杨树林带生长阶段与林木分级的研究

依据林带的特殊性,结合树木生长发育和林带结构变化规律,将林带生长阶段划分为幼龄期、中龄期（速生期）和防护成熟期３个时期;采用径级离散度、防护成熟龄、更新龄等量化指标,以杨树林带为例,将３个生长时期定量化;同时依据林带树木对防护效益的贡献和树木的生长状况,将林带树木划分为４级;并给出各生长发育时期的相应的经营措施．     

黄土高原剌槐水土保持林防护成熟与更新研究

在分析乔木水土保持林防护机理的基础上 ,通过对渭北黄土高原剌槐水土保持林调查、分析 ,确定该区剌槐水土保持林在常规密度下的初始防护成熟龄为 11～ 16年 (平均为 12年 ) ;最大防护成熟龄为 2 5年 ;更新龄为 4 2年 ;防护成熟期 (更新龄与初始防护成熟龄之差 )为2 6～ 31年。以防护成熟龄为基础 ,确定剌槐水土保持林的三个经营阶段 :成熟前期、防护成熟期和更新期。这些结果将为水土保持林的合理经营提供参考。     

东北地区农田防护林高效多功能经营的指标体系及标准研究

从单条林带和林网两个尺度出发,建立了农田防护林高效多功能经营的指标体系,并通过分析各个指标之间的机理关系,提出了9个主要评价指标,对于单条林带,用林带疏透度,有效防护距离,初始防护成熟龄,防护成熟期,林带产投比,更新方式等可作为度量林带经营状态的指标;对于林网体系,用林网带斑比,林网连接度,环度,林网优势度等可作为度量林网经营状态的指标;依据主要指标的数量化界定,提出了农田防护林高效多功能经营的标准,可进行综合评价,这些评价指标及其标准,在宏观上确定了主要林网体系的布局,在微观上确定了单条林带的结构,成为衡量是否可持续经营的依据,为其高效多功能经营提供了导向。     

农田防护林可持续集约经营模型的应用

选择具有典型代表的辽宁北部平原区、河北坝上农牧交错区和渭北旱塬区农田防护林为研究对象,以主栽树种杨树林带为研究材料,针对每个特定类型区的主要自然灾害因子和防护目的,统计分析调查研究数据,确定了辽宁北部、河北坝上和渭北旱塬3类型区农田防护林可持续集约经营模型的最优经营参数.其中林带最适疏透度分别为0.25～0.35、0.20～0.30和0.275～0.375;主林带间距分别为450～500m、200m和200～250m;副林带间距分别为500～1000m、500m和350～450m;林带带面宽度分别为8m、9m和4.5～8m;林带行数分别为3～4、6和2～4;林带树木株行距分别为2m×1.5～3m、1.5m×1.5m和1.5～3m×1.5～3m,主栽树种的防护成熟龄分别为15～16a、14～15a和12～14a;防护成熟期分别为10a、10～11a和12～14a;最佳更新方式分别为隔带更新、半带嫁接更新和隔带更新.     

防护林阶段定向经营研究Ⅱ. 典型防护林种--农田防护林

以防护林阶段定向经营理论为基础,对典型防护林种-农田防护林的防护成熟、经营阶段、更新方式、方法进行了研究讨论：通过对东北地区农田防护林长期调查积累资料的分析,确定了乡土杨和杂交杨（Populus spp.)农田防护林和初始防护成熟龄和终止防护成熟龄分别为16-24年和自然成熟龄,第一代农田防护要的更新龄为32-36年,以树木径级离散度,防护成熟龄和更新龄为主要依据定量划分了杨树农田防护林的3个经营阶段,并重点讨论了不同更新方式下3个经营阶段的变化情况,给出了维持农田防护林成熟状态的疏透度调控技术及其相关的林木分级依据与标准,同时为实现定向经营的目标,提出了各个经营阶段内应采取的系列经营管理措施。     

农田防护林的可持续经营管理

林带更新的时空布局对持续发挥林网的防护效益具有重要意义。本文提出用拟法正林思想经营农田防扩林,以行政村为组织经营单位,通过逐步更新调整组织经营单位管理的林带,使整个林网体系形成自幼龄到成熟龄各龄级林带条数基本相等,空间上均匀配置的格局,从而确保时间上农田防护林生态服务的稳定和持续发挥。     

防护林阶段定向经营研究Ⅱ.典型防护林种——农田防护林

以防护林阶段定向经营理论为基础,对典型防护林种———农田防护林的防护成熟、经营阶段、更新方式、方法进行了研究讨论;通过对东北地区农田防护林长期调查积累资料的分析,确定了乡土杨和杂交杨(Populus spp.)农田防护林的初始防护成熟龄和终止防护成熟龄分别为16～24年和自然成熟龄,第一代农田防护林的更新龄为32～36年.以树木径级离散度、防护成熟龄和更新龄为主要依据定量划分了杨树农田防护林的3个经营阶段,并重点讨论了不同更新方式下3个经营阶段的变化情况,给出了维持农田防护林成熟状态的疏透度调控技术及其相关的林木分级依据与标准.同时为实现定向经营的目标,提出了各个经营阶段内应采取的系列经营管理措施.     

防护林阶段定向经营研究Ⅰ.理论基础

基于多年防护林经营研究与实践,在分析防护林经营目的的基础上,提出了防护林阶段定向经营理论基础.以防护林的防护成熟为核心,将防护林经营阶段划分为成熟前期, 即从栽植后形成相对稳定的幼林到初始防护成熟龄;防护成熟期,防护成熟状态持续的时期,即从初始防护成熟龄到终止防护成熟龄; 更新期,林木接近自然成熟开始更新直到更新结束并形成相对稳定的幼林.防护林经营的定向是指在任何经营阶段内,一切经营技术与措施都是为了使防护林向着成熟的状态发展,即防护成熟是防护林经营的方向,是最终目的.为尽量维持防护林的成熟状态并使防护效益不间断,针对发育正常与低质衰退的林分,在各个经营阶段内采取相应的系列经营管理与改造措施.     

防护林阶段定向经营研究I.理论基础

基于多年防护林经营研究与实践,在分析防护林经营目的的基础上,提出了防护林阶段定向经营理论基础,以防护林的防护成熟为核心,将防护林经营阶段划分为成熟前期,即从栽植后形成相对稳定的幼林到初始防护成熟龄;防护成熟期,防护成熟状态持续的时期,即从初始防护成熟龄到终止防护成熟龄;更新期,林木接近自然成熟开始更新直到更新结束并形成相对稳定的幼林,防护林经营的定向是指在任何经营阶段内,一切经营技术与措施都是为了使防护林向着成熟的状态发展,即防护成熟是防护林经营的方向,是最终目的,为尽量维持防护林的成熟状态并使防护效益不间断,针对发育正常与低质衰退的林分,在各个经营阶段内采取相应的系列经营管理与改造措施。     

林带空间配置与布局优化研究

农田防护林(林带)的空间配置与布局是影响防护林结构和防护效益发挥并持续的关键因素．为达到农田防护林防护效益最大并持续的经营目标。在保证林分多样性和稳定性的条件下．林带必须具有空间上布局的合理性和时间上的连续性．经过多年防护林营林研究实践．在对1992年于辽宁省昌图县双井子乡设计营造的试验示范林带调查的基础上．对农田防护林单条林带方向的设置、带内树木的空间搭配方式、树种组成形式,多条林带或林网的带间距离以及大面积或区域防护林体系的空间景观布局等进行了综合研究．结果表明,单条林带和林网走向都应以垂直主害风作为设计的原则;林带内树木的空间搭配以“品”字型为佳,在不同树种混交的同一条林带中,可利用“边行优势”将生长相对缓慢的树种配置于边行．生长相对迅速的树种配置于内行;多条林带或林网空间配置参数——带间距离的设计应以林带达到初始防护成熟龄时的树高作为成林高．以林带结构变化规律和降低害风比例作为林带设计关键参数;区域防护林体系的空间布局应以景观生态学原理为基础．对林网体系进行评价与调控．     

PM2RA: A Framework for Detecting and Quantifying Relationship Alterations in Microbial Community

The dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases.However, observing shifts in the microbe abundance cannot fully reveal underlying perturbations.Examining the relationship alterations(RAs) in the microbiome between health and disease statuses provides additional hints about the pathogenesis of human diseases, but no methods were designed to detect and quantify the RAs between different conditions directly. Here, we present profile monitoring for microbial relationship alteration(PM2 RA), an analysis framework to identify and quantify the microbial RAs. The performance of PM2 RA was evaluated with synthetic data, and it showed higher specificity and sensitivity than the co-occurrence-based methods. Analyses of real microbial datasets showed that PM2 RA was robust for quantifying microbial RAs across different datasets in several diseases. By applying PM2 RA, we identified several novel or previously reported microbes implicated in multiple diseases. PM2 RA is now implemented as a web-based application available at http://www.pm2 ra-xingyinliulab.cn/.     

Retinoic acid induces neurite outgrowth and growth cone turning in invertebrate neurons

Identification of molecules involved in neurite outgrowth during development and/or regeneration is a major goal in the field of neuroscience. Retinoic acid (RA) is a biologically important metabolite of vitamin A that acts as a trophic factor and has been implicated in neurite outgrowth and regeneration in many vertebrate species. Although abundant in the CNS of many vertebrates, the precise role of RA in neural regeneration has yet to be determined. Moreover, very little information is available regarding the role of RA in invertebrate nervous systems. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that RA induces neurite outgrowth from invertebrate neurons. Using individually identified neurons isolated from the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis, we demonstrated that a significantly greater proportion of cells produced neurite outgrowth in RA. RA also extended the duration of time that cells remained electrically excitable in vitro, and we showed that exogenously applied RA acted as a chemoattractive factor and induced growth cone turning toward the source of RA. This is the first demonstration that RA can induce turning of an individual growth cone. These data strongly suggest that the actions of RA on neurite outgrowth and cell survival are highly conserved across species.     

Teratogenic effects of retinoic acid are modulated in mice lacking expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha) regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the embryo. The induction of cleft palate (CP) by all trans-retinoic acid (RA) was associated with altered expression of TGFalpha, EGF receptor, and binding of EGF. This study uses knockout (KO) mice to examine the roles of EGF and TGFalpha in teratogenic responses of embryos exposed to RA. METHODS: Pregnant wild-type (WT) mice of mixed genetic background, EGF KO, C57BL/6J, and TGFalpha KO mice were given a single oral dose of RA (100 mg/kg, 10 ml/kg) or corn oil on GD 10 at 12 PM, GD 11 at 12 PM or 4 PM, or GD 12 at 8 AM or 12 PM (plug day = GD 0). GD 18 fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal effects. RESULTS: After exposure to RA on GD 12, the incidence of CP in EGF KO was significantly reduced relative to WT. In TGFalpha KO fetuses, RA exposure on GD 10 increased the incidence of CP versus C57BL/6J. The incidence of skeletal defects in the limbs, vertebrae, sternebrae, and ribs were also affected by lack of expression of EGF or TGFalpha with region-specific amelioration or exacerbation of the effects of RA. In TGFalpha KO fetuses, incidences of forelimb long bone and digit defects increased relative to C57BL/6J. In EGF KO fetuses, relative to WT, the incidence of hindlimb oligodactyly was increased. In EGF KO, but not WT, RA produced short, bent radius, humerus, and ulna. Both TGFalpha and EGF KO mice had increased incidences of dilation of the renal pelvis and this was reduced by RA. CONCLUSIONS: RA exposure produced skeletal and visceral defects in all genotypes; however, EGF or TGFalpha KO influenced the incidence and severity of defects. This study supports a role for EGF and TGFalpha in the response to RA.     

Rap1-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM) associates with the plasma membrane via a proximity detector

Adaptive immunity depends on lymphocyte adhesion that is mediated by the integrin lymphocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1). The small guanosine triphosphatase Rap1 regulates LFA-1 adhesiveness through one of its effectors, Rap1-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM). We show that RIAM was recruited to the lymphocyte plasma membrane (PM) through its Ras association (RA) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, both of which were required for lymphocyte adhesion. The N terminus of RIAM inhibited membrane translocation. In vitro, the RA domain bound both Rap1 and H-Ras with equal but relatively low affinity, whereas in vivo only Rap1 was required for PM association. The PH domain bound phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P₂) and was responsible for the spatial distribution of RIAM only at the PM of activated T cells. We determined the crystal structure of the RA and PH domains and found that, despite an intervening linker of 50 aa, the two domains were integrated into a single structural unit, which was critical for proper localization to the PM. Thus, the RA-PH domains of RIAM function as a proximity detector for activated Rap1 and PI(4,5)P₂.     

Use of retinoids to analyze the cellular basis of positional memory in regenerating amphibian limbs

Cells of the amphibian limb regeneration blastema inherit memories of their level of origin (positional memory) along the limb axes. These memories serve as boundaries of what is to be regenerated, thus preventing regeneration of any but the missing structures. Because of its importance in determining the boundaries of regenerate pattern, it is essential to understand the cellular and molecular basis of positional memory. One approach to this problem is to look for position-related differences in a cell or molecular property along a limb axis and then show, using an agent that modifies regenerate pattern, that the cell or molecular property and the pattern are coordinately modified. We have done this using retinoic acid (RA) as a pattern-modifying agent and an in vivo assay that detects position-related differences in a cell recognition-affinity property along the proximodistal (PD) axis of the regenerating axolotl limb. RA proximalizes positional memory in the PD axis, posteriorizes it in the anteroposterior axis, and ventralizes it in the dorsoventral axis. The level-specific PD cell recognition-affinity property is proximalized by RA, indicating that this property and positional memory are causally related. The effects of RA on positional memory may be mediated through a cellular RA-binding protein (CRABP), since the concentration of unbound (apo) CRABP molecules is highest during early stages of regeneration when the proximalizing effects of RA are greatest.     

视黄酸对赤子爱胜蚓再生头尾轴形成的影响

为了探讨视黄酸对蚯蚓再生的影响,用视黄酸处理了从不同部位剪切的蚯蚓体段．观察其存活率、重量和再生长度的变化。结果表明,有头无尾的体段存活率受视黄酸影响较小,而无头有尾的处理受视黄酸影响较大;视黄酸处理后30d,各处理再生长度和存活率均小于对照;视黄酸对蚯蚓再生有明显影响,能延迟和干扰再生,影响头部的形成。视黄酸影响蚯蚓再生的作用方式可能是通过干扰前后体轴的形成,从而影响蚯蚓再生图式形成。     

Retinoic acid signaling controls the formation, proliferation and survival of the blastema during adult zebrafish fin regeneration

Adult teleosts rebuild amputated fins through a proliferation-dependent process called epimorphic regeneration, in which a blastema of cycling progenitor cells replaces the lost fin tissue. The genetic networks that control formation of blastema cells from formerly quiescent stump tissue and subsequent blastema function are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the cellular and molecular consequences of genetically interfering with retinoic acid (RA) signaling for the formation of the zebrafish blastema. We show that RA signaling is upregulated within the first few hours after fin amputation in the stump mesenchyme, where it controls Fgf, Wnt/β-catenin and Igf signaling. Genetic inhibition of the RA pathway at this stage blocks blastema formation by inhibiting cell cycle entry of stump cells and impairs the formation of the basal epidermal layer, a signaling center in the wound epidermis. In the established blastema, RA signaling remains active to ensure the survival of the highly proliferative blastemal population by controlling expression of the anti-apoptotic factor bcl2. In addition, RA signaling maintains blastema proliferation through the activation of growth-stimulatory signals mediated by Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as well as by reducing signaling through the growth-inhibitory non-canonical Wnt pathway. The endogenous roles of RA in adult vertebrate appendage regeneration are uncovered here for the first time. They provide a mechanistic framework to understand previous observations in salamanders that link endogenous sources of RA to the regeneration process itself and support the hypothesis that the RA signaling pathway is an essential component of vertebrate tissue regeneration.     

Proximodistal identity during vertebrate limb regeneration is regulated by Meis homeodomain proteins

The mechanisms by which cells obtain instructions to precisely re-create the missing parts of an organ remain an unresolved question in regenerative biology. Urodele limb regeneration is a powerful model in which to study these mechanisms. Following limb amputation, blastema cells interpret the proximal-most positional identity in the stump to reproduce missing parts faithfully. Classical experiments showed the ability of retinoic acid (RA) to proximalize blastema positional values. Meis homeobox genes are involved in RA-dependent specification of proximal cell identity during limb development. To understand the molecular basis for specifying proximal positional identities during regeneration, we isolated the axolotl Meis homeobox family. Axolotl Meis genes are RA-regulated during both regeneration and embryonic limb development. During limb regeneration, Meis overexpression relocates distal blastema cells to more proximal locations, whereas Meis knockdown inhibits RA proximalization of limb blastemas. Meis genes are thus crucial targets of RA proximalizing activity on blastema cells.     

Once and again: retinoic acid signaling in the developing and regenerating olfactory pathway

Retinoic acid (RA), a member of the steroid/thyroid superfamily of signaling molecules, is an essential regulator of morphogenesis, differentiation, and regeneration in the mammalian olfactory pathway. RA-mediated teratogenesis dramatically alters olfactory pathway development, presumably by disrupting retinoid-mediated inductive signaling that influences initial olfactory epithelium (OE) and bulb (OB) morphogenesis. Subsequently, RA modulates the genesis, growth, or stability of subsets of OE cells and OB interneurons. RA receptors, cofactors, and synthetic enzymes are expressed in the OE, OB, and anterior subventricular zone (SVZ), the site of neural precursors that generate new OB interneurons throughout adulthood. Their expression apparently accommodates RA signaling in OE cells, OB interneurons, and slowly dividing SVZ neural precursors. Deficiency of vitamin A, the dietary metabolic RA precursor, leads to cytological changes in the OE, as well as olfactory sensory deficits. Vitamin A therapy in animals with olfactory system damage can accelerate functional recovery. RA-related pathology as well as its potential therapeutic activity may reflect endogenous retinoid regulation of neuronal differentiation, stability, or regeneration in the olfactory pathway from embryogenesis through adulthood. These influences may be in register with retinoid effects on immune responses, metabolism, and modulation of food intake.