基于CRISPR/Cas9技术构建Plin1基因敲除小鼠模型及表型分析

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建纯合围脂滴蛋白(Plin1)基因敲除小鼠模型,并初步分析其表型.针对Plin1基因2号外显子前后序列设计sgRNA并构建表达载体,体外转录获得sgRNA后与Cas9蛋白混合,显微注射至小鼠受精卵中并进行胚胎移植.出生小鼠经测序及PCR基因型鉴定获得Fo代阳性小鼠;令Fo代小鼠与野生型小...     

应用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建YOD1基因敲除小鼠

目的:应用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建去泛素化酶YOD1基因敲除小鼠。方法:针对YOD1基因设计单链向导RNA(sg RNA)识别序列,构建sg RNA质粒,与Cas9质粒体外转录、纯化后注射入受精卵,通过PCR和测序验证得到F0代阳性小鼠。配繁两代后,取同窝对照的野生型(WT)和敲除(KO)小鼠的主要组织器官研磨,使用免疫印迹(WB)技术检测各组织YOD1蛋白的表达,确证YOD1敲除小鼠模型是否成功建立。统计YOD1杂合子(HET)自交存活后代各基因型比例,分析是否有胚胎致死表型。解剖小鼠分析主要组织器官的表型,进一步利用H.E.染色分析KO小鼠是否存在自发的病理改变。通过血糖耐受实验(GTT)分析KO小鼠的血糖调控能力。结果:基因组测序和WB检测结果显示KO小鼠中YOD1被明显敲除,YOD1敲除小鼠模型成功建立。YOD1杂合子自交后代各基因型比例符合孟德尔定律,提示KO小鼠非胚胎致死。YOD1敲除小鼠肝脏显著小于WT小鼠。GTT结果表明敲除YOD1不影响小鼠的血糖稳态。结论:应用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建YOD1基因敲除小鼠。KO小鼠正常出生,无任何胚胎发育缺陷。与WT小鼠相比,KO小鼠肝脏显著减小,但无显著的自发病理变化,KO小鼠血糖控制亦无显著差异。     

运用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除人源黏着斑蛋白基因

目的:建立CRISPR/Cas9n系统,用于敲除人源黏着斑蛋白(VCL)基因。方法:设计一个靶向人源VCL基因第3个外显子的单向导RNA(sgRNA),分别克隆表达载体后,通过慢病毒转入人MDA-MB-231细胞,通过PCR及Western印迹检测细胞株中VCL基因的敲除效果。结果:测序结果显示靶向VCL基因CRISPR/Cas9重组质粒构建成功;PCR产物测序结果表明本次设计的Cas9/sgRNA能够对VCL基因进行编辑敲除;Western印迹显示Cas9-VCL组的MDA-MB-231细胞内VCL表达水平较对照组显著降低。结论:通过CRISPR/Cas9系统获得了靶向VCL基因的重组质粒,构建的重组质粒能有效敲除VCL。     

心肌特异性Creg基因条件敲除小鼠的建立及表型分析

目的:建立心肌特异性Creg基因敲除小鼠并初步分析其表型。方法:利用订购的Creg两端插入lox P位点(Cregflox/flox)的小鼠与肌型肌酸激酶特异性启动子驱动的Cre重组酶转基因(Ckmm-cre)小鼠交配,获得Cregflox/+/Ckmm-cre小鼠。再利用Cregflox/+/Ckmm-cre小鼠互相交配,获得基因型为Cregflox/flox/Ckmm-cre的心肌特异性Creg基因条件敲除(Creg conditional knockout,Creg c KO)小鼠。用PCR法进行基因型鉴定。用定量PCR及Western Blot检测心肌组织中Creg表达水平。HE染色观察敲除小鼠与同窝野生型对照小鼠心脏大小及形态。检测两组小鼠心电图。用小动物超声评价两组小鼠左心室收缩功能。结果:1经基因型鉴定,成功获得Creg c KO小鼠。2与野生型对照相比,Creg c KO小鼠心脏中CREG在转录及翻译水平表达降低90%以上。3与野生型对照相比,Cre c KO小鼠的心脏大小、形态、心电图及左心室射血分数均无显著差别。结论:成功建立心肌特异性CREG基因条件敲除小鼠,为进一步研究Creg在心脏疾病中的作用和机制提供了有力的工具。     

CRISPR/Cas9高效敲除突触结合蛋白Ⅰ的电生理学研究

研究一种蛋白质在神经元中的功能,最有效的方法之一是在该基因敲除动物的神经元中确认其表型.传统的用胚胎干细胞建立基因敲除动物模型的方法虽然稳定,但是复杂、耗时.近几年来,一种新型基因组编辑技术——CRISPR/Cas9,能够在不分裂的神经元中高效特异地敲除目的基因.本文研究了用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除突触结合蛋白Ⅰ(synaptotagminⅠ,Syt1)基因后的小鼠海马培养神经元的电生理学特性.我们设计并构建了Syt1单导向RNA(Syt1 sgRNA)的慢病毒载体质粒,并用编码Cas9和Syt1 sgRNA的慢病毒感染培养的小鼠海马神经元,急性敲除神经元中Syt1基因(Syt1 sgRNA组),并用不靶向任何基因的Scramble sgRNA感染神经元作为阴性对照(Scramble组).通过全细胞膜片钳的方法检测单动作电位诱发的兴奋性突触后电流(single AP-eEPSC)、微小兴奋性突触后电流(mEPSCs)、高糖反应测量的即刻可释放囊泡池(RRP)以及10 Hz串刺激测量的囊泡释放概率(P_r).结果显示,Syt1 sgRNA组神经元丧失了Syt1的功能,并且与Syt1敲除(Syt1 KO)小鼠神经元的突触传递表型相似,而Scramble组神经元的各参数和野生型(WT)小鼠神经元相比没有显著性差异.本文为CRISPR/Cas9技术应用于神经元中基因的急性修饰提供了依据.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术建立FcγR基因大片段敲除小鼠模型

目的使用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术敲除长度约为90 kb的小鼠FcγR2b,FcγR3,FcγR4基因簇,为构建FcγR基因人源化小鼠奠定基础。方法使用在线预测软件在FcγR2b,FcγR3外显子区设计sgRNA,在每一位点挑选脱靶效应较低的五个候选sgRNA。通过CRISPR/Cas9活性检测试剂盒检测sgRNA在体外的活性。选取活性较高的sgRNA体外转录,与Cas9 mRNA一并注射受精卵。通过PCR检测及测序,得到1只敲除片段为89 711 bp的基因修饰小鼠,且同时敲除FcγR2b基因5’端,FcγR3基因3’端及FcγR4基因。而且还利用软件预测了8个脱靶可能性最高的位点,并对首建鼠基因组的上述8个脱靶位点全部测序确认。结果结果显示未在预测脱靶位点附近发现小片段插入或缺失。结论建立了利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术敲除基因组超大片段的技术,该技术结合BAC转基因技术,将为建立含有复杂基因族的人源化小鼠提供新的途径。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统在小鼠胚胎干细胞中进行miR-22的功能研究

旨在构造neomycin筛选标记的sgRNA表达载体,并利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建miR-22缺失的小鼠胚胎干细胞,探究miR-22在小鼠胚胎干细胞中的调控作用。首先通过点突变、搭桥PCR等手段,构造neomycin筛选标记的sgRNA表达载体,并获得靶向敲除miR-22的sgRNA表达载体,电转至稳转Cas9的小鼠胚胎干细胞中;其次经药物筛选、基因型鉴定等步骤筛选miR-22纯合缺失的小鼠胚胎干细胞。RT-qPCR手段证实miR-22在小鼠胚胎干细胞中被成功敲除,纯合突变体的比例约为6.67%。此外,miR-22缺失并未影响胚胎干细胞的细胞形态以及Oct4、Sox2和Nanog等干性基因的表达。因此,miR-22对小鼠胚胎干细胞的干性维持并非必需,而对胚胎干细胞谱系分化和命运决定的影响还有待进一步研究。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统靶向敲除Jurkat T细胞Kcna3及其功能研究

为探究如何利用CRISPR/Cas9系统靶向敲除Jurkat T细胞Kv1.3通道编码基因Kcna3,以期阐明Jurkat T细胞中Kv1.3通道介导的病理生理功能,本研究设计Kcna3第一个外显子sgRNA,将构建的pX458-sgRNA重组质粒经电穿孔方式转染Jurkat T细胞,联合使用T7EN1酶切、基因组PCR产物和TA克隆测序、Western Blot检测以及电生理、钙成像和ELISA等功能检测技术鉴定Jurkat T细胞中Kcna3敲除效果.测序结果显示,靶向Kcna3基因CRISPR/Cas9重组质粒pX458-sgRNA建立成功,设计的sgRNA2可高效切割基因组DNA. Western Blot未检测出Kv1.3蛋白表达,基因组PCR产物及TA克隆测序显示发生Indel突变.全细胞膜片钳实验结果表明, Kcna3敲除成功的Jurkat T细胞未记录到Kv1.3通道电流,钙成像技术显示Kcna3敲除Jurkat T细胞内自由Ca2+浓度上升的幅度显著低于野生型Jurkat T细胞. ELISA实验结果显示,与野生型Jurkat T细胞相比, Kcna3敲除Jurkat T细胞IL-2水平显著下降(P0.001).本研究成功利用CRISPR/Cas9系统靶向敲除Jurkat T细胞Kcna3,有力证明Kv1.3介导了Jurkat T细胞的免疫炎症反应,为深入研究Kv1.3通道的病理生理功能提供了新的细胞模型.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建稳定敲除anxa6基因的Caco-2细胞株

【目的】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建稳定敲除anxa6基因的Caco-2细胞株,为研究大肠杆菌O157:H7效应蛋白Esp F与宿主膜联蛋白A6 (ANXA6)相互作用及其致病机制奠定基础。【方法】根据CRISPR/Cas9靶向原理设计并合成3个特异性识别anxa6基因的向导RNA (single guide RNA,sgRNA),基于Lenti CRISPRv2载体构建Lenti CRISPRv2-sg RNA重组质粒,转入293T细胞中,制备sgRNA-Cas9慢病毒,将慢病毒感染Caco-2细胞,经嘌呤霉素筛选阳性细胞,有限稀释法分离培养单克隆细胞,提取单克隆细胞基因组DNA,并对敲除位点附近的DNA片段进行PCR扩增,测序并进行脱靶效应评估;免疫印记法检测ANXA6蛋白表达情况,细胞计数试剂盒8 (cell counting kit 8,CCK8)试剂盒检测细胞增殖能力,免疫荧光法检测细胞紧密连接分布情况。【结果】Western blotting及序列测序表明anxa6基因敲除单克隆细胞构建成功;脱靶效应评估结果显示预测的10个脱靶位点均无脱靶现象;基因敲除对细胞增殖能力...     

利用CRISPR/Cas9 AAV系统构建纹状体Slc20a2基因敲除小鼠模型

原发性家族性脑钙化症(primary familial brain calcification, PFBC)是慢性进展性的神经系统遗传病,临床症状主要包括运动障碍、认知障碍及精神障碍等,其致病机制尚未完全明确。研究表明SLC20A2是该病最主要的致病基因。由于Slc20a2基因全身性敲除小鼠模型会导致胎儿生长受限,为更好地研究PFBC发病机制,本研究应用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了纹状体Slc20a2基因条件性敲除小鼠模型。首先,针对Slc20a2基因编码区,设计3条靶向exon3的sgRNA (single guide RNA),通过构建质粒、转染细胞、Surveyor assay等实验验证sgRNA的活性。其次,选取活性较高的sgRNA重组包装AAV-Cre病毒,应用立体定位将AAV病毒定点注射于小鼠纹状体。体外实验结果表明设计的3条sgRNA均能够有效地介导Cas9切割靶DNA。细胞免疫荧光实验结果证实AAV-Cre病毒具有Cre重组酶活性。最后,通过小鼠脑部组织免疫组化、TA-克隆、高通量测序及Western blot方法检测Slc20a2基因敲除效率,发现实验组小鼠纹状体组织Slc20a2表达明显降低。本研究成功设计了3条能够敲除Slc20a2的功能sgRNA,并应用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建了纹状体Slc20a2基因条件性敲除小鼠,为研究PFBC的发病机制提供了有效的动物模型。     

Efficient Generation of Myostatin Knock-Out Sheep Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology and Microinjection into Zygotes

While CRISPR/Cas9 technology has proven to be a valuable system to generate gene-targeted modified animals in several species, this tool has been scarcely reported in farm animals. Myostatin is encoded by MSTN gene involved in the inhibition of muscle differentiation and growth. We determined the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit MSTN in sheep and generate knock-out (KO) animals with the aim to promote muscle development and body growth. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 mRNAs specific for ovine MSTN and microinjected them into the cytoplasm of ovine zygotes. When embryo development of CRISPR/Cas9 microinjected zygotes (n = 216) was compared with buffer injected embryos (n = 183) and non microinjected embryos (n = 173), cleavage rate was lower for both microinjected groups (P<0.05) and neither was affected by CRISPR/Cas9 content in the injected medium. Embryo development to blastocyst was not affected by microinjection and was similar among the experimental groups. From 20 embryos analyzed by Sanger sequencing, ten were mutant (heterozygous or mosaic; 50% efficiency). To obtain live MSTN KO lambs, 53 blastocysts produced after zygote CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection were transferred to 29 recipient females resulting in 65.5% (19/29) of pregnant ewes and 41.5% (22/53) of newborns. From 22 born lambs analyzed by T7EI and Sanger sequencing, ten showed indel mutations at MSTN gene. Eight showed mutations in both alleles and five of them were homozygous for indels generating out-of frame mutations that resulted in premature stop codons. Western blot analysis of homozygous KO founders confirmed the absence of myostatin, showing heavier body weight than wild type counterparts. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 system was a very efficient tool to generate gene KO sheep. This technology is quick and easy to perform and less expensive than previous techniques, and can be applied to obtain genetically modified animal models of interest for biomedicine and livestock.     

CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated MSTN disruption and heritable mutagenesis in goats causes increased body mass

Genetic engineering in livestock has been greatly enhanced through the use of artificial programmed nucleases such as the recently emerged clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated 9 (Cas9) system. We recently reported our successful application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to engineer the goat genome through micro‐injection of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNAs targeting MSTN and FGF5 in goat embryos. The phenotypes induced by edited loss‐of‐function mutations of MSTN remain to be evaluated extensively. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by disrupting MSTN, resulting in enhanced body weight and larger muscle fiber size in Cas9‐mediated gene‐modified goats. The effects of genome modifications were further characterized by H&E staining, quantitative PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Morphological and genetic analyses indicated the occurrence of phenotypic and genotypic modifications. We further provide sufficient evidence, including breeding data, to demonstrate the transmission of the knockout alleles through the germline. By phenotypic and genotypic characterization, we demonstrated the merit of using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach for establishing genetically modified livestock with an enhanced production trait.     

Biallelic β‐carotene oxygenase 2 knockout results in yellow fat in sheep via CRISPR/Cas9

The recently emerged CRISPR/Cas9 approach represents an efficient and versatile genome editing tool for producing genetically modified animals. Β‐carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) is a key enzyme in the progress of β‐carotene metabolism and is associated with yellow adipose tissue color in sheep. We have recently demonstrated targeted multiplex mutagenesis in sheep and have generated a group of BCO2‐disrupted sheep by zygote injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 components. Here, we show that biallelic modification of BCO2 resulted in yellow fat, compared with the fat color in monoallelic individuals and wild types (snow‐flower white). We subsequently characterized the effects of gene modifications at genetic levels employing sequencing and Western blotting, highlighting the importance of the BCO2 gene for the determination of fat color in sheep. These results indicate that genetic modification via CRISPR/Cas9 holds great potential for validating gene functions as well as for generating desirable phenotypes for economically important traits in livestock.     

Generation of ‘designer erythroblasts’ lacking one or more blood group systems from CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited human-induced pluripotent stem cells

Despite the recent advancements in transfusion medicine, red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization remains a challenge for multiparous women and chronically transfused patients. At times, diagnostic laboratories depend on difficult-to-procure rare reagent RBCs for the identification of different alloantibodies in such subjects. We have addressed this issue by developing erythroblasts with custom phenotypes (Rh null, GPB null and Kx null/Kell low) using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) parent line (OT1-1) for the blood group system genes: RHAG, GYPB and XK. Guide RNAs were cloned into Cas9-puromycin expression vector and transfected into OT1-1. Genotyping was performed to select puromycin-resistant hiPSC KOs. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing resulted in the successful generation of three KO lines, RHAG KO, GYPB KO and XK KO. The OT1-1 cell line, as well as the three KO hiPSC lines, were differentiated into CD34⁺CD41⁺CD235ab⁺ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and subsequently to erythroblasts. Native OT1-1 erythroblasts were positive for the expression of Rh, MNS, Kell and H blood group systems. Differentiation of RHAG KO, GYPB KO and XK KO resulted in the formation of Rh null, GPB null and Kx null/Kell low erythroblasts, respectively. OT1-1 as well as the three KO erythroblasts remained positive for RBC markers—CD71 and BAND3. Erythroblasts were mostly at the polychromatic/ orthochromatic stage of differentiation. Up to ~400-fold increase in erythroblasts derived from HPCs was observed. The availability of custom erythroblasts generated from CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited hiPSC should be a useful addition to the tools currently used for the detection of clinically important red cell alloantibodies.     

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统构建绵羊VASA基因敲入载体及验证

本研究旨在探索VASA基因在绵羊睾丸发育中的表达变化,并通过构建VASA基因敲入载体,为下一步进行绵羊生殖细胞体外诱导分化研究提供基础。采集性成熟前后即3月龄（3-month-old,3M）和9月龄（9-month-old,9M）绵羊睾丸组织,利用实时荧光定量PCR （quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR）和Western blotting技术分析VASA基因的差异表达,并利用免疫组织化学技术对VASA基因的表达定位进行分析。设计靶向VASA基因的向导RNA （guide RNA,gRNA）,并构建同源重组载体,进行质粒转染绵羊耳成纤维细胞。结合CRISPR/dCas9技术对VASA基因进行激活,进一步验证载体效率。结果表明,VASA基因随着绵羊睾丸发育,表达水平极显著增加（P<0.01）,且主要定位在精母细胞和圆形精子细胞中。利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建了VASA基因敲入载体,联合pEGFP-PGK puro-VASA载体转染耳成纤维细胞,CRISPR/dCas9系统激活后,耳成纤维细胞成功表达VASA基因。结果提示,VASA基因在绵羊睾丸发育和精子发生中发挥潜在功能,且通过CRISPR/Cas9系统可在体外构建VASA基因敲入载体,为下一步探究VASA基因对绵羊雄性生殖细胞的发育和分化提供有效的研究手段。     

一种新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI双链DNA供体适配基因编辑系统

在CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的基因编辑中,借助于双链DNA （double-stranded DNA,dsDNA）供体模板的重组效应能够实现对目标基因组靶位点的精确编辑和基因敲入,然而高等真核生物细胞中同源重组的低效性限制了该基因编辑策略的发展和应用。为提高CRISPR/Cas9系统介导dsDNA供体模板的同源重组效率,本研究利用大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）乳糖操纵子阻遏蛋白LacI与操纵序列LacO特异性结合的特点,通过重组DNA技术将密码子人源化优化的阻遏蛋白基因LacI分别与脓链球菌（Streptococcus pyogenes）源的SpCas9和路邓葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus lugdunensis）源的SlugCas9-HF融合表达,通过PCR将操纵序列LacO与dsDNA供体嵌合,构建了新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI供体适配系统（donor adapting system,DAS）。首先在报告载体水平上对Cas9核酸酶活性、DAS介导的同源引导修复（homology-directed repair,HDR）效率进行了验证和优化,其次在基因组水平对其介导的基因精确编辑进行了检测,并最终利用CRISPR/SlugCas9-hLacI DAS在HEK293T细胞中实现了VEGFA位点的精确编辑,效率高达30.5%,显著高于野生型。综上所述,本研究开发了新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI供体适配基因编辑系统,丰富了CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术种类,为以后的基因编辑及分子设计育种研究提供了新的工具。     

Construction and Functional Analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 Vector of <i>FAD2</i> Gene Family in Soybean

Soybean oleic acid content is one of the important indexes to evaluate the quality of soybean oil. In the synthesis pathway of soybean fatty acids, the FAD2 gene family is the key gene that regulates the production of linoleic acid from soybean oleic acid. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to regulate FAD2 gene expression. Firstly, the CRISPR/Cas9 single knockout vectors GmFAD2-1B and GmFAD2-2C and double knockout vectors GmFAD2-2A-3 were constructed. Then, the three vectors were transferred into the recipient soybean variety Jinong 38 by Agrobacterium-mediated cotyledon node transformation, and the mutant plants were obtained. Functional analysis and comparison of the mutant plants of the T2 and T3 generations were carried out. The results showed that there was no significant difference in agronomic traits between the CRISPR/Cas9 single and double knockout vectors and the untransformed CRISPR/Cas9 receptor varieties. The oleic acid content of the plants that knocked out the CRISPR/Cas9 double gene vector was significantly higher than that of the single gene vector.