湿地公园鸟类栖息地营建研究——以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例

北京地区处于全球候鸟东亚-澳大利西亚的迁徙路线上,是候鸟重要的迁徙路线,近些年,随着人为活动的影响,该区生境破碎化问题愈发突出,直接威胁着本地鸟种和过境迁徙鸟类的生存。为达到保护鸟类多样性的目的,需开展相应的栖息地恢复工作。不同生态类群的鸟类对栖息地有着不同的要求,相同鸟种在不同空间、季节和生活期对栖息地的选择也有着不同的特点。因而,鸟类栖息地恢复应针对目标鸟种根据其繁殖特点、巢位空间分布、食性特点、活动空间特点等进行规划营造。以北京房山琉璃河湿地公园为例,针对项目所在区域的鸟类分布特征,确定目标恢复鸟种,结合项目区现场条件,围绕目标鸟种对于栖息地水系、植被等方面的需求,从岸线重塑、水深设计、植物配置、生态鸟岛等方面规划设计鸟类栖息地修复措施。

Planning and restoration of bird habitats in a wetland park: a case study of the Liuli River wetland park in Beijing

Beijing is located on the East Asian-Australian Flyway (EAAF), one of the major bird migration routes. During recent years, the problem of bird habitat fragmentation had worsened for the reason of human activity in this area, which has directly threatened the survival of local and migratory birds. For protecting bird diversity, necessary measures should be taken to restore bird habitats. Because habitat requirements of birds vary among species, spatial scales, seasons, and phases of life history, the restoration of bird habitats could be planned according to the breeding characteristics, nest-site distribution, feeding habits, and suitable activity space of the target bird species. In this paper, we considered Liuli River wetland park, located in the southwest of Beijing, as an example for demonstrating the restoration of the habitats of birds. Target species of habitat restoration program were selected based on bird distribution in the study area. By combining information on field conditions and the requirements of the target species for water, food, and breeding, bird habitat restoration measures were designed based on aspects such as shoreline pattern, water depth reconstruction, vegetation configuration, and ecological bird island. Among them, the river bank line should conform to the form of natural channel, presenting a winding shape. According to the water depth requirement of different types of birds, wide deep-water and shallow-water surface areas were prepared. In addition, for vegetation restoration, different types of plants were chosen, including trees, shrubs, emergent plants, and submerged plant to enhance plant biodiversity. A bird island was built based on the altered topography after excavation of a new river channel in study area.