孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)伴性光合生理特征与进化生态

银杏类是一类古老的雌雄异株植物,目前仅存单科单属。由于银杏在系统发育等方面的独特地位,吸引了科学家从不同方面进行了广泛的研究。在适宜的条件下,测定了生长在野外环境下的成年银杏的雌雄个体的光合特性。 研究结果表明,银杏的雌雄植株对光具有相同的表现趋势,光饱和点,光补偿点,光下呼吸速率等均没有明显差异。但是雌性银杏的净光合速率明显大于雄性银杏的净光合速率。这种差异可能与雌性个体在繁衍后代时需要投入更多的能量有关。研究也表明,在与其它的裸子植物和被子植物比较时,银杏的光合能力并没有明显的弱势,因此光合能力可能并不是银杏在第三纪分布受限的直接原因.     

银杏叶片叶绿体光能转换特性的变化

要以5年生雌、雄银杏为材料,研究了自然生长条件下银杏叶绿体光能转换特性的动态变化规律。结果表明：连体叶片的净光合速率在叶片生长40d达到最大值;随着叶片的展开,叶片叶绿素含量逐渐上升;叶绿体ATP含量伴随着光合磷酸化活力变化在叶片生长初期含量逐渐上升,叶片生长65d时最大;Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋-ATPase活力在叶片生长初期逐渐下降,生长50d后开始逐渐上升。实验结果也显示雌、雄银杏叶绿体光能转换能力比较相似,没有较大差异。     

庐山银杏光合特性的研究

庐山山地上的银杏（ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬｉｎｎ．）,其叶片的光合作用在夏季晴天有明显的午休现象,这可能与气孔关闭和光抑制有关．其光补偿点为２５μｍｏｌ（ｐｈｏｔｏｎｓ）·ｍ－２·ｓ－１左右,光饱和净光合速率为５～７μｍｏｌ（ＣＯ２）·ｍ－２·ｓ－１,表观光合量子需要量约为１９,光合作用的ＣＯ２补偿点大于１０－４,属Ｃ３型植物     

银杏叶片衰老过程中光合生理特性及叶绿体超微结构的变化

选取自然条件下生长的雌雄银杏植株为实验材料,测定了银杏叶片在衰老过程中部分光合生理指标及叶绿体超微结构的变化。检测结果表明：银杏叶片在衰老过程中净光合速率、叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势,SOD、CAT、APX活性均先上升后下降,MDA含量则一直呈现上升趋势。叶片衰老过程中叶绿体类囊体膜片层逐渐松散,直至膜结构逐渐解体,叶绿体内油脂颗粒增大增多,最终解体。雌雄银杏植株在各项生理指标上差异不显著。     

银杏叶片叶绿体光能转换特性的变化

以5年生雌、雄银杏为材料,研究了自然生长条件下银杏叶绿体光能转换特性的动态变化规律。结果表明：连体叶片的净光合速率在叶片生长40 d达到最大值;随着叶片的展开,叶片叶绿素含量逐渐上升;叶绿体ATP含量伴随着光合磷酸化活力变化在叶片生长初期含量逐渐上升,叶片生长65 d时最大;Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺ ATPase活力在叶片生长初期逐渐下降,生长50 d后开始逐渐上升。实验结果也显示雌、雄银杏叶绿体光能转换能力比较相似,没有较大差异。     

二倍体小麦种间气孔与光合特征差异

选取5个二倍体小麦种为实验材料,利用数码图像显微镜处理系统、气体交换参数测定系统和叶绿素荧光动力学参数测定系统,研究了二倍体小麦种间气孔特征与光合特性的差异.结果表明,二倍体小麦种间气孔和光合特征存在较大的差异:其中S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的气孔长度、周长和面积最大,而其宽度、密度和气孔指数却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的气孔宽度、密度和气孔指数最大,而其长度、周长和面积却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的净光合速率最大,而S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的净光合速率最小.气孔周长与气孔面积呈显著正相关关系,而气孔密度与气孔面积呈显著负相关关系.二倍体小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关关系,同时气孔限制值的变化趋势与细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势相反,说明二倍体小麦的光合能力主要受气孔限制.在几个种中,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)具有较高的净光合速率和气孔导度,同时细胞间隙CO2浓度最低,气孔限制值最大,在光合能力和耐光抑制方面有较明显的优势;而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)则在光合能力和耐光抑制方面不存在优势.同时,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)的叶绿素含量最高,而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)最低,叶绿素含量可能也是造成二倍体种间光合能力差异的原因之一.     

模拟酸雨对山核桃和杨梅光合生理特征的影响

通过盆栽模拟酸雨淋喷实验,比较了浙江省典型经济植物山核桃和杨梅幼苗光合特性的差异,研究了不同强度酸雨胁迫（pH 2.5、pH 4.0 和 pH 5.6（对照））对其光合生理生态特征的影响。结果表明,在无酸雨条件下,杨梅的最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点和光补偿点明显高于山核桃。酸雨胁迫下,pH 4.0的酸雨胁迫使山核桃的最大净光合速率、光饱和点显著降低,使杨梅的表观量子效率显著升高,而pH 2.5的酸雨胁迫使山核桃的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率显著降低,使杨梅的光饱和点显著升高。从季节反应模式来看,酸雨对山核桃光合特性的影响在夏季较春季明显,而对杨梅的影响则春季较夏秋季明显。     

火炬树雌雄母株克隆生长差异及其光合荧光日变化

火炬树(Rhus typhina Linn.)是兼有雌雄异株和克隆生长特性的外来木本植物。分别探讨火炬树雌雄母株克隆繁殖扩散能力的特点,分析其光合荧光反应的差异。采用CIRAS-2光合仪和FMS-2便携调制式荧光仪,并结合样圆调查法,比较火炬树雌雄母株的克隆分株数量和形态生长指标、光合生理参数的日变化特征,揭示火炬树雌雄异株的资源利用效率和对午间强光缓冲保护能力的雌雄差异。研究结果表明:1)火炬树雄性母株的克隆分株形态生长指标及数量均超过了雌性母株,且雄性母株形成克隆分株的年龄早于雌性母株1a;2)火炬树雄性母株的光能、水分和CO2利用效率和净光合速率均高于雌性母株,此结果为雄性母株克隆生长奠定了较为充足的营养基础;3)在晴天自然光的条件下,火炬树雄性母株未出现光抑制,而雌性母株出现了光抑制现象,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)日变化特征显示雌性母株的热耗散程度较高。因此,火炬树雄性母株的克隆生长力强于雌性母株。     

曼陀罗光合特性研究

采用LI-6400型便携式光合测定仪对潜在能源植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)在6月份至9月份的光合特性指标(净光合速率、光合有效辐射强度和气孔导度)的日变化以及净光合速率和叶绿素含量的月平均值变化进行了研究,并采用非直角双曲线对曼陀罗叶片净光合速率的光响应曲线和C02响应曲线进行了拟合.结果表明:实验期间(6月份至9月份),光合有效辐射强度和曼陀罗叶片净光合速率的日变化均呈"单峰型",峰值出现在11:00左右;7月份的净光合速率峰值最高,为19.01μmol·m-2·s-1;气孔导度日变化呈"双峰型",最大峰值和次峰值分别出现在12:00和14:00.不同月份的净光合速率月平均值有极显著差异(P＜0.01),其中7月份的净光合速率月平均值最大,为9.41 μmol·m-2·s-1;不同月份叶绿素的月平均含量变化与净光合速率月平均值的变化相似,7月份叶绿素的月平均含量也最高,但叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素月平均含量有一定差异.曼陀罗叶片净光合速率的光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线相似,在光合有效辐射强度和CO2浓度较低的条件下呈线性升高,至饱和点后缓慢升高并趋于稳定;曼陀罗叶片的光补偿点为22.42 μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为689.26 μmol·m-2·s-1;CO2补偿点为74.06μmol·mol-1,CO2饱和点为1 331.97μmol·mol-1.研究结果说明,曼陀罗为具有一定耐阴能力的阳性植物,但CO2同化能力较弱.     

桂花光合特性的光温响应

对丹桂光合特性光温响应的研究结果表明：1）净光合速率最适温度为24～28℃,在22～42℃之间,净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和水分利用效率与温度的关系为二次多项式方程,暗呼吸速率和蒸腾速率与温度成线性关系;2）在控制条件下,随着温度的升高,光补偿点升高,光饱和点、表观量子效率、最大净光合速率下降.在自然条件下,丹桂光合日进程出现明显的光合“午休”,“午休”主要由非气孔限制引起,表观量子效率和光化学效率下降表明光抑制是午间非气孔限制形成和发展的深层原因.     

Sex-linked photosynthetic physiologic research and the evolutionary ecological analysis in living fossil plant, Ginkgo biloba L.

Ginkgo is an ancient dioecious plant. At present, only Ginkgo biloba L. still exists as a living fossil plant. Botanists have studied it from different aspects in the world due to its unique characteristics. Plant sex physiological ecology is still a knowledge gap in plant ecology. This article measured the photosynthetic traits of adult male and female ginkgoes which grew in suitable environment condition. The result indicated that male and female ginkgoes had similar response to light. The light saturate points (LSP), light compensate point (LCP) and dark respiration rate (Rd) between male and female were also of insignificant differences. However, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of female ginkgo was significantly higher than male. From the view of evolution and through comparison with other gymnosperms and angiosperms, the photosynthetic capacity of ginkgo is not obviously lower than that of other plants. It gave us a clue that the photosynthetic capacity was not the direct reason, which restricted the distribution of ginkgo in the Tertiary.     

Gender-related differences in adaptability to drought stress in the dioecious tree <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis>

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) as a precious relict plant is cultivated around the world, and it is also a typical dioecious tree. Drought is a major environmental stress that limits the growth and development of ginkgo. Although many studies have examined the impact of drought on ginkgo, few have investigated gender-related under drought treatment in the species. In our research, we examined comparative morphology, physiology and the ultrastructure of mesophyll cell in male and female ginkgoes to determine which gender shows superior adaptability to drought stress. Two-year-old cutting-propagated male and female ginkgoes suffered to drought treatment. The experiments showed that drought significantly limited growth and development, disrupted photosynthesis, and destoried the antioxidant protection system in both male and female ginkgoes. When the gender differences in the species were compared, females showed better growth, activities of SOD and POD, concentrations of chl t, chl a/b ratio and proline, P _n, C _i, g _s, qP and NPQ under drought, but lower concentrations of H₂O₂ and O₂ ^?, and relative electrolyte leakage. In the aspect of cell ultrastructure, female plants showed a slower rate of cell breakdown and chloroplast decomposition under drought stress than males. The results indicate that female plants of ginkgo show superior growth performance and self-protective mechanisms and higher photosynthetic capacity than male plants under drought stress. Thus, we conclude that female individuals of ginkgo possess better adaptability to drought stress than male individuals.     

临沂生生园复干银杏生长特性

产生复干是银杏个体发育过程中一个普遍现象。本研究以临沂生生园全国最大复干银杏群落为对象,采用每木检尺的方式对园内复干银杏进行调查。结果显示,生生园内银杏共385株,雌株379株,占98.41%;平均树高20.9m,总胸径0.93m,母干胸径0.33m,冠径在5.0-15.0m范围内,枝下高6.3m;17株无复干,复干率为98.58%,每株复干数平均为4.6个,最大复干高为12.5m,胸径0.18m,复干与母干距离为0.61m,复干与母干夹角为10.5?;34株无萌蘖,萌蘖平均株数为38株,萌蘖高1.11m,萌蘖与母干最大距离0.73m。该片银杏林原桩有240年历史,现存复干银杏系从原桩萌发形成,树龄53年。本文对生生园复干银杏的起源、性别比例、复干与银杏适应性的关系等进行了探讨。     

Identification of host‐plant chemical stimuli for the European grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella

Olfaction is of major importance for survival and reproduction in moths. Males possess highly specific and sensitive olfactory receptor neurones to detect female sex pheromones. However, the capacity of male moths to respond to host‐plant volatiles is relatively neglected and the role that such responses could play in the sensory ecology of moths is still not fully understood. The present study aims to identify host‐plant stimuli for the European grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb. (Tortricidae, Lepidoptera), a major pest of vine in Europe. Headspace volatiles from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir, Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris and five other host‐plant species comprising five different families are analyzed by gas chromatography linked to electroantennogram (EAG) recording from male E. ambiguella antennae and by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. This procedure identifies 32 EAG‐active compounds, among them the aliphatic compounds 1‐hexanol, (Z)‐3‐hexenol, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate and 1‐octen‐3‐ol; the terpenes limonene, β‐caryophyllene and (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene; and the aromatic compounds benzaldehyde and methyl salicylate. Male and female E. ambiguella show similar EAG response amplitudes to individual chemical stimuli and also to mixtures of plant volatiles, as represented by essential oils from ten other plant species. This possibly indicates a common role for plant compounds in the sensory ecology of the two sexes of E. ambiguella.     

PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE OF GINKGO BILOBA

The female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba is the only seed plant gametophyte known to contain chlorophyll. Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) indicate that a gametophyte growing within an ovule can receive significant quantities of light (70 μmol photons m^–2 s^–1). Under the conditions of our experiments, whole gametophytes dissected free from ovules were capable of gross photosynthesis, but not net photosynthesis. On a dry wt basis, the maximum rate of carbon fixation under near saturating light intensities was 3.64 × 10^–3 μmol CO₂g^–1 s^–1. The unique ability of the female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba to produce chlorophyll and engage in photosynthesis appears to result from its exposure to sufficient levels of light and a predisposition to react to this stimulus by the development of a functional photosynthetic apparatus.     

Potential effets of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba,L.) on female reproduction

This minireview will briefly outline the basic knowledge concerning the provenance, biological active constituents of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, L.) and its general health effects. Ginkgo has been shown to affect female reproductive functions: it can affect ovarian folliculo- and oogenesis, embryogenesis, promote ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, reduce their proliferation and the release of ovarian hormones. Usually, ginkgo extract mainly suppresses, but its constituents like amifostine, leuprorelin, quercetin and kaempherol can promote ovarian functions. This may indicate the existence of anti-reproductive ginkgo constituent(s), such as ginkgolide B and allopregnenolone which, like ginkgo extract, can promote ovarian cell apoptosis and suppress ovarian follicullogenesis and oogenesis. Ginkgo effects could be mediated by an action on brain functions, ovarian steroidogenesis, oxidative processes, intracellular regulators of ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis and GABA receptors. Ginkgo and its molecules, ginkgolide B and allopregnenolone can be useful for prevention and treatment of reproduction-related disorders like ovarian cancer, ovarian ischemia and menopausal syndrome. On the other hand, its constituents amifostine, leuprorelin, quercetin and kaempherol could be potentially applicable as biostimulators of female reproductive processes in human and veterinary medicine and animal production. Nevertheless, application of ginkgo is still limited by insufficient or contradictory knowledge concerning its active constituents, characters, targets and mediators of its action and their functional interrelationships. Impact of ginkgo action on reproductive organs other than ovaries remains largely unknown. Addressing these issues with proper animal and clinical studies could help to understand the distinct efficacy and consequences of medical application of ginkgo.     

海南岛热带低地雨林攀援竹叶片光合特性季节动态

为探究攀援竹的光合生理特性及其在热带雨林中的生存适应机制,该研究应用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,分别于2、4、7和11月测定了海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林的无耳藤竹(攀援能力较强)和响子竹(攀援能力较差)光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线。结果显示:(1)无耳藤竹各月份的最大光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、暗呼吸效率和气孔导度总体大于响子竹,表观量子效率和胞间CO2浓度总体小于响子竹。(2)两个竹种的最大光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、暗呼吸效率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率均在7月份较高,表观量子效率和水分利用效率则均在2月份较高。(3)无耳藤竹各月份的羧化效率、饱和最大净光合速率和光呼吸速率均高于响子竹,两竹种4月份的CO2饱和点和CO2补偿点最高,但羧化效率和饱和最大光合速率较低。研究表明,无耳藤竹为阳性植物,其光合能力优于响子竹,对CO2浓度变化的适应能力更强,而响子竹以其耐荫的特性在热带雨林中与其他物种共存;两攀援竹种的光合能力均表现为雨季大于旱季,它们在雨季主要通过提高光饱和点、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度来提高其净光合速率,在旱季主要通过降低蒸腾速率和提高水分利用效率来维持光合作用;两种攀援竹光合特性季节变化是环境和竹种自身生理特性共同作用的结果,不同的光合生理特性决定了其在热带雨林中不同的生存策略。     

Effect of sensitivity to abscisic acid on scaling relationships for biomass production rates and body size in Arabidopsis thaliana

The allometric relationships for plant daily biomass production rates, different measures of body size (dry weight and length) and photosynthetic biomass per plant are reported for two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (abi1-1, insensitive to ABA; era1-2, hypersensitive to ABA). Scaling relationships, such as daily rate of growth (G) vs body mass (M), plant body length or plant height (L) vs body mass (M), photosynthetic biomass (M _p ) vs non-photosynthetic biomass (M _n ), and daily rate of growth (G) vs. photosynthetic biomass (M _p ) were significantly different in abi1-1 and era1-2. It is implied that the sensitivity to abscisic acid may change the scaling relationships for plant biomass production rate and body size in Arabidopsis thaliana. Because these scaling relationships are closely related to sensitivity to abscisic acid, they are of importance for phytohormonal ecology.     

贵州玉舍国家森林公园三种造林植物光合生理特征研究

该研究以贵州省玉舍国家森林公园三种造林植物水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)、近轮叶木姜子(Litsea elongata var.subverticillata)、山杨(Populus davidiana)为对象,测定其光合作用日变化和叶绿素荧光、叶片碳酸酐酶活力以及叶绿素含量和稳定碳同位素组成,并测定了植物生长地土壤理化性质,综合分析了三种植物的喀斯特生态适生能力。结果表明:水榆花楸和山杨的净光合速率明显高于近轮叶木姜子,这与其较高的气孔导度和光化学效率有关;而山杨因具有较高碳酸酐酶活力和叶绿素含量,表现出较高的水分利用效率。水榆花楸和山杨的光合生产能力较高,且受光强和温度限制,可在光照较好的地区大范围种植,作为速生植物来加快经济收入并改造当地脆弱生境的优选植物;近轮叶木姜子作为中药型植物,且在低光强下能够保持最大生长能力,可在光照条件不好的地区优先种植,既增加植被覆盖率又增加经济收入。该研究结果为山地森林资源的保护和开发利用提供了科学依据。