失。体液及肌肉凝集素在糖抑制及金属离子影响试验中也存在着差异。结论:波纹巴非蛤的体液与肌肉提取液均含凝集素,但所含凝集素类型不同。     

扇叶铁线蕨凝集素的糖蛋白特性

扇叶铁线蕨叶片组织经磷酸盐缓冲液浸提,硫酸铵沉淀,再经过DEAE-Sepharose—FF和Sephadex G-100层析纯化,得到扇叶铁线蕨凝集素(AFL)。其凝集活性依赖于Ca^2 和Mn^2 ,经测定AFL,是一种分子质量为22000—22500的糖蛋白,分子中含有4．0％的中性糖,具有很高的耐热性,浓度为37．5μg ml^-1的AFL凝血活性可被甘露糖抑制,卵粘蛋白可完全抑制AFL的凝血活性。浓度为2．34μg ml^-1时引起兔血细胞凝集,并能凝集人的A、B或O型血细胞,对鳖的血细胞没有凝集作用。AFL能凝集藻类细胞、酿酒酵母细胞及经过热处理的枯草芽孢杆菌。在AFL的氨基酸组成中不含Tyr。研究结果表明,该凝集素具有糖蛋白的特性。     

三叶半夏和掌叶半夏凝集素原核表达及特性研究

通过原核表达获得大量具有生物活性的三叶半夏和掌叶半夏凝集素,比较分析两种半夏凝集素的异同,并深入探讨半夏凝集素和亚基之间凝集活性的差异。结果表明,掌叶半夏凝集素的凝集活力为三叶半夏凝集素的4倍,凝集素第三个活性位点两个氨基酸的差异可能是引起三叶半夏和掌叶半夏凝集素凝集活性不同甚至药理作用不同的主要原因。原核表达系统获得的凝集素亚基不能凝集兔血红细胞。该研究为深入探讨两种半夏凝集素的区别,及半夏凝集素和亚基之间凝集活性的差异打下了基础,也为解决半夏资源紧缺提供了一个可能的方法。     

蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素性质初步研究

对蒙古口蘑干燥子实体研磨后,用磷酸盐缓冲液浸提,得到蒙古口蘑子实体的凝集素粗提物。对其性质进行分析表明,蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素对牛血和羊血都能凝集,且对羊血的凝集作用较强;D-果糖、β-葡萄糖、半乳糖和木糖对蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素均具有抑制作用;弱酸或弱碱性浸提液有利于凝集素的提取;蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素具有一定的热稳定性,直到70℃以后凝集红细胞的活力才丧失;凝集素的凝集活性对Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+和Fe3+这4种离子有不同程度的依赖。     

雪山豆凝集素红细胞凝集成分的纯化

雪山豆凝集素(SML)经SP-Sephadex C-50和磷酸纤维素离子交换层析分离红血球凝集成分。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析和红血球凝集试验为一不均一成分。其中E_2-SML有两条迁移较快的蛋白带,红细胞凝集效价是SML的64倍,是L-SML的512倍。该法制备的红细胞凝集成分具有高的产量和纯度。     

甘薯凝集素的提取及性质研究

抗蔓割病甘薯的叶片组织浸取液,经硫酸铵分级沉淀,甲壳素柱层析及葡聚糖凝胶过滤得到一种在PAGE或SDS－PAGE上均呈现单一蛋白带的甘薯凝集素。该凝集素没有血型专一性及被测动物红细胞专一性,其凝集活性可被N－乙酰葡萄糖胺或岩藻糖所抑制。甘薯凝集素在75℃加热10min,即丧失全部凝集活性,其凝集活性依赖于Ca^2 和Mg^2 ,Mn^2 则无作用。经Sephadex G-100和SDS－PAGE测定,凝集素相对分子质量为63000,中性糖含量为6.21%,该凝集素对蔓割病菌有抑制作用,是一种酸性糖蛋白。     

孔石莼(Ulya pertusa)凝集素的分离纯化及性质的研究

为抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和防治有关病害提供基础理论依据,将孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)经磷酸盐缓冲液抽提,20%～75%硫酸铵分级沉淀,牛甲状腺球蛋白-Sepharose 4B亲和层析,可以从绿藻孔石莼中纯化出孔石莼凝集素(UPL),在PAGE上显示单一蛋白染色带,在等电聚焦电泳上显示单一蛋白染色带,其pI为8.40.纯化后的UPL的最大紫外吸收峰在285 nm,用Sephadex G-200分子筛层析测得其分子量为11 047.该凝集素可以凝集人的A、B、AB、O型红细胞,且凝集活性相同,在对人(A、B、AB、O)兔、鲤、鲫的红细胞的凝集作用中,兔的凝集作用最强.该凝集素凝集兔红细胞的作用不被D-半乳糖、D-果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露聚糖、γ球蛋白、卵清蛋白所抑制,仅被牛甲状腺球蛋白抑制,最小抑制浓度为6.20 g/L.该凝集素在pH4.0～10.14范围内均有活性,但在pH6.50～9.51范围内活性较高,该凝集活性在85℃加热1 h,活力仍未改变,说明具有很强的耐热性.     

Galactose oxidase. An enzyme with lectin properties.

Galactose oxidase interacts with immobilized D-galactosyl residues and related immobilized and free sugars under the conditions of affinity electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and agglutinates sialidase-treated human erythrocytes. The agglutination is also inhibited by D-galactose and its derivatives and is temperature dependent. The sugar binding and hemagglutinating activity are preserved after removal of Cu2+ essential for enzymic activity. These properties are very similar to those of some typical lectins; however, a number of D-galactose specific lectins do not possess any detectable galactose oxidase activity.     

A new type of cereal lectin from leaves of couch grass (Agropyrum repens)

Extracts from couch grass (Agropyrum repens) leaves contain relatively high lectin concentrations. Preliminary experiments with crude extracts indicated that the leaf lectin differs from the embryo lectin of the same species and other Gramineae embryo lectins with respect to its sugar and blood group specificity, and serological properties. A comparison of the biochemical, physicochemical and biological properties of purified lectins from couch grass leaves and embryos, and wheat germ agglutinin revealed that the leaf lectin has the same molecular structure as the embryo lectins. It is a dimer composed of two identical subunits, which, however, are slightly larger than embryo lectin subunits. Structural differences between both couch grass lectins were further inferred from in vitro subunit exchange experiments and serological analyses. Whereas the embryo lectin readily forms heterodimers with embryo lectins from other cereal species and also is serologically indistinguishable from them, the leaf lectin does not exchange subunits with the same embryo lectins and is serologically different. In addition, couch grass leaf lectin exhibits specificity for N-acetylgalactosamine and agglutinates preferentially blood-group-A erythrocytes whereas the embryo lectin is not inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine and exhibits no blood-group specificity. It was observed also that the lectin content of couch grass leaves varies enormously during the seasons.     

Kluyveromyces bulgaricus yeast lectins. Isolation of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose-specific lectins: their relation with flocculation

Kluyveromyces bulgaricus is a yeast which, upon culture in a calcium-enriched glucose-peptone medium, flocculates. Its flocculation can be reversed by the addition of galactose. In this paper, it is shown that two lectins can be isolated either from the concentrated culture broth or from the supernatant of deflocculated cells suspended in galactose solution. The N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin, at pH 7.4, agglutinates untreated sheep red blood cells, but agglutinates neither untreated rabbit red blood cells nor glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep or rabbit red blood cells. Conversely, at pH 4.5, this lectin agglutinates glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep red blood cells. The galactose-specific lectin, at pH 7.4, agglutinates both untreated and glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit red blood cells but does not agglutinate untreated or glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep red blood cells. At pH 4.5, this lectin agglutinates both glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep and rabbit red blood cells and induces flocculation of deflocculated K. bulgaricus cells. In all cases, the agglutination and the flocculation induced by one of these two lectins were inhibited by free or conjugated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or by free or conjugated D-galactose, respectively. No glycosylhydrolase activity could be detected in the purified lectins.     

Identification of a cDNA clone encoding for a galactose-binding lectin from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seedling roots.

A cDNA clone obtained from developing peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seedling roots, when expressed in Escherichia coli and insect cells (Sf9) gave a 29 kDa subunit protein. The native recombinant protein agglutinates neuraminidase treated human erythrocytes and the agglutination is inhibited by galactose. Nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence analyses indicate that it is different from peanut seed (PNA and SGL) and nodule (NGLa and NGLb) galactose-binding lectins.     

Identification of a cDNA clone encoding for a galactose-binding lectin from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seedling roots

A cDNA clone obtained from developing peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seedling roots, when expressed in Escherichia coli and insect cells (Sf9) gave a 29 kDa subunit protein. The native recombinant protein agglutinates neuraminidase treated human erythrocytes and the agglutination is inhibited by galactose. Nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence analyses indicate that it is different from peanut seed (PNA and SGL) and nodule (NGLa and NGLb) galactose-binding lectins.     

Halilectin 1 (H‐1) and Halilectin 2 (H‐2): two new lectins isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona caerulea

Two new lectins named Halilectin 1 (H‐1) and Halilectin 2 (H‐2) were isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona caerulea using a combination of affinity chromatography on stroma fixed onto Sephadex G‐25 and cation and anion exchange chromatography. H‐1 is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 40 kDa estimated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 15 kDa estimated using a TSK gel. Conversely, H‐2 is a homodimeric protein with 15 kDa monomers linked via weak interactions. H‐1 more effectively agglutinates trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, whereas H‐2 more effectively agglutinates native rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutinating activity of H‐1 could be not inhibited by any tested sugars, but H‐2 was inhibited by orosomucoid and porcine stomach mucin. Neither lectin was dependent on divalent ions. H‐1 was stable at basic pH range and temperatures up to 50 °C, whereas H‐2 was stable at acid pH range and temperatures up to 80 °C. The H. caerulea lectins exhibited dose‐dependent toxicity against Artemia nauplii. Additionally, 76% of the primary structure of H‐2 was determined using tandem mass spectrometry to contain a unique amino acid sequence with no similarity to any members of the animal lectin family. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Canavalia grandiflora benth. seeds

A D-glucose/D-mannose specific lectin from seeds of Canavalia grandiflora (ConGF) was purified by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-50. By SDS-PAGE ConGF yielded three protein bands with apparent molecular masses of 29-30 kDa (alpha chain), 16-18 kDa (beta fragment) and 12-13 kDa (gamma fragment), like other related lectins from the genus Canavalia (Leguminosae). ConGF strongly agglutinates rabbit erythrocytes, has a high content of ASP and SER, and its N-terminal sequence (30 residues) is highly similar to the sequences of other related lectins from subtribe Diocleinae.     

Isolation and characterization of lectins from Vicia villosa. Two distinct carbohydrate binding activities are present in seed extracts

An uncharacterized lectin from Vicia villosa seeds has been reported to bind specifically to mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Kimura, A., Wigzell, H., Holmquist, G., Ersson, B., and Carlsson, P., (1979) J. Exp. Med. 149, 473-484). We have found that V. villosa seeds contain at least three lectins which we have purified by affinity chromatography on a column of immobilized porcine blood group substances eluted with varying concentrations of N-acetylgalactosamine and by anion exchange chromatography. The three lectins are composed of two different subunits with Mr = 35,900 (subunit B) and 33,600 (subunit A), estimated from their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis suggests that the purified lectins are tetramers. They have been designated B4, A4, and A2B2 to indicate their apparent subunit compositions. The purified B4 and A4 lectins contain 6.7-9.8% carbohydrate by weight; in addition, both are rich in the acidic and hydroxylic amino acids and lack cysteine and methionine. The A4 lectin agglutinates A erythrocytes specifically and binds to A1 erythrocytes (273,000 sites/cell) with an association constant of 1.8 X 10(7) M-1. Although a blood group A agglutinating activity was recognized in the original preparation of V. villosa lectins, lectins with this activity were obtained in relatively small amounts from seed extracts. The predominant lectin in V. villosa seeds, B4, does not agglutinate A, B, or O erythrocytes.     

Surface haemagglutinating activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Intact cells of several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa agglutinate papain-treated human erythrocytes. The agglutinating activity appears to reside in the surface layers of the bacterium-Pseudomonas surface haemagglutinin. This activity does not correlate with the existence of the internal PA-I and PA-II lectins, the presence of fimbriae or adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. Disruption of the bacterial cells by sonication abolishes their haemagglutinating activity. The intact cells of P. aeruginosa are also able to agglutinate rabbit, chicken, dog, guinea pig and sheep erythrocytes. This activity is generally higher with papain-treated erythrocytes, except those of rabbit in which lower haemagglutinating activity is observed after papain treatment. Optimal conditions for the haemagglutination are 37 degrees C and pH 6-7. Simple sugars do not inhibit, while fetuin and hydrophobic amino acids inhibit this activity. Exposure of the bacterial cells to proteolytic enzymes, EDTA or denaturating conditions abolish the haemagglutinating activity. These results indicate that the surface haemagglutinin is a protein which agglutinates red blood cells via hydrophobic interactions.     

Screening and preliminary characterization of hemagglutinins in Vietnamese marine algae

Extracts from 44 species of Vietnamese marine algae, including 15 Chlorophyta, 18 Rhodophyta and 11 Phaeophyta species, were examined for hemagglutination activity with a variety of different animal and human erythrocytes that were untreated or treated with enzymes. Almost all extracts showed activity toward at least one type of erythrocytes, although those from three Chlorophyta and two Rhodophyta species showed no hemagglutination with any type of erythrocytes examined. Strong activity was detected in extracts from two Chlorophyta (Anadyomene plicata and Avrainvillea erecta) and four Rhodophyta species (Gracilaria eucheumatoides, Gracilaria salicornia, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and Kappaphycus striatum) with enzyme-treated rabbit and sheep erythrocytes. The hemagglutinins of seven Chlorophyta and eight Rhodophyta species were examined for sugar-binding specificity, pH- and temperature-stability, and divalent cation-independency of hemagglutination using ammonium sulfate-precipitates prepared from their extracts. In a hemagglutination-inhibition test with various monosaccharides and glycoproteins, none of the hemagglutinins had affinity for monosaccharides, except the Codium arabicum and Gracilaria euchematoides hemagglutinins, whose activities were inhibited by both N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. On the other hand, all of the hemagglutinins activities were inhibited by some glycoproteins. The inhibition profiles with glycoproteins were different depending on hemagglutinin species, and suggest the presence of lectins specific for high mannose N-glycans, complex N-glycans, or O-glycans. The activities of these algal hemagglutinins were stable over a wide range of pH and temperature, and independent of the presence of divalent cations. These results indicate that Vietnamese marine algae are a good source of novel and useful lectins.