杉木与米老排人工混交林群落木本植物空间格局研究

该研究在全面踏查广西大青山实验场杉木-米老排人工混交林群落的基础上,采用典型样方法选择1块90 m×110 m的永久固定样地,测量每株活立木中心位置坐标,检尺每株活立木胸径(地径)、树高、冠幅等,并采用径级代替龄级和空间点格局分析方法的Ripley's L(r)函数,分析杉木-米老排人工混交林的种群动态以及群落内主要木本植物种群的空间分布格局和主要种群的种间关联,以探讨杉木-米老排人工混交林群落内物种间的相互作用以及保持种群稳定与演替规律,为亚热带人工混交林培育的树种选择、空间结构调整及抚育管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)样地内胸径≥1 cm的活立木共计49个树种、 3 361株,其中杉木、米老排、三桠苦、红椎、九节、对叶榕、水锦树7个树种重要值都在4%以上,占有较大优势,是林分的主要树种。(2)杉木-米老排人工混交林群落内所有活立木(DBH≥1 cm)在0～40 m的尺度上表现出聚集分布,其中:幼树(1 cm≤DBH5 cm)在0～40 m的尺度上的聚集程度较群落内所有活立木聚集程度高;小树(5 cm≤DBH10 cm)在0～5 m的尺度上呈现随机分布,在6～40 m尺度上的聚集程度较弱;大树(DBH≥10 cm)在小于5 m的尺度上表现出均匀分布,在5～40 m尺度上服从于随机分布。(3)群落内7个主要种群除米老排和红椎接近随机分布外,其他种群皆服从聚集分布,且随尺度增加聚集程度增强。(4)样地内大树与小树之间相互独立,而小树与幼树、大树与幼树之间在研究尺度范围内存在正关联关系。(5)研究区群落内主要种群(21个种对)之间以无关联和负关联为主,只存在少量种群(5个种对)之间呈正关联,表明广西大青山实验场杉木-米老排人工混交林群落结构的稳定性较弱,尚未达到群落演替的顶级阶段。     

云冷杉天然次生林死木分布格局及空间关联性

为揭示天然次生林群落演替规律,以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场的云冷杉天然次生林为对象,采用相邻网格法调查样地(100 m×100 m)内每株林木(DBH≥1 cm)的基本特征及坐标位置,研究死木的分布格局及空间关联性。结果表明: 死木的径级分布呈左偏单峰山状分布,其中枯倒木呈多峰山状分布;各树种的死木株数与该树种的总株数没有必然联系;树种死木株数与树种混交度之间存在显著负指数关系;死木主要在0～8 m尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,逐渐转变为随机分布或均匀分布,以随机分布为主;中(10 cm≤DBH＜20 cm)、小径级(1 cm≤DBH＜10 cm)死木在8 m以下的小尺度上的聚集分布是造成死木总体在小尺度上呈聚集分布的主要原因。不同径级死木与不同径级活立木的空间关联性差异较大,死木与幼树(1 cm≤DBH＜5 cm)的关系较为明显,尤其是大径级死木与幼树在2～25 m尺度上呈显著正关联性;死木与小树(5 cm≤DBH＜15 cm)没有明显的关联性;中、小径级死木与中树(15 cm≤DBH＜25 cm)在0～3 m尺度上呈正关联性,与大树(DBH≥25 cm)分别在9、11～14 m以及15、42～45 m尺度上呈负关联性。树种在生物学特性、径级分布和空间布局上的差异影响着死木的株数和径级分布;混交程度低的树种可能出现较多的死木;死木空间分布格局随林木径级和研究尺度的大小产生变化;死木与活立木的空间关联性在不同径级和不同尺度上呈现出明显差异。     

秦岭优势乔木锐齿槲栎的空间分布格局及种内关联

为探究锐齿槲栎种群的空间分布特征及关联性,本研究以秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林25 hm²森林样地内优势树种锐齿槲栎为对象,采用成对相关函数g(r)对其空间格局及其种内关联性进行了研究。结果表明: 锐齿槲栎径级结构呈“双峰”型,幼树(1 cm≤胸径DBH＜5 cm)个体数较多,种群呈增长型结构,更新良好;中树(15 cm≤DBH＜25 cm)比大树(25 cm≤DBH＜35 cm)、老树(DBH≥35 cm)的个体数略多,但远少于幼树和小树(5 cm≤DBH＜15 cm)。锐齿槲栎空间分布具有明显的海拔依赖性,主要分布在中高海拔地区。完全空间随机零模型分析表明,各径级个体在＜60 m的大尺度范围聚集分布。使用异质泊松模型剔除生境异质性分析表明,各径级的个体转变为大尺度的随机分布,表明树种的分布明显受到生境变化的影响。在＜40 m的小尺度范围内,径级差距小的个体间的空间关联性为正关联,径级差距大的个体间的空间关联性转变为负关联和无关联;在＞40 m的大尺度范围内,大径级个体间的空间关联性为正关联,而幼树和其他径级个体间的空间关联性为负关联或无关联。锐齿槲栎自身生物学特性和环境异质性是种群空间格局形成的重要原因。     

帽儿山天然次生林内主要木本植物空间格局及更新特点

基于帽儿山次生林1 hm²样地的调查数据,将林分分为幼苗(树高H<30 cm)、幼树(H在30～130 cm或H>130 cm同时胸径DBH<5 cm)、中树(DBH 5～10 cm)、大树(DBH≥10 cm)4个大小级,运用O-ring点格局分析方法,分析帽儿山地区次生林内主要木本植物整体及树种人工补植红松、三大硬阔(水曲柳、胡桃楸、黄菠萝),以及榆树的各大小级空间格局及其关联性,探讨该地区次生林更新演替动向,为该地区森林的可持续经营提供依据.结果表明: 样地内更新幼苗2894株·hm^-2,幼树3337株·hm^-2,林分整体更新情况一般.对林分整体而言,幼苗分别与大树、中树和幼树在0～25 m、0～15 m、0～40 m的空间尺度上呈显著正相关,而在其余尺度上均呈显著负相关;幼树与大树、中树分别在0～15 m、0～25 m空间尺度上呈显著正相关,而在其余尺度上无显著关联;大树与中树则在所有尺度上均无相关性.对林分内优势树种而言,红松大树与幼树在所有尺度上主要呈负相关,而三大硬阔、榆树大树与幼树均以不相关为主.人工补植红松幼树与三大硬阔及榆树的各大小级在研究尺度上表现为以负相关为主,三大硬阔和榆树幼树与其他优势种各大小级只在20 m尺度内呈现负相关;三者两两之间在中树及大树阶段在20 m以上的尺度均不相关.帽儿山天然次生林还处于演替的进程当中,在今后的森林资源管理过程中,应当采取积极的人工干预措施促进林分更新,并适时对不合理的空间格局进行调整.     

南盘江流域铁坚油杉种群空间结构特征分析

铁坚油杉[Keteleeria davidiana(Bertr.)Beissn]为第三纪残遗裸子植物,被列为中国濒危树种,也是南盘江流域天然植被的重要组分。该研究于南盘江流域的广西雅长兰科植物国家级自然保护区内,采用典型样地法建立了1块面积为100m×80m的永久性标准固定样地,并运用林分空间结构参数二元分布(BDFSSSP)法分析铁坚油杉种群整体、大树(DBH≥15.79cm)和小树(5cm≤DHB15.79cm)的空间结构特征,以揭示南盘江流域内天然次生群落中铁坚油杉种群的结构多样性。结果表明:(1)铁坚油杉种群整体处于随机偏向均匀分布(W=0.468)状态,混交度适中(M=0.480),个体径阶分化明显(U=0.472)。(2)多数大树同时处于优势地位(U=0.204)和中度混交(M=0.436)状态,格局为随机分布(W=0.483)。(3)小树的分布格局和混交状态与种群整体相似,但大部分小树都是劣势木(U=0.75~1.00)。研究认为,南盘江流域铁坚油杉种群与其相邻种群之间的空间结构具有多样性,铁坚油杉种群内部的空间结构也具有多样性,暗示整个种群可能处于稳定状态。     

北京东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶林枯立木与活立木空间分布格局

东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶次生林,是保存较完整的落叶阔叶次生林,其物种组成、群落结构是次生林演替过程的重要体现,也是下一步演替发生的基础。为了更好地研究其演替动态、生物多样性维持机制,以东灵山20hm~2样地为固定监测平台,分析了暖温带落叶阔叶次生林的活立木、枯立木物种组成、径级结构、空间格局。结果表明:(1)样地中DBH≥1 cm的活立木共有103702株,植株密度为5185.1株/hm~2;枯立木共有4543株,植株密度为204.9/hm~2二者均包括了分枝和萌枝的个体数。样地内DBH≥1 cm的活立木共有58种,分属于33属18科,DBH≥1 cm的枯立木共有33种,分属于23属15科。(2)活立木与枯立木整体分布随径级增大,均表现出先增大后减小的趋势,小径级个体多度在分布中优势显著。(3)活立木空间分布随径级增大,聚集强度减小,10 cm≤DBH20 cm、DBH≥40 cm此趋势明显,而20 cm≤DBH40 cm在0—50 m的尺度范围内,规则、随机、聚集分布均出现。枯立木的空间格局,DBH5 cm,DBH≥40 cm,尺度接近30 m时,随机分布;5 cm≤DBH40 cm,0—50m尺度范围内,聚集分布。空间分布格局显示了径级大小在空间分布上互补,不同径级的个体占据了样地内不同的生态位。(4)不同径级活立木与枯立木关联性分析表明,小径级小尺度,关联显著,大径级大尺度空间关联性逐渐减弱。枯立木的产生,是活立木受密度制约调控、演替地位及演替阶段、生境异质性等因素调控的结果,影响机制有待进一步研究。     

广东石门台亚热带典型常绿阔叶林和亚热带山顶矮林群落特征

为了研究亚热带典型常绿阔叶林和亚热带山顶矮林的物种组成和群落结构,在广东石门台国家自然保护区内分别建立了1 hm2亚热带典型常绿阔叶林样地和1 hm2亚热带山顶矮林样地,以样地内所有胸径（DBH）≥1 cm的乔木、灌木和藤本为研究对象,分析两种森林类型的物种组成、密度、径级和株高结构。结果显示：（1）两种森林的Srensen物种相似性指数为0.41,优势种不同,但优势科却较相似;其中,茶科和杜鹃花科在两种森林中所占比例较高;（2）亚热带典型常绿阔叶林的幼苗（1 cm≤DBH〈2.5 cm）和幼树（2.5 cm≤DBH〈12.5 cm）密度都显著小于亚热带山顶矮林,但两种森林的小树（12.5 cm≤DBH〈25 cm）和大树（DBH≥25 cm）密度均无显著差异;亚热带典型常绿阔叶林幼苗和大树的平均胸径都显著大于亚热带山顶矮林,而幼树的平均胸径则显著小于亚热带山顶矮林,小树的平均胸径无显著差异;亚热带典型常绿阔叶林中小树和大树的平均高度都显著大于亚热带山顶矮林,而幼苗的平均高度显著小于亚热带山顶矮林,幼树的平均高度无显著差异。综合分析表明,亚热带典型常绿阔叶林和亚热带山顶矮林的物种组成、密度、胸径和高度结构差异较大,亚热带典型常绿阔叶林群落稳定性强于亚热带山顶矮林。     

黔中喀斯特次生林优势物种空间分布格局及关联性

以黔中天龙山2 hm²喀斯特次生林为对象,采用成对相关函数g(r)结合完全随机模型(CSR)研究重要值前4位优势树种的空间分布格局及其关联性。结果表明: 样地树种的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,在优势树种窄叶石栎和圆果化香的影响下,第Ⅴ径级(≥10 cm)的数量较多。窄叶石栎呈现倒“J”型分布,种群更新良好,处于生长发育初级阶段;而圆果化香和云南鼠刺随着径级的增大数量逐渐递增,成年树、大树数量远多于幼树、小树,表明该种群更新不足,处于生长发育的中后期并逐渐衰退。除窄叶石栎外,其余优势树种整体呈现出在较大尺度上聚集分布,聚集程度随着尺度的增大逐渐下降并趋于随机分布,此规律在幼树径级中表现得尤为突出;而受各种因素的影响,各个树种不同径级呈现出不同的空间分布格局。在种间关联上,4个优势树种之间大多呈现负关联或者无关联关系,树种重要值越高与其他优势树种关联程度越低,呈现负关联的2个树种在小尺度上关联程度最低,随着尺度的增大负关联程度逐渐降低并趋向于无显著关联。     

亚热带-温带气候过渡区落叶阔叶林物种-生境关联分析

物种-生境关联分析有利于更好地理解物种共存理论和群落构建机制。根据秦岭落叶阔叶林25 hm²固定监测样地的调查数据,将树种分为幼苗、幼树和成树3个生活阶段,利用Torus-translation检验方法分析物种与不同生境类型之间的关联性。结果表明: 生境对各物种的影响不同。与高坡显著关联的物种数最多,其中95.7%为负关联;与低坡呈负相关的物种占89.5%;与山脊呈显著负关联的物种占90.9%;物种与高谷生境多存在显著正关联,呈负相关的只有1种,占0.03%。物种在幼苗、幼树和成树阶段与生境分别存在80、44和23个关联,表明幼苗阶段对生境的依赖程度更大。幼苗阶段的物种中有38个(占总物种数的90.5%)至少与一类生境存在显著的关联性;幼树阶段有25个(占总物种数的58.1%)至少与一类生境存在显著关联;成树阶段只有17个(占总物种数的39.5%)至少与一类生境存在显著关联。同一生境对不同生活史阶段物种的影响存在差异,到生活史阶段后期,生境的影响逐渐减弱。由于特定的环境需求,多数物种在不同生活史阶段表现出不同的生境偏好。     

滇池流域人工林群落结构及水土保持效益

以滇池流域5种主要人工林(柏木林、桉树林、银荆林、华山松林和云南松林)为研究对象,通过样方调查,分析群落结构特征,并构建了由植被、枯落物、土壤、地形4个因子组成的水土保持功能评价指标体系,在对所选取的8个指标进行标准化、确定权重的基础上,运用理想点综合评价方法评价其水土保持效益.结果表明:各人工林群落优势种重要值(Ⅳ)分别为:柏木89.69、桉树74.27、银荆96.35、华山松84.93、云南松65.65.桉树林、云南松林分层物种多样性表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,柏木林、银荆林和华山松林分层物种多样性表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.云南松林的群落总体物种多样性最高,华山松林和桉树林次之,柏木林较低,银荆林最低.各人工林水土保持效益依次为:云南松林＞华山松林＞柏木林＞桉树林＞银荆林,表明乡土树种作为水土保持林具有一定的优势.不同人工林在物种多样性及水土保持效益等方面存在明显差异,应根据立地条件选择适宜的造林树种及搭配方式,提升其生态功能,控制水土流失.     

Synthesis and mutagenicity of 2-aryl-substitute ( o -hydroxy-, m -bromo-, o -methoxy-, o -nitro-phenyl or 4-pyridyl) benzothiazole derivatives on Salmonella typhimurium and human lymphocytes exposed in vitro

Derivatives of 2-aryl-substitute (o-hydroxy-, m-bromo-, o-methoxy-, o-nitro-phenyl or 4-pyridyl) benzothiazole were synthesized and tested for their mutagenicity in in vitro assays: (i) in the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains; and (ii) in the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultured human lymphocytes. The four of compounds (BT-11, B-12, BT-14 and BT-15) caused statistically significant increase in revertant colonies of TA98 and TA100. Treatment of lymphocytes with compounds also caused a significant increase in SCE/cell in association with high levels and long exposure (300 μg/mL and 48 h) of the four compounds. It can be concluded that benzothiazole derivatives showed mutagenic activity and were also able to exert a genotoxic effect reducing both the replication index and mitotic index.     

低分子质量魔芋甘露寡糖的长期毒性与遗传毒性研究

魔芋甘露寡糖是一种具有肠道菌群调节作用的新型食品添加剂．本研究首次通过酶解与有机溶剂沉淀法制备了低分子质量的甘露寡糖(聚合度2～7),并对这类寡糖进行了长期毒性与遗传毒性评价．在长期毒性试验中,以大鼠为实验对象,分低、中、高(2.25,5.25,7.50 g/kg)药物剂量组和阴性对照组,连续灌胃给药90天．一般状况观察、生化指标、血液学指标、病理学等与对照组比较均无显著性差异,而大体解剖观察发现,部分大鼠的肝脏与肾脏形态发生变化,但这些变化均在正常范围内,且其他各项指标差异均无统计学意义．此外,一系列实验包括小鼠骨髓微核实验、Ames试验、小鼠精子畸变试验均未发现低分子质量甘露寡糖有明显的遗传毒性．试验结果提示,本研究方法获得的低分子质量甘露寡糖在本实验条件下未发现长期毒性与遗传毒性．     

Evaluation of an experimental product based on Bacillus thuringiensis sorovar. israelensis against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera:Culicidae)

The larvicidal activity of an experimental formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) against Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated under laboratory and simulated field conditions (SFC). Samples of technical powder (TP) were assayed to establish the LC₅₀ and the potency of the product. The larvicidal activity of the TP and the tablet (T) were evaluated under SFC to assess the efficacy and the residual activity, measured against Ae. aegypti larvae. Either a T or 250 mg of TP were added to 50 L of water in plastic containers. Containers were exposed to sunlight or kept in the shade. Results showed a LC₅₀ of 0.26 mg/L and a potency of 750 ITU/mg. In spite of differences in the toxicity amongst TP and T samples, all of them killed 98–100% of the larvae and the mortality remained high for six months, in the shade. The replacement of 20% or 60% of the water volume did not affect the activity of the product. Seasonal differences influenced the persistence of the product in containers exposed to sunlight. Both formulations showed an excellent performance, especially when kept in the shade. The Bti tablet evaluated in this study is potentially very useful in programs to control dengue vectors.     

两种Eupristina属小蜂对宿主榕果挥发物和合成信息素的行为反应

高榕,雌雄同株,与其共生的形态高度相似的传粉小蜂Eupristina altissima与非传粉小蜂Eupristina sp.均为果内产卵。利用Y型嗅觉仪生物测定法研究E.altissima和Eupristina sp.对不同发育期高榕榕果挥发物以及合成信息素混合物的行为反应差异。结果表明:E.altissima和Eupristina sp.对高榕雌花期榕果挥发物具极显著趋向行为,对高榕雄花期榕果挥发物具极显著驱避行为,表明E.altissima与Eupristina sp.雌蜂能够敏锐辨别高榕雌花期和雄花期榕果的挥发物,快速远离雄花期榕果,并实现对宿主雌花期榕果的定位。但是,E.altissima与Eupristina sp.对其它发育时期榕果挥发物的行为反应具有差异性,前者对雌前期榕果和传粉或产卵后榕果释放的挥发物存在显著的趋避反应,而后者无明显的行为偏向性,表明E.altissima能够识别雌前期榕果和传粉或产卵后榕果,可避免误入其中而无法繁殖后代,Eupristina sp.则不具备这种识别能力。E.altissima和Eupristina sp.小蜂对合成信息素的行为反应也高度相似,表现为芳樟醇、苯乙烯,以及苯乙烯和金合欢醇的交互作用对两种小蜂选择行为影响显著,组合A_1B_2C_2(0.5%Linalool+1%Benzyl ethylene+1%Farnesol)的混合信息素对两种小蜂具有极显著的驱避作用,而组合A_2B_1C_1(1%Linalool+0.5%Benzyl ethylene+0.5%Farnesol),A_2B_1C_2(1%Linalool+0.5%Benzyl ethylene+1%Farnesol),A2B2C1(1%Linalool+1%Benzyl ethylene+0.5%Farnesol)的混合信息素对其具有极显著的吸引作用,但两种小蜂对组合A_1B_1C_1(0.5%Linalool+0.5%Benzyl ethylene+0.5%Farnesol)的行为反应存在差异。两种小蜂对榕果挥发物和合成信息素的反应异同,可能与其触角结构的差异密切相关。研究结果为探究榕-蜂共生体系的化学信号传导机制提供科学依据。     

艾叶提取物的杀菌效果

采用悬液定量杀菌试验,对艾叶提取物的杀菌效果进行实验室研究。研究发现,艾叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、白假丝酵母菌和黑曲霉均具有明显的杀菌作用。通过模拟现场试验,艾叶提取物有显著的杀菌效果。     

The w/w SMART assay of Drosophila melanogaster detects the genotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species inducing compounds

The somatic mutation and recombination w/w⁺ eye assay has been used for genotoxic evaluation of a broad number of chemicals with different action mechanisms yielding high values of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The aim of this work was to determine the utility of this assay in the evaluation of reactive oxygen species inducers. For this, we have tested eight compounds: diquat, paraquat, menadione, juglone, plumbagin, streptonigrin, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, using the Drosophila Oregon K strain which had previously shown advantageous conditions to test this type of compounds. Diquat was the only chemical for which the results were clearly negative, probably because its high toxicity, whereas indications of a marginal genotoxicity rised for menadione. The remaining compounds were evaluated as positives. The conclusion of these experiments is that the w/w⁺ assay is capable to detect genotoxic effects induced by compounds that generate reactive oxygen species through different action mechanisms.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.     

Determination of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) egg ages suitable for oviposition by Gonatocerus ashmeadi, Gonatocerus triguttatus, and Gonatocerus fasciatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) eggs 1–10 days of age were exposed to Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault, Gonatocerus triguttatus Girault, and Gonatocerus fasciatus Girault (all Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in no choice laboratory trials to investigate egg age utilization and to determine which egg ages are vulnerable to attack by these three parasitoids. The H. coagulata egg ages that were most suitable for oviposition by G. ashmeadi, G. triguttatus, and G. fasciatus were eggs 3, 4, and 2 days of age, respectively. Egg ages least suitable for parasitoid development were 6–10 days for G. ashmeadi (resulting in <50% parasitism), 1–2 and 7–10 days for G. triguttatus (resulting in <25% parasitism), and 3–10 days for G. fasciatus (resulting in <11% parasitism). Pooling parasitism data across all egg ages showed that parasitism by G. ashmeadi was 12.9 and 28.5% higher compared with G. triguttatus and G. fasciatus, respectively, and G. triguttatus resulted in 15.6% higher percentage parasitism compared with G. fasciatus. Egg age had a significant effect on the percentage of female G. ashmeadi offspring produced, but this was not significant for G. triguttatus, and low G. fasciatus parasitism prevented statistical analyses for comparisons. Results from tests where females were offered a choice for oviposition between eggs 1, 3, and 5 days of age demonstrated that G. ashmeadi and G. triguttatus showed no significant oviposition preference, while percentage parasitism by G. fasciatus was 29.4 and 7.4% higher when females were presented eggs 1 and 3 days of age, respectively, compared with eggs 5 days of age. Choice tests indicated that an overlap in egg age suitability for oviposition exists between G. ashmeadi, G. triguttatus, and G. fasciatus, and that interspecific competition for eggs 1, 2, and 3 days of age may occur in the field environment.     

微嗜酸寡养单胞菌中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox生物学功能研究北大核心

【目的】研究微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila)CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox(phosphopyridoxamine oxidase,pnpox)在维生素B6(VB6)合成中的贡献及对黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)的降解活性。【方法】采用基因插入突变方式,对菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox进行突变,得到突变菌株。通过高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测突变株对AFB1的降解活性,以及突变株中吡哆醇和吡哆醛的合成情况,确定基因pnpox在寡养单胞菌体内VB6合成中的贡献和黄曲霉毒素降解代谢作用。【结果】成功构建了磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因突变子pnpox::pK19mobΩ2HMB,突变子吡哆醛的合成量较野生型菌株显著减少,吡哆醇合成量与野生型菌株无显著性差异;同时,突变子与野生型株CW117对AFB1的降解活性未发现显著性差异。【结论】菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶在吡哆醛合成的过程中起着重要作用,该基因突变会导致VB6的严重缺乏,影响寡养单胞菌正常生长,但该基因对CW117降解黄曲霉毒素无显著性贡献。