盐胁迫下外源ABA对玉米幼苗耐盐性的影响

利用不同浓度外源ＡＢＡ 可以提高生长在盐渍条件下玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓ Ｌ．）幼苗的耐盐能力,增加幼苗的干重。其原因是由于幼苗渗透势的降低和渗透调节能力的增大,地上部分拒盐能力的提高,摄取的大量Ｎａ＋ 积累在根部。同时发现外源ＡＢＡ 增大幼苗渗透势和渗透调节能力是幼苗有机渗透物质增加的结果。讨论了玉米地上部分拒盐的机理     

水分胁迫下外源ABA对玉米幼苗根叶渗透调节的影响(简报)

外施ＡＢＡ提高叶片的水势约０．０２￣０．０９ＭＰａ,对根系的作用小于叶片。外源ＡＢＡ提高叶片的渗透调节能力０．００２￣０．０４５ＭＰａ,轻度胁迫下的提高大于严重水分胁迫及正常供水。对根系渗透调节能力的提高几乎没有作用。外施ＡＢＡ脯氨酸含量增加１倍以上,叶片中增加大于根系。轻度胁迫大于严重胁迫及正常供水。外施ＡＢＡ的叶片中可溶性糖也有一定提高。     

外源ABA对低温胁迫水稻幼苗酯酶同工酶的影响

研究外源ＡＢＡ对低温胁迫的水稻幼苗酯酶同工酶的影响。结果表明,水稻幼苗经７℃－１０℃低温处理６ｄ,长势明显不降,与其相应的酯酶同工酶也发生变化。外施ＡＢＡ提高了水稻幼苗的抗寒能力,同样在酯酶同工酶酶谱上也有相应改变。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本文研究了高温胁迫下外源24-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,外源EBR处理显著促进了高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长,提高了SOD、POD、CAT和APXS活性,AsA和GSH含量及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低了MDA、O2^-及H2O含量。表明,外源EBR处理通过促进高温胁迫下茄子幼苗抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及渗透调节物质的提高,降低ROS水平,缓解高温胁迫对茄子幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强植株抗高温胁迫的能力。     

NaCl胁迫下羊草幼苗的生理反应及外源ABA的缓解效应

对ＮａＣｌ胁迫下羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）的生长、生理和代谢变化的研究表明,在Ｎａ＋胁迫下,羊草幼苗生长受抑,叶片细胞膜相对透性增大,体内脯氨酸累积增加,无机Ｎａ＋含量增多．叶绿素含量减少．外源ＡＢＡ处理可促进羊草对Ｋ＋吸收,抑制Ｎａ＋吸收,减轻Ｎａ＋毒害,增强膜稳定性、光合能力和渗透调节能力,并提高羊草生长代谢活性和叶绿素含量．     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响

以4年生银杏幼苗为材料,进行不同浓度盐胁迫(50、100、200 mmol·L^-1)处理,叶片喷施和土壤浇灌外源褪黑素溶液(0、0.02、0.1、0.5 mmol·L^-1),研究外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫显著抑制银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力,而在盐胁迫下施用适宜浓度(0.02、0.1 mmol·L^-1)的外源褪黑素能够促进植株生长,降低电解质外渗率,减少黄酮和丙二醛含量,促进叶片中过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的提高,但高浓度(0.5 mmol·L^-1)外源褪黑素会进一步加剧氧化胁迫和渗透胁迫。0.02和0.1 mmol·L^-1外源褪黑素处理缓解了盐胁迫下银杏幼苗的渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫,且0.02 mmol·L^-1外源褪黑素处理对盐胁迫缓解效果最佳。地径、枝条宽度、枝条长度、电解质外渗率、SOD活性和黄酮含量可作为快速鉴定银杏受盐胁迫程度的关键指标。     

外源多胺对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和膜脂过氧化的影响

以抗低氧能力不同的2个黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)品种为试材, 研究了外源多胺对黄瓜幼苗植株生长、光合特性和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明, 外源多胺能显著提高低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片的净光合速率和水分利用率, 降低叶片中丙二醛含量和质膜透性, 使幼苗鲜重和干重明显增加。因此在低氧胁迫下, 外源喷施多胺能提高幼苗叶片的净光合速率, 促进植株生长, 缓解胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。此外, 与抗低氧能力较强的品种绿霸春4号相比, 外源多胺对抗低氧能力较弱的品种中农8号的影响更明显。     

干旱胁迫与小麦幼苗亚精胺代谢变化的关系

通过对亚精胺（spermidine,Spd）在抗旱性不同的小麦品种幼苗中的作用的研究,发现抗旱品种周麦18号在渗透胁迫处理时,其叶片中的Spd含量明显大于不抗旱的豫麦51号。用Spd合成的抑制剂甲基乙二醛-双（鸟嘌呤腙MGBG）处理周麦18号,则导致Spd含量下降和抗性的降低,外源Spd又可逆转MGBG对周麦18号在渗透胁迫下的伤害。外源Spd可以明显提高豫麦51号的叶片内Spd含量,并相应提高其抗性。以上结果表明,Spd可以提高小麦幼苗的抗渗透胁迫能力。     

外源甜菜碱提高小麦幼苗抗盐性的研究

以小麦品系山农215953(SN215953)为材料,采用水培的方法,于幼苗期(两叶一心)根灌15mmol·L-1甜菜碱,研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗水分状况、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)外源甜菜碱可缓解盐渍造成的小麦幼苗叶片的水分损失,改善小麦幼苗的水分状况,并发现甜菜碱的这种作用主要是通过促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累进而提高小麦叶片的渗透调节能力来实现。(2)外源甜菜碱可以维持盐胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶(SOD、APX、POD)活性,缓解盐渍造成的盐胁迫伤害,对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生物膜的稳定性和完整性起到保护作用。     

外源多胺对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和膜脂过氧化的影响

以抗低氧能力不同的2个黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）品种为试材,研究了外源多胺对黄瓜幼苗植株生长、光合特性和膜脂过氧化的影响.结果表明,外源多胺能显著提高低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片的净光合速率和水分利用率,降低叶片中丙二醛含量和质膜透性,使幼苗鲜重和干重明显增加.因此在低氧胁迫下,外源喷施多胺能提高幼苗叶片的净光合速率,促进植株生长,缓解胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害.此外,与抗低氧能力较强的品种绿霸春4号相比,外源多胺对抗低氧能力较弱的品种中农8号的影响更明显.     

用抑制差减杂交法分离和克隆梭梭幼苗受渗透胁迫诱导相关基因的cDNA片段

以Hoagland溶液培养的梭梭幼苗(H)为对照群体,甘露醇处理的梭梭幼苗(M)为目标群体,进行抑制差减杂交.用经过H cDNA差减的M cDNA构建了一个含有大约400个独立克隆的差减文库;采用差减前的H cDNA和M cDNA以及正向/反向差减杂交后的cDNA为模板标记探针,对随机挑取的100个重组质粒进行差示筛选,获得了21个阳性候选克隆.从这些阳性候选克隆中随机挑取了8个进行Northern blot分析,证实其中3个候选克隆代表了在M中特异表达或表达增强的基因,序列分析和同源性比较表明它们与逆境胁迫有关;而另外5个候选克隆无Northem杂交信号,推测它们为低丰度转录本.     

Construction and differential screening of a cDNA library specific to osmotic stress of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings

A subtracted cDNA library specific to osmotic stress of Haloxylon ammodendron (Mey.) Bge seedlings was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and T/A cloning. SSH was performed between two groups of H. ammodendron seedlings, one was cultivated in Hoagland (H) solution as a driver and the other group was treated with osmotic stress of the Hoagland solution by the addition of 400 mM mannitol (M), as a tester. The library consisted of about 400 recombinant clones, with the average size being of 500 bp, ranging from 300 bp to 1500 bp. Using a PCR-select differential screening kit, 100 recombinant clones were randomly chosen from the subtracted cDNA library and hybridized with forward, reverse subtracted and unsubtracted probes for two rounds. As a result, 21 positive clones specific to osmotic stress were obtained and some of them were verified by Northern blot analysis. The sequencing analysis of 6 positive clones and the following homology comparison to GenBank [blastx] non-redundant databases characterized that two sequences obtained in this experiment may contribute to novel drought-related genes.     

3种荒漠盐生植物根系及根毛形态特征的比较研究

在水培条件下,针对梭梭、囊果碱蓬和钠猪毛菜3种荒漠盐生植物,研究它们苗期在不同盐浓度条件下根系和根毛形态的差异。结果表明：一定浓度的盐分可以促进3种盐生植物生长,但较高浓度的盐抑制其生长,特别是对根系生长的抑制作用更大。在同样盐浓度下,钠猪毛菜的生长最快,生物量也最大。在盐分浓度较低时,3种盐生植物的主根长和总根长都有所增加,与对照相比,囊果碱蓬增加的幅度较大,但高浓度的盐会抑制根系总长度的增加,其中囊果碱蓬较梭梭和钠猪毛菜抑制的程度轻。盐分对3种植物的根系平均直径没有显著的影响,但有减小的趋势。在水培条件下,梭梭和囊果碱蓬的根系上、中、下部分布的较均匀,而钠猪毛菜的根系中部比上部和下部有显著的增加,盐分对每种植物的根系的分布没有显著的影响。3种植物的根毛与根系生长环境中的盐浓度没有明显相关性;3种植物之间,根毛的长度和密度有显著差异。从根系和根毛的形态特征可以推断：囊果碱蓬比梭梭和钠猪毛菜具有较强的抗旱性和耐极薄能力;梭梭的耐盐能力较其它2种植物差,囊果碱蓬的耐盐性最强。     

不同苗龄梭梭根系分泌物组分分析

以梭梭幼苗为供试材料,采用循环灌溉技术收集梭梭不同苗龄近自然状态下根系分泌物,利用气相色谱质谱联用技术分析了根系分泌物的组分和含量,探讨梭梭幼苗不同发育时期根系分泌物的差异.实验结果表明:不同苗龄梭梭幼苗根系分泌物化合物的种类组成相似,主要由酚醌类、醛酮类、醇类、有机酸类、酯类和胺类化合物组成;30 d梭梭幼苗根系分泌物主要以有机酸和酯类化合物为主,占梭梭幼苗根系分泌物总量的81.57%;60 d梭梭幼苗根系分泌物主要以酯类和含氮化合物为主,占梭梭幼苗根系分泌物总量的65.08%.     

Modulation of Dehydration Tolerance in Soybean Seedlings (Dehydrin Mat1 Is Induced by Dehydration but Not by Abscisic Acid)

Germinated soybean (Glycine max L. cv Williams 82) seedlings subjected to rapid dehydration begin to lose the ability to recover when the relative water content of the plant decreases below 60%. The expanded cells of the hypocotyl appear more susceptible to dehydration-induced damage than do cells in the hypocotyl zone of cell growth. Pretreatment of seedlings prior to rapid dehydration with nonlethal water deficit or exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) shifts this viability threshold to progressively lower relative water contents, indicating the acquisition of increased dehydration tolerance. Increased tolerance is associated with osmotic adjustment in the hypocotyl zone of cell growth and with increases in soybean dehydrin Mat1 mRNA levels. The accumulation of Mat1 mRNA is dehydration dependent but insensitive to ABA. Induction of Mat1 mRNA accumulation by dehydration but not by ABA makes it an unusual member of the dehydrin family.     

盐旱胁迫对3种新疆造林树木种子萌发的影响

以3种新疆常见造林树木白榆、大叶白蜡、梭梭种子为材料,通过测定不同土壤含盐量(0.1%～0.5%)和含水量(9%～23%)复合胁迫作用下种子的发芽率、发芽指数,以探讨3种种子萌发对盐分和干旱胁迫的响应特征.结果显示:(1)梭梭种子对盐和干旱胁迫的适应范围最广,大叶白蜡次之,然后是白榆.(2)在土壤含盐量不超过0.2%情况下,土壤含水量达到17%以后,3种树木种子发芽率都在50%以上;而当土壤含盐量为0.3%时,3树种种子仅在23%含水量下有较高发芽率;0.4%土壤含盐量条件下,只在含水量为23%时,梭梭、大叶白蜡萌发率能达到50%以上;0.5%土壤含盐量时,仅梭梭种子萌发率达到50%.(3)白榆、大叶白蜡、梭梭的耐旱临界值分别为15.1%、10.7%、9.6%,耐盐临界值分别为0.34%、0.41%、1.03%.研究表明,盐旱胁迫存在明显互作效应,盐旱复合胁迫对种子萌发的危害性明显强于单一的盐胁迫或旱胁迫.     

Drought tolerance, abscisic acid and electrolyte leakage in fast-and slow-growing black spruce (Picea mariana) progenies

To investigate the role that drought tolerance plays in growth, abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and electrolyte leakage during water stress were compared in fast- and slow-growing black spruce ( Picea mariana [Mill.] B. S. P.) progenies. Changes in the ABA content of the needles were quantified using an indirect enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay validated by gas chromatography electron capture detection. Needle electrolyte leakage was estimated using a conductivity bridge. Seedlings were stressed using (1) osmotic stress, induced by a stepwise increase in concentrations of polyethylene glycol 3 350 (PEG) for ABA study and (2) air drying for electrolyte leakage study. Progenies did not differ in ABA levels under unstressed conditions, but progeny differences were observed under osmotic stress. Needle ABA content increased up to 500% under osmotic stress. Slow-growing black spruce progenies (25 and 46) accumulated more ABA under moderate (18% PEG), but not severe (25% PEG), osmotic stress. The slow-growing progenies also leaked more electrolytes under moderate to severe water stress and lost 50% electrolytes at a higher xylem tension, suggesting they suffered more injury and were less dehydration tolerant. Our previously-published results showed that slow-growing progenies lost their photosynthesis and stomatal conductance more quickly during osmotic stress and recovered more slowly after rehydration. Therefore, tolerance of dehydration leading to a maintenance of physiological integrity during drought stress could explain the fast growth rates of more vigorous black spruce progenies.     

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on leaf carbohydrate metabolism during cucumber seedling dehydration

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds were pretreated with exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) prior to germination. After germination, seedlings with three leaves were exposed to gradual dehydration. The effects of ABA on photosynthetic rate (Pn), daily water loss (WL) and water utilization efficiency (WUE) during dehydration were investigated, in addition to the variation of carbohydrates in leaves. ABA improved the Pn, WL and WUE of cucumber seedlings during dehydration. After rehydration, the seedlings pretreated with ABA showed a higher recovery in Pn, WL and WUE, as compared to those without an ABA pretreatment. Subsequent to dehydration, concentration of stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose increased in seedlings pretreated with ABA. Dehydration altered the proportions of the sugars in the total carbohydrates, and accelerated the accumulation of stachyose, raffinose and sucrose. After rehydration, carbohydrate concentrations of seedlings pretreated with ABA recovered to levels observed prior to dehydration. These results demonstrated that pretreatment of seeds with exogenous ABA enhanced carbohydrate tolerance to dehydration of cucumber seedlings.     

Evidence for the involvement of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings: Inverse correlation between leaf abscisic acid accumulation and leaf water loss

Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in both abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and stress-induced ABA accumulation. However, little is known about their physiological roles in the whole plant. In this study, the effects of NO and ROS on leaf water control and the roles of ABA were determined using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. As compared with the control, osmotic stress reduced leaf water loss (LWL) while it increased leaf ABA content. The effects of osmotic stress on LWL and ABA contents were partially reversed by NO scavengers or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. Furthermore, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at concentrations between 0.01 and 10 mM all reduced LWL efficiently and induced ABA accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. When ABA synthesis was inhibited by fluridone or actidione, the effects of SNP on LWL were partially reversed. These results suggest that NO is involved in leaf water maintenance of wheat seedlings under osmotic stress, and one of the possible mechanisms is by stimulating ABA synthesis. The ROS scavengers used in our experiments had no effects on either LWL or ABA accumulation induced by osmotic stress. However, all ROS induced LWL reduction and ABA accumulation significantly. Hydrogen peroxide had the same effects as SNP on LWL and induced ABA accumulation in a dose-dependent manner but had a maximal effect at 1 mM. Fluridone reversed the effects of H₂O₂ on both LWL reduction and ABA accumulation, while actidione had no effect. These results suggest that ROS are also involved in leaf water maintenance of wheat seedlings by stimulating ABA biosynthesis, but with a different mechanism to that of NO. The ABA-independent mechanism in NO/ROS regulation of leaf water balance is discussed, in relation to our results.     

Implication of ABA and proline on cell membrane injury of water deficit stressed barley seedlings

The aim of this work was to examine the ability of ABA and proline to counteract the deleterious effect of water deficit stress on cell membrane injuries. Six-day-old seedlings of two barley genotypes (cv. Aramir, line R567) were treated with ABA (2·10⁻⁴ M) or proline (0.1 M) for 24 h, and then subjected to osmotic stress for 24h, by immersing their roots in polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solution of osmotic potential of −1.0 MPa and −1.5 MPa or by submerging the leaf pieces in PEG solution of osmotic potential of −1.6 MPa. Pretreatment of plants with ABA and proline caused an increase of free proline level in the leaves. Plants treated with ABA exhibited a lower membrane injury index under water stress conditions than those untreated even when no effect of this hormone on RWC in the leaves of stressed plants was observed. Pretreatment of plants with proline prevented to some extent membrane damage in leaves of the stressed seedlings, but only in the case when stress was imposed to roots. Improvement in water status of leaves was also observed in seedlings pretreatment with proline. The protective effect of both ABA and proline was more pronounced in line R567 that exhibited higher membrane injury under water deficit stress conditions.