长爪沙鼠与黑线仓鼠的温度选择比较

本文使用自制的陆生动物温度选择仪,对长爪沙鼠和黑线仓鼠的温度选择进行了比较,结果表明,长爪沙鼠的选择温度(29.06±0.62℃)较黑线仓鼠(26.65±0.64℃)高。这种差异可能与两种鼠的栖息环境及昼夜节律的不同有关。     

甘肃鼢鼠种群动态及其影响因素的初步分析

啮齿动物种群动态及影响因素的研究是害鼠预测预报的基础。国内曾对大林姬鼠、子午沙鼠、大仓鼠、布氏田鼠、黑线仓鼠、小家鼠等种群动态及影响因素进行过研究。作者于１９９２～１９９４年,在延安树木园和富县牛武林场对甘肃鼢鼠种群动态及影响因素做了研究,现将结果报...     

七种实验动物对沙鼠利什曼原虫感受性的研究

本文报道3株近交系小鼠、沙鼠和仓鼠对沙鼠利什曼原虫的感受性。结果表明,BALB/c株小鼠,长爪沙鼠和黑线仓鼠对沙鼠利什曼有较好的感受性。CFW株小鼠感染后不久即可自愈,而C57 BL株鼠则抗拒感染。除了黑线仓鼠的睾丸在感染原虫后偶可产生转移性皮肤损害外,其余实验动物的感染均仅局限在接种部位的皮肤,进一步表明沙鼠利什曼是一种亲皮肤性的原虫。     

黑线仓鼠种群数量动态预测研究

１９８４－１９９１年３－１０月,每月中旬在中国农科院草原研究所试验场的不同牧草和作物地进行调查,１９８４－１９９１年共捕获鼠４０９３只,其中黑线仓鼠２９２０只占７１．３４％。黑线仓鼠种群数量季节和年度变化明显,利用电子计算机对黑线仓鼠种数量进行分析,提出种群数量繁殖指数和动态模型以及短、中、长期预测公式、预测准确率为９０．０％。并对影响种群数量的因素进行了初步分析。     

EP-1 不育剂对长爪沙鼠野生种群增长的控制作用

长爪沙鼠在内蒙古地区的分布非常广泛,长期以来由其造成的“鼠害” 不仅给农牧业生产带来危害,而且还传播疾病。2009 年3 ～ 10 月,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯荒漠草原,利用复合不育剂左炔诺孕酮- 炔雌醚(EP-1)
对长爪沙鼠野生种群进行了不育控制试验研究。结果表明,复合不育剂EP-1 对长爪沙鼠种群结构和种群密度均有显著影响,在5 月和6 月两个繁殖高峰期,不育剂EP-1 显著降低了幼体出生的数量,实验区与对照区幼体组
成差异和成体组成差异均达到极显著(P < 0.01)。在8 ～ 10 月,实验区和对照区种群结构组成中,幼体之间、成体之间差异均达到显著和极显著(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。在整个发育生长期,实验区长爪沙鼠幼体种群从6 月
份开始出现,9 月达到数量最高值,幼体种群全年呈现下降趋势。而对照区幼体种群从5 月份开始出现,且数量在5 月份达到全年的最高值,幼体种群与实验区相反呈增长趋势。实验区种群总体数量全年呈下降趋势,而对
照区相反,呈增长趋势。因此,复合不育剂EP-1 显著降低了长爪沙鼠种群的繁殖率、幼体出生比例和种群密度,可以对长爪沙鼠野生种群起到有效的繁殖控制作用,进而降低该鼠对农牧业生产的危害和对人类疾病传播
的风险。     

Jolly - Seber 法估算长爪沙鼠种群参数的适用性探讨

以2000 年6 月～10 月群居性长爪沙鼠野生种群的标志重捕资料为依据, 采用Jolly - Seber 模型估算了该鼠种群参数, 结果表明, 长爪沙鼠个体间具等捕性(Leslie 法检验) , 研究期间取样个体的重捕率平均为89.7 %(77.4 % ～ 100 %) ; 参数估计结果具有合理的生物学意义, 认为采用该模型估算长爪沙鼠种群参数是适用的。     

炔雌醚对长爪沙鼠种群数量和性比的影响

炔雌醚是一种激素类新型鼠类不育剂,已有研究表明,炔雌醚对某些鼠类种群繁殖具有良好的控制成效。为检验新型不育剂对长爪沙鼠种群的控制效果,2006年5月在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特市农牧交错带开展了炔雌醚对野外长爪沙鼠种群的控制实验,本次实验设投药区和对照区2个组别,5—8月开展逐月的夹线调查以及四分之一圆洞口计数法,对样地内长爪沙鼠进行系统的追踪调查,分析炔雌醚对长爪沙鼠种群数量以及种群性比的作用。结果显示:投药1个月之后,投药区雌鼠比例(16.3%)不及对照组雌鼠比例(51.9%)的三分之一,投药区的雌鼠比例(16.3%)仅为雄鼠比例(83.7%)的五分之一;与对照区相比,投药区长爪沙鼠的密度下降达60%以上。这表明:炔雌醚对野外长爪沙鼠种群的不育控制具有良好效果,且炔雌醚对长爪沙鼠的种群性比影响很大,过量投放炔雌醚可造成雌鼠死亡,单独使用炔雌醚可降低野外不育剂的药物成本。     

长爪沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地夜行鼠调查

宁夏盐池县长爪沙鼠疫源地地处鄂尔多斯台地向黄土高原过渡地带,1982—1989年我们对该地小型鼠类进行了初步调查,现将结果报告如下:八年共放出28760夹次,捕鼠1902只,捕获率6.6%。共捕鼠8种:小毛足鼠Rhodopus roborovskii数量最多(占49%),其次是子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus、三趾跳鼠Cardiocra-nius paradoxus和黑线仓鼠Cricetulus barabenisis,分别占18、12和11%,五趾跳鼠Allactaga sibirica和小家鼠Mus musculus,各占4和1%,灰仓鼠Cricetulus migratorius少见,仅占0.1%,还有该疫源地主要宿主长爪沙鼠Meriones unguiculatus占4%。捕获率…     

内蒙古阴山北部农业区长爪沙鼠的种群动态及其调节的研究

内蒙古自治区阴山以北,通称后山地区,是重要的粮产区之一,但农业鼠害严重。如四子王旗,1961年受鼠害面积达54万6千余亩,严重减产者达25％以上。为害鼠种有长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards)和黄鼠(Citellus dauricusmongolicus Milne-Edwards),其中以长爪沙鼠为害严重。 长爪沙鼠是一种数量变幅大的群居鼠类。有关长爪沙鼠生态学及其对农业的危害,曾有过一些报道(夏武平、王文滨1956;何平均、丁建兴1957;赵肯堂1960),但系统地研究其种群动态的,尚不多见。 1964年至1969年,我们以内蒙四子王旗农区为工作点,较长期地研究了长爪沙鼠的种群动态和数量变动的调节。本文着重论述与种群变动有关的几个因素。     

长爪沙鼠线粒体DNA控制区全序列测定及分析

目的对长爪沙鼠线粒体DNA控制区全序列进行测定,并对其进行鉴定及进化分析。方法根据长爪沙鼠已知基因序列设计引物,采用PCR产物测序法,对所得的片段进行测序鉴定。结合已公布啮齿类动物D-loop区序列,分析其碱基组成、遗传距离、并基于最小进化法和UPGMA法构建系统进化树。结果获得长爪沙鼠D-loop区序列,其与家鼠、小家鼠和仓鼠平均同源性为58%;碱基组成分析显示,长爪沙鼠与啮齿类动物有相似的碱基组成和碱基偏离,其A-skew和G-skew分别为0.0047和-0.28。进化分析结果显示,长爪沙鼠与家鼠（0.35）、黑家鼠（0.38）和仓鼠（0.39）具有较近的遗传距离,其分化顺序为跳鼠、蔗鼠、长爪沙鼠、仓鼠、家鼠和小家鼠。结论本研究获得长爪沙鼠D-loop区全序列,确定了长爪沙鼠与仓鼠、家鼠、小家鼠及其它啮齿动物的进化关系,为长爪沙鼠进化研究、线粒体的结构和功能研究奠定基础。     

蚤数量与宿生数量和气象因子的关系

根据内蒙古自治区鄂托克旗和鄂托克前旗１９７５—１９８９年长爪沙鼠密度、蚤指数监测数据和本地区气象站的７项气象因子资料,分别求出了蚤指数与鼠密度的直线和曲线的回归模型,与气象因子的最优回归子集模型和标准回归模型,给出了鼠蚤因子和气象因子间的典型相关分析。结论：宿主数量变化导致蚤指数变化;气象因子综合影响蚤指数湘对湿度和地表温度是影响蚤数量变动的重要因子;气象因子对蚤指数的影响大于对鼠密度的影响。     

基于生命表参数的棉铃虫种群动态模拟研究

依据对棉铃虫自然种群生命表研究所获得的种群统计参数,采用蒙特卡罗方法,模拟了随机环境条件下的棉铃虫种群发生动态。模拟结果显示,同一输入参数(模拟的1代残虫量),经过确定世代或生活史阶段后,棉铃虫的种群密度既可能为轻发生,也可能种群暴发。环境条件有利时,输入变量(模拟的1代残虫量)影响棉铃虫最大可能的发生程度。当棉铃虫为中等或轻发生时,1代残虫量(模型输入参数)和最终的棉铃虫发生程度(模型输出)没有明显的依赖关系。相同的最终棉铃虫发生程度所对应的模型的输入变量可以有多种水平。模拟结果显示,在环境条件比较有利情况下,棉铃虫只需要1个世代或某一个生活史阶段(如蛹期),种群密度即可达暴发水平。本文的研究结果说明,对棉铃虫中长期发生态势的预测,存在一定程度的不确定性。     

长爪沙鼠的肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类及猛禽密度的关系

为研究鼠类密度和猛禽密度对鼠类肝毛细线虫(Capillaria hepatica)感染率的影响,作者于2004年7月在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗北部和东乌珠穆沁旗西南部典型草原草场选取了14个实验样地,采用洞口计数法(四分之一圆面积法)调查估计各实验样地内长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)密度,同时采用夹线调查法捕获鼠类样本,进行常规解剖获取肝毛细线虫的感染数据。采用目测计数法统计猛禽的出现频次,并以其出现频次作为猛禽的相对密度指标。实验样地共捕获长爪沙鼠1 058只,观察到鹰隼类活动69只次。数据分析结果表明,长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类密度之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.926),长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与猛禽密度之间亦存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.853)。该结果说明,长爪沙鼠是肝毛细线虫的主要宿主,鼠类密度和猛禽密度的升高均会增加长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率,猛禽密度和鼠类密度之间还存在叠加效应,猛禽的捕食作用会加快肝毛细线虫病的传播周期,加重肝毛细线虫病疫情。     

Uncertainty analysis of forest carbon sink forecast with varying measurement errors: a data assimilation approach

Aims Accurate forecast of ecosystem states is critical for improving natural resource management and climate change mitigation. Assimilating observed data into models is an effective way to reduce uncertainties in ecological forecasting. However, influences of measurement errors on parameter estimation and forecasted state changes have not been carefully examined. This study analyzed the parameter identifiability of a process-based ecosystem carbon cycle model, the sensitivity of parameter estimates and model forecasts to the magnitudes of measurement errors and the information contributions of the assimilated data to model forecasts with a data assimilation approach.Methods We applied a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to assimilate eight biometric data sets into the Terrestrial ECOsystem model. The data were the observations of foliage biomass, wood biomass, fine root biomass, microbial biomass, litter fall, litter, soil carbon and soil respiration, collected at the Duke Forest free-air CO₂ enrichment facilities from 1996 to 2005. Three levels of measurement errors were assigned to these data sets by halving and doubling their original standard deviations.Important findings Results showed that only less than half of the 30 parameters could be constrained, though the observations were extensive and the model was relatively simple. Higher measurement errors led to higher uncertainties in parameters estimates and forecasted carbon (C) pool sizes. The long-term predictions of the slow turnover pools were affected less by the measurement errors than those of fast turnover pools. Assimilated data contributed less information for the pools with long residence times in long-term forecasts. These results indicate the residence times of C pools played a key role in regulating propagation of errors from measurements to model forecasts in a data assimilation system. Improving the estimation of parameters of slow turnover C pools is the key to better forecast long-term ecosystem C dynamics.     

Correlation between numerical dynamics and reproductive behavior in Cypripedium lentiginosum

Isolation, molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis were carried out to investigate the biodiversity of manganese bacteria in sediments which were collected from the Arctic Ocean during the 2^nd Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition. 21 and 19 species of cultivable strains were isolated from sediments at Stations P11 and S11, respectively, according to their distinct morphological character on the screening plate of manganese medium. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the cultivable manganese bacteria from Station P11 were basically composed of γ-Proteobacteria (γ subgroup of the Proteobacteria branch of the domain Bacteria) and Actinobacteria, which accounted for 86% and 14%, respectively. The isolates of γ-Proteobacteria mainly included Psychrobacter, Shewanella, Acinetobacter and Marinobacter, of which Psychrobacter was the major genus, which accounted for 67% of the γ-Proteobacteria. The cultivable manganese bacteria from Station S11 included α-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria and Flavobacteria of Bacteroides. The γ-Proteobacteria mainly included Shewanella, Marinomonas and Alteromonas. The majority of α-Proteobacteria was Sphingomonas. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that bacteria from sediments at Stations P11 and S11 had different cultivable manganese microbial communities. All tested strains had higher resistance to Mn²⁺, of which Marinomonas sp. S11-S-4 had the highest resistant ability.     

柑桔全爪螨自然种群动态的模拟模型

本文运用时间序列分析方法对上海市长兴岛前卫农场柑桔园内柑桔全爪螨及其天敌江原钝绥螨的种群动态进行分析和模拟,分别建立了关于柑桔全爪螨及其天敌种群数量动态的作用,预测柑桔全爪螨种群数量的变化趋势,模拟效果良好,对田间防治具有一定的参考价值。     

Niche characteristics of rodents by diverse disturbance in Alashan desert,Inner Mongolia,China

Four diverse disturbance types,namely,farmland,rotationaUy grazed grassland,overgrazed grassland and forbidden grazing grassland,were identified in the Alashan desert region of Inner Mongolia.Rodents were sampled in April,July and October in 2002 and 2003 using the trap-day method.Their spatial and temporal niches among the four disturbance types were assessed using the Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index and the Pianka niche overlap index.The Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index was the highest for Allactaga sibirica and Meriones meridianus (0.925 and 0.908,respectively),intermediate for Cricetulus eversmanni,Phodopus roborovskii and Citellus dauricus (0.789,0.782 and 0.711,respectively),and lowest for Cardiocranius paradoxus (0.003).The Pianka niche overlap indices of six-paired species were the highest and varied from 0.900 to 1.000,suggesting their spatial niche overlapped almost completely.Conversely,the spatial niche overlap index for Meriones unguiculatus,Cardiocranius paradoxus,and Salpingotus kozlovi was zero,thus indicating a complete absence of competition among them.In addition,the temporal niche breadth and overlap indices varied greatly in relation to disturbance types and season.The level of temporal niche overlap in spring and autumn was low while in summer it was high.For all disturbance types and for each season,the temporal niche overlap index of Meriones meridianus and Cricetulus barabansis was always highest but for Meriones unguiculatus and Salpingotus kozlovi always lowest.     

长爪沙鼠种群数量与气象因子的关系

根据内蒙古自治区伊克昭盟鄂托克旗和鄂托克前旗1975—1989年长爪沙鼠密度监测数据和本地区气象站的7项气象因子资料,给出了气象因子与鼠密度的最优回归子集模型和标准回归模型。得到结论:年降水是影响鼠数量变动的最重要的气象因子。求出了年降水与鼠密度的曲线回归模型。     

Temperature-dependent development and oviposition models of Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)

Public interest in Ramulus irregulariterdentatus as a pet insect in Korea is increasing, although it is also considered as a potential forest insect pest. The objective of this study was to construct development and oviposition models of R. irregulariterdentatus. Development rates were fitted with a nonlinear Briére model which estimated optimal temperatures to be 24.5 and 26.2?°C with upper development thresholds of 29.3 and 31.4?°C for egg and nymph, respectively. In a linear model, lower development thresholds were 7.6 and 5.2?°C for egg and nymph, respectively. Survivorship was the highest at 21.0 and 22.2?°C for egg and nymph, respectively. Mean fecundity ranged from 14.4 eggs at 17.5?°C to 32.0 eggs at 23.5?°C. It was fitted to an extreme value function. Adult survival and cumulative oviposition rate of R. irregulariterdentatus were fitted to a sigmoid function and a two-parameter Weibull function, respectively. These models can be used to forecast phenology and population dynamics of R. irregulariterdentatus in the fields and optimize environmental conditions for rearing R. irregulariterdentatus.