四川唐家河自然保护区发现灰冠鸦雀

灰冠鸦雀(Paradoxornis przewalskii)为中国特有鸟类,隶属于雀形目画眉亚科鸦雀属。目前已知灰冠鸦雀仅分布于甘肃南部卓尼县到四川西北部松潘地区岷山山脉海拔2440～3050m的高山针叶林及河谷竹灌丛中,其分布模式与该区域另一种中国特有鸟类黑额山噪鹛(Garrulaxsukatschewi)类似,两者为典型的狭域分布物种。灰冠鸦雀被IUCN(世界自然保护联盟)和《中国物种红色名录》列为易危(VU)物种。灰冠鸦雀是别列佐夫斯基和毕安科1891年依据俄罗斯中亚考察队1886年在甘肃省南部采集的标本订名的,到目前已知仅有4个分布点,即甘肃岷县、卓尼、舟曲以及…     

棕头鸦雀繁殖习性的观察

我们于1980年5月在昆明市西郊山区花红洞,观察了一对棕头鸦雀(Poradoxornis webbi-anus yunnanensis)的繁殖情况,现予以整理报道。 一、营巢环境 棕头鸦雀的巢,位于海拔2,100米的山坡沟谷地。巢隐蔽在野蔷薇(Rosamairei)刺丛中,离地约1米。巢周围散生云南     

甘肃莲花山自然保护区灰头灰雀的繁殖资料

灰头灰雀 (Pyrrhulaerythaca) ,亦称赤胸灰雀 ,国内主要分布于西北、华北、华中、台湾、西南山地和西藏 ,国外分布于锡金、不丹和印度北部[1] 。有关其繁殖的生物学资料国内尚无任何记载[2 ] ,国外仅 1个巢的报道 ,只提及营巢的位置[3] ,再无详细描述。 2 0 0 2年我们在甘肃莲花山自然保护区进行野外考察时 ,发现了 1个灰头灰雀的巢 ,现报道如下。该巢位于茂密的云杉侧枝上 ,巢树所在坡的坡向为 80°,坡度 48°。巢树胸径为 46cm ,营巢处树枝直径6cm。巢距地面 3 .6m ,距主干 3 .3m ,距树梢 1 .1m ,在巢树的 1 40°方向。巢为碗状 ,内径 80…     

长脚秧鸡重新在新疆发现

长脚秧鸡 (Ｃｒｅｘｃｒｅｘ)属于鹤形目秧鸡科长脚秧鸡属 ,是国内唯一在新疆有分布的珍稀候鸟 (旅鸟或繁殖鸟 )。最初由Ｌｕｄｌｏｗ等 ( 1934)报道了该种在中国新疆和西藏的分布。之后的半个多世纪 ,国内一直无人记录或采集到标本。各种论著均沿袭和引用Ｌｕｄｌｏｗ等的原始报告 ,乃至所有的文献记录都大同小异。该种已被列为濒危物种 ,纳入 1989年版的中国国家重点保护名录 (Ⅱ级 ) ,同时也被国际鸟盟(ＢｉｒｄＬｉｆｅＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ)纳入 1998年公布的世界濒危鸟种名单。1998年 5～ 6月和 1999年 6～ 7月笔者多次在新疆伊…     

湿地公园鸟类栖息地营建研究——以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例

北京地区处于全球候鸟东亚-澳大利西亚的迁徙路线上,是候鸟重要的迁徙路线,近些年,随着人为活动的影响,该区生境破碎化问题愈发突出,直接威胁着本地鸟种和过境迁徙鸟类的生存。为达到保护鸟类多样性的目的,需开展相应的栖息地恢复工作。不同生态类群的鸟类对栖息地有着不同的要求,相同鸟种在不同空间、季节和生活期对栖息地的选择也有着不同的特点。因而,鸟类栖息地恢复应针对目标鸟种根据其繁殖特点、巢位空间分布、食性特点、活动空间特点等进行规划营造。以北京房山琉璃河湿地公园为例,针对项目所在区域的鸟类分布特征,确定目标恢复鸟种,结合项目区现场条件,围绕目标鸟种对于栖息地水系、植被等方面的需求,从岸线重塑、水深设计、植物配置、生态鸟岛等方面规划设计鸟类栖息地修复措施。     

婺源鸟类纪录解析

迄今为止在婺源先后共记录到鸟类302种,分属63科,其中非雀形目鸟类32科143种、雀形目鸟类31科159种。同时,婺源保存有某些特殊鸟种的独立群体,如靛冠噪鹛(Garrulax coutoisi),2011~2013年繁殖季节的统计结果其总数量超过250只;白腿小隼(Microhierax melanoleucos)在婺源有近50处的繁殖点,分布遍及婺源全境,其有效种群数量至少在40个繁殖对以上,总数量在120只个体上下;小太平鸟(Bombycilla japonica)在婺源有一个小的居留群,繁殖季节分成2个小群,2013年1月27日曾见到70余只;作为留鸟的鸳鸯(Aix galericulata),在婺源有繁殖点近百个,数量达上千只。婺源还记录有濒危鸟种栗夜(Gorsachius goisagi)和虎斑夜(G.magnificus)。     

四川老君山灰胸薮鹛繁殖巢的记述

灰胸薮鹛(Liocichla omeinsis)是全球性近危鸟类,中国中西部特产种。偶见于四川南部及云南东北部海拔1000~2400m范围有限的山区森林中。有关其野外繁殖方面的资料还未见有报道。2007年5月9日,我们在四川省屏山县老君山自然保护区(E104°01′59.1″,N28°42′00.8″)发现一个灰胸薮鹛巢(封4图片)。巢筑于一颗较小的棱木(Melliodendronsp.)树上,巢址生境为常绿阔叶林林缘。巢距地面高1.6m,距小路0.7m,坡向172°,坡度14°。发现当天巢的外形已基本筑好,巢的内径6.6cm,外径11.1cm,深5.1cm,高10.8cm。该巢呈碗状,外层以竹叶和草茎为主编织而成,…     

深圳城市公园灯柱中大山雀的繁殖生态

大山雀（Paruscinereus）是一种广泛分布于我国的雀形目鸟类,其对不同的环境具有较好的适应。2020至2022年,在深圳市福田红树林生态公园内对在灯柱中繁殖的大山雀开展系统调查,共记录繁殖巢43个。结果显示,2020至2022年大山雀的平均窝卵数为（5.0±0.8）枚（n=32）,平均孵卵天数为（13±1.6）d(n=18),平均育雏天数为（18.6±1.8）d(n=19),繁殖成功率为49%,共出飞幼鸟63只。繁殖失败的原因主要为巢掉落和人为干扰,在城市灯柱中繁殖体现了大山雀对城市化的适应及其对城市中栖息地的需求。期望本研究结果为城市生物多样性保护提供思路。     

婺源靛冠噪鹛生物学初探

靛冠噪鹛(Garrulax courtoisi),由原黄喉噪鹛(Garrulax galbanus)[复又被]剥离出来的一独立鸟种并由此而为中国南方之特有种,具两个地理上相互分离/分立的亚种,其指名亚种于中国东南、亚种simaoensis于中国西南;因其对繁殖生境之狭选性且群体数量之稀缺而被列为极危物种(CR)。十余年来野外调查结果表明,其指名亚种于繁殖季节几乎仅见于江西婺源,营巢于低地村落乡镇的林木间,为典型合作繁殖鸟种。统计结果显示,在婺源靛冠噪鹛各繁殖群体中,其每年的营巢数量从未超过该群体中个体数的1/3,接近1/3已是很好年景;若首批卵和/或雏鸟遭天敌捕杀,二次所筑之巢的数目则充其量不及该群体中个体数的1/5,且二次筑巢通常在首批卵和/或雏鸟遭捕杀后月余方才开始;野外未见婺源靛冠噪鹛在一年之内有第三次筑巢的现象。若以成鸟引领当年幼鸟离开其繁殖地即视其繁殖期成功结束,则从未记录到当年幼鸟的数量有达到该繁殖群成鸟数量1/4的例子,能够接近或达到1/5已属上乘;作为另一方面,婺源靛冠噪鹛的某个或某几个繁殖群由于巢卵遭捕食而在个别年份中无幼鸟问世却并不罕见。目前已能确定婺源靛冠噪鹛有9个繁殖群体,个体总量逾300只,且在过去的5年中其数量略呈增长趋势。另外,尽管10余年来野外找寻simaoensis亚种的努力从未间断,但无论在已知原产地并周边地带却一直未能[再]发现该亚种。     

西藏林芝灰腹噪鹛(Garrulax henrici)繁殖生态及行为节律

灰腹噪鹛(Garrulax henrici)是中国的特有鸟种,也是噪鹛属中繁殖行为研究较少的物种之一。2016年4—7月,在西藏林芝西藏农牧学院内进行了灰腹噪鹛的繁殖生态研究,采用瞬时扫描法观察其求偶期日行为节律,用红外相机监测孵卵期3巢和育雏期2巢灰腹噪鹛的行为。结果表明:灰腹噪鹛4月中旬开始产卵,窝卵数2~3枚,卵长径29.6±0.4mm,短径20.3±0.17 mm,卵重6.66±0.12 g;灰腹噪鹛75.0%的巢树为针叶树,12.5%为阔叶树,8.3%为灌木,4.2%为禾本科;灰腹噪鹛营巢成功率为86.7%,孵化成功率为60%,繁殖成功率为43.3%,影响其繁殖成功率的因素是人为干扰和天敌捕食;求偶期灰腹噪鹛觅食行为占总时间的32.03%,移动占29.27%,上午觅食、移动及鸣唱行为达到高峰,下午休憩行为偏多;孵卵期的主要行为是卧巢孵卵,占总时间的85.31%,翻卵占5.02%;育雏期亲鸟理巢行为占39.74%,卧巢占35.92%,喂食频率平均为2.95次·h-1,灰腹噪鹛单亲喂食频次多于双亲共同喂食。     

上海崇明东滩震旦鸦雀冬季种群栖息地的生境选择

2008年11月-2009年3月,在崇明东滩对震旦鸦雀(Paradoxornis heudei)种群生态进行调查研究,并对震旦鸦雀种群和生境因子的相关性进行分析。运用单因素方差对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵和芦苇(Phragmites australis)收割造成的芦苇滩涂变化进行分析,并运用多元回归的方法对震旦鸦雀种群的密度和分布以及相关环境因子进行生境选择分析。结果表明,崇明东滩震旦鸦雀种群的密度为(5.08±3.11)只/hm2;震旦鸦雀种群的密度和芦苇直径呈极显著正相关,震旦鸦雀种群的分布和芦苇的高度、密度呈极显著正相关,和食物资源量呈显著正相关;互花米草和震旦鸦雀种群的密度和分布呈显著负相关;互花米草入侵和芦苇收割降低了震旦鸦雀越冬期的栖息地质量,保留一部分生长质量较好的芦苇可以缓解震旦鸦雀冬季种群的生存压力。     

Changes in sexual selection resulting from novel habitat use in the sand goby

Resource availability may determine local breeding systems and may also vary locally between different habitats, affecting the way individuals distribute themselves between these habitats. For nest-breeding fishes, nest site availability is a crucial resource that has been found to affect local sexual selection regimes and thus breeding systems. In this study, we compared the availability and size distribution of nest sites and their consequences for habitat preference, fish distributions and the breeding system in sand gobies ( Pomatoschistus minutus ) breeding in two different habitats. The usual breeding sites of sand gobies are shallow sandy beaches, but here we report their breeding in a novel environment, on rocky bottoms. We found obvious differences between the two habitats. The density of occupied nests was nearly 50 times higher in rock habitat than on sand bottoms. However, competition for nest sites was stronger on sand; nearly all natural nest sites found were in use and empty nest sites were occupied at a much higher rate on sand than in rock habitat. In addition to the numerical differences, nests were larger and contained more eggs in rock habitat than in sand habitat. Moreover, we found significant habitat-specific differences in fish size distribution. The intensity of intrasexual competition as a result of the degree of nest site availability explains the observed patterns within the habitats, but not between them. These habitat-related differences are better explained by the larger average size of nests on rocky bottoms. The effect of nest size on habitat preference was confirmed experimentally by laboratory experiments. When nest size did not differ between the habitats, gobies originating in the two environments showed an equal preference for the sand habitat.     

Nesting habitat characteristics of Marbled Murrelets occurring in near‐shore waters of the Olympic Peninsula,Washington

Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) are listed as threatened in the portion of their range extending from British Columbia to California due to loss of nesting habitat. Recovery of Marbled Murrelet populations requires a better understanding of the characteristics of their nesting habitat in this part of their range. Our objective, therefore, was to describe their nesting habitat in Washington State and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. We captured Marbled Murrelets from 2004 to 2008, fitted them with radio transmitters, and followed them to nests (N = 20). We used Cohen's unbiased d effect size to assess differences between forest plots surrounding nest sites and nearby control sites (N = 18). Nest sites had less canopy cover of the dominant conifers and fewer, but larger, trees than control sites. Nest sites also had greater percentages of trees with platforms >10 cm diameter and >15 cm diameter, and more platforms of these sizes than control sites. The mean diameter at breast height of nest trees was 136.5 cm (range = 84–248 cm) and all but one nest was in dominant or co‐dominant tree species. At the landscape scale, we used vegetation maps derived from remotely sensed data and found greater canopy cover, higher density of mature trees, more platforms >10 cm/ha, and more old‐growth habitat at nest sites than at random sites. Our findings suggest that, at the site scale, nesting Marbled Murrelets selected the most suitable features of forest structure across expansive potentially suitable habitat. Our landscape‐scale analysis showed that habitat features in nesting stands differed from those features in available stands in the murrelet's range in Washington. We also found that stands with nests were less fragmented than available forest across murrelet range. All nest sites of radio‐tagged birds in Washington were in protected areas in mostly undisturbed forest habitat. Conservation of these areas of inland nesting habitat will be critical to the recovery of Marbled Murrelet populations.     

Investigating the effects of predator removal and habitat management on nest success and breeding population size of a farmland passerine: a case study

Passerines are especially vulnerable to predation at the pre-independence stage. Although the role of nest success in British farmland passerine declines is contentious, improvement in nest success through sympathetic management could play a role in their reversal. Because habitat is known to interact with predation, management options for mitigation will need to consider effects of nest predation. We present results from an observational study of a population of Common Blackbird Turdus merula on a farm which has experienced a range of agri-environment and game-management options, including a period with nest predator control, as a case study to address some of these issues. We used an information theoretic model comparison procedure to look for evidence of interactions between habitat and nest predation, and then asked whether habitat management and nest predator abundances could explain population trends at the site through their effects on nest success. Interactions were detected between measures of predator abundance and habitat variables, and these varied with nest stage – habitat within the vicinity of the nest appeared to be important at the egg stage, and nest-placement characteristics were important at the nestling stage. Although predator control appeared to have a positive influence on Blackbird breeding population size, the non-experimental set-up meant we could not eliminate other potential explanations. Variation in breeding population size did not appear to be influenced by variation in nest success alone. Our study demonstrates that observational data can only go so far in detection of such effects, and we discuss how it might be taken further. Agri-environment and game-management techniques are likely to influence nest predation pressure on farmland passerines, but the patterns, mechanisms and importance to population processes remain not wholly understood.     

Western Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Nest-Site Selection and Success in Restored and Natural Riparian Forests

The western distinct population segment of yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus; western cuckoo) has been extirpated from most of its former breeding range in the United States because of widespread loss and degradation of riparian cottonwood (Populus spp.)-willow (Salix spp.) forests. Restoration and management of breeding habitat is important to the recovery of this federally threatened species, and identification of high-quality breeding habitat can help improve the success of recovery. In 2005, the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, a long-term, multi-agency effort, was initiated to maintain and create wildlife habitat within the historical floodplain of the lower Colorado River (LCR) for federally endangered and threatened species, including western cuckoos. We conducted an empirical, multi-scale field investigation from 2008–2012 to identify habitat characteristics selected by nesting western cuckoos along the LCR. Multiple logistic regression models revealed that western cuckoos selected nest sites characterized by increased densities of small, native, early successional trees measuring 8–23 cm diameter at breast height, and lower diurnal temperature compared to available habitat in restoration and natural forests. Nesting cuckoos selected sites with increased percent canopy closure, which was also important for nest success in restoration sites along the LCR. Our results show habitat components selected by nesting western cuckoos in restoration and natural riparian forests and can help guide the creation, enhancement, and management of riparian forests with habitat conditions necessary to promote nesting of western cuckoos. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.     

Effects of microhabitat preferences on kelp gull Larus dominicanus breeding performance

We examined microhabitat preferences and their adaptiveness for the kelp gull Larus dominicanus in one of its largest colonies in Patagonia. We quantified 13 habitat variables at 104 and 92 nest-sites and at 70 and 60 random points in 1998 and 1999, respectively. We recorded egg laying dates, hatching success, number of chicks fledged and breeding success at 92 of these nests in each of the study seasons. Compared to random points, nest sites had more vegetation cover and were closer to the nearest available bush, but they were located further from the nearest clearing for flight take-off, all variables included in the "vegetation" principal component. Nests were built on substrates with lower slopes and higher percentages of silt-clay, but with lower percentages of rock. In both years, hatching success, number of chicks fledged and breeding success were related positively to the vegetation principal component. Substrate slope and composition contributed to explain the variation in hatching and breeding success in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Our study shows that some kelp gull breeding parameters are affected by nest-site habitat characteristics. These associations were in most cases influenced by the timing of breeding, with earlier breeders being more successful. Vegetation effects and substrate characteristics were important variables in distinguishing random sites from nest sites, and in explaining variation in breeding performance, showing that their habitat preferences are adaptive and allowing us to detect both the pattern and process in kelp gull habitat selection.     

Eggs in the freezer: energetic consequences of nest site and nest design in Arctic breeding shorebirds

Birds construct nests for several reasons. For species that breed in the Arctic, the insulative properties of nests are very important. Incubation is costly there and due to an increasing surface to volume ratio, more so in smaller species. Small species are therefore more likely to place their nests in thermally favourable microhabitats and/or to invest more in nest insulation than large species. To test this hypothesis, we examined characteristics of nests of six Arctic breeding shorebird species. All species chose thermally favourable nesting sites in a higher proportion than expected on the basis of habitat availability. Site choice did not differ between species. Depth to frozen ground, measured near the nests, decreased in the course of the season at similar non-species-specific speeds, but this depth increased with species size. Nest cup depth and nest scrape depth (nest cup without the lining) were unrelated to body mass (we applied an exponent of 0.73, to account for metabolic activity of the differently sized species). Cup depth divided by diameter(2) was used as a measure of nest cup shape. Small species had narrow and deep nests, while large species had wide shallow nests. The thickness of nest lining varied between 0.1 cm and 7.6 cm, and decreased significantly with body mass. We reconstruct the combined effect of different nest properties on the egg cooling coefficient using previously published quantitative relationships. The predicted effect of nest cup depth and lining depth on heat loss to the frozen ground did not correlate with body mass, but the sheltering effect of nest cup diameter against wind and the effects of lining material on the cooling coefficient increased with body mass. Our results suggest that small arctic shorebirds invest more in the insulation of their nests than large species.     

若尔盖湿地保护区黑颈鹤巢期及影响因子

对鸟类巢期的研究不仅可以丰富鸟类繁殖生物学资料,也可为理解和研究鸟类的生态适应与进化提供重要线索和依据。2013—2014年3月份至7月份,在若尔盖湿地保护区及周边对55对繁殖黑颈鹤的营巢时长进行了研究,调查结果显示:黑颈鹤的营巢时长在0.5—40 d之间,平均巢期为(6.7±9.3)d;在其营造的4种巢型中,巢期长短依次为:泥堆巢草堆巢草墩巢岛地巢,且差异性极显著(P0.001),巢期与巢型显著相关(r=0.728);在其营巢的3种巢址生境中,巢期长短依次为:湖泊生境沼泽生境河流生境,且差异性极显著(P0.001),巢期与巢址生境显著相关(r=0.315);从不同营巢月份看,巢期长短依次为:4月份巢5月份巢6月份巢,且差异性极显著(P0.01),巢期与筑巢月份显著相关(r=0.664);巢期与巢体积大小具有显著相关性(r=0.856),即营巢时间越长巢体积越大。黑颈鹤的营巢时间长短主要受营巢生境、月份和做巢类型的影响。     

Breeding biology and social behaviour of Magellanic Woodpeckers (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Campephilus magellanicus</Emphasis>) in Argentine Patagonia

The Magellanic Woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) is a poorly known species endemic of the Austral Temperate Forests of South America, where it is a potential keystone habitat modifier. Here, I summarize data on the social and breeding biology of this woodpecker, based on 22 active nests located from 1998–2002 in forests from northwestern Argentine Patagonia. Woodpeckers normally traveled in pairs or family parties. In late Austral winter, one to three cavities were selected for completion at each territory. Breeding occurred between mid- to late spring and early to mid-summer, and took about 65 days. Monogamous parents shared duties in nest excavation, incubation and young rearing. Egg length (±SD) measured 34.13±0.79 mm and egg breadth 23.91±0.67 mm, and incubation took roughly 20 days. Nestlings were altricial and remained at the nest for about 45 days. Clutch size was one, occasionally two eggs, and one nestling was produced at all successful nests. Young remained with their family group for up to 2 years or more, and were fed by adults, who normally bred every second year. Nest re-use, nest predation and helpers at the nest were not recorded. Holes were placed (±SD) 8.84±3.71 m high and were 32.3±5.32 cm deep. Entrances (±SD) were 8.92±0.46 cm wide and 15.59±2.54 cm high and mostly oval in shape. Peculiarities of the breeding biology and social behaviour of this species are discussed in the light of patterns common to picids, especially Campephilus spp.