防护林阶段定向经营研究Ⅱ.典型防护林种——农田防护林

以防护林阶段定向经营理论为基础,对典型防护林种———农田防护林的防护成熟、经营阶段、更新方式、方法进行了研究讨论;通过对东北地区农田防护林长期调查积累资料的分析,确定了乡土杨和杂交杨(Populus spp.)农田防护林的初始防护成熟龄和终止防护成熟龄分别为16～24年和自然成熟龄,第一代农田防护林的更新龄为32～36年.以树木径级离散度、防护成熟龄和更新龄为主要依据定量划分了杨树农田防护林的3个经营阶段,并重点讨论了不同更新方式下3个经营阶段的变化情况,给出了维持农田防护林成熟状态的疏透度调控技术及其相关的林木分级依据与标准.同时为实现定向经营的目标,提出了各个经营阶段内应采取的系列经营管理措施.     

林带空间配置与布局优化研究

农田防护林(林带)的空间配置与布局是影响防护林结构和防护效益发挥并持续的关键因素．为达到农田防护林防护效益最大并持续的经营目标。在保证林分多样性和稳定性的条件下．林带必须具有空间上布局的合理性和时间上的连续性．经过多年防护林营林研究实践．在对1992年于辽宁省昌图县双井子乡设计营造的试验示范林带调查的基础上．对农田防护林单条林带方向的设置、带内树木的空间搭配方式、树种组成形式,多条林带或林网的带间距离以及大面积或区域防护林体系的空间景观布局等进行了综合研究．结果表明,单条林带和林网走向都应以垂直主害风作为设计的原则;林带内树木的空间搭配以“品”字型为佳,在不同树种混交的同一条林带中,可利用“边行优势”将生长相对缓慢的树种配置于边行．生长相对迅速的树种配置于内行;多条林带或林网空间配置参数——带间距离的设计应以林带达到初始防护成熟龄时的树高作为成林高．以林带结构变化规律和降低害风比例作为林带设计关键参数;区域防护林体系的空间布局应以景观生态学原理为基础．对林网体系进行评价与调控．     

三北地区农田防护林面积的多尺度遥感估算

农田防护林是三北防护林体系工程重要组成部分,准确估算农田防护林(林带)的数量与空间分布对了解该林种防护效应的发挥程度及促进农田防护林体系建设进程具有重要作用.本研究利用多尺度遥感影像获取林带长度,结合实地调查的林带宽度,估算三北地区(东北西部、华北北部和西北大部;依据地貌特征,将三北地区划分为东北、华北、黄土高原和蒙新4区)农田防护林面积.东北和华北区的林带长度通过建立Landsat TM和SPOT5解译得到的林带长度的关系获得;黄土高原和蒙新区则通过建立有林带农田面积(基于Landsat TM获得)和林带长度(基于CBERS-02B获得)关系获得.结果表明:至2008年,三北地区农田防护林(包括中龄林、成熟林、过熟林;不包括新造林、未成林和部分残次林;下同)总长度为106.40×107 m,其中,东北区23.82×107 m,华北区6.07×107 m,黄土高原区25.58×107 rn,蒙新区50.93×107 m;三北防护林体系工程农田防护林面积约为130.31×104 hm2(114.98×104 ～ 145.64×104 hm2),其中,东北区42.88×104 hm2(37.52×104 ～48.24×104 hm2),华北区10.79×104 hm2(9.56×104 ～ 12.29×104 hm2),黄土高原区25.58×104 hm2(22.70×104 ～ 28.45×104 hm2),蒙新区50.93×104 hm2(45.20×104 ～ 56.66× 104 hm2);估算的平均精度为89.54％,其中,东北和华北区79.27％,蒙新和黄土高原区99.80％.     

基于林网体系尺度上的农田防护林持续经营模型I——模型的构建

在农田防护林可持续经营内涵与目标分析的基础上,提出农田防护林可持续经营的理想结构;以矩(方)形林网体系作为研究对象,分析经营尺度、更新能力、林带更新年龄、更新方式等林网体系时空结构状态要素,提出农田防护林可持续经营模型构建的基本条件;根据林网体系中林带环度与林带数量的关系,标定并量化网格中林带的空间位置和年龄结构分布,定义了需要更新林带之间的距离函数,来表征各林带之间的分散程度;根据更新林带在林网体系内时空分布的均匀性,构建了农田防护林可持续经营模型。     

基于林网体系尺度上的农田防护林持续经营模型Ⅰ-模型的构建

在农田防护林可持续经营内涵与目标分析的基础上,提出农田防护林可持续经营的理想结构;以矩(方)形林网体系作为研究对象,分析经营尺度、更新能力、林带更新年龄、更新方式等林网体系时空结构状态要素,提出农田防护林可持续经营模型构建的基本条件;根据林网体系中林带环度与林带数量的关系,标定并量化网格中林带的空间位置和年龄结构分布,定义了需要更新林带之间的距离函数,来表征各林带之间的分散程度;根据更新林带在林网体系内时空分布的均匀性,构建了农田防护林可持续经营模型.     

河西走廊绿洲农田防护林对玉米光合特性及产量的影响

农田防护林是甘肃河西走廊绿洲农田生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持农业生产和生态平衡具有重要作用.本文对防护林保护下的玉米灌浆期光合生理生态特性及产量变化进行了研究.结果表明：防护林东西相等距离处,东面玉米所截获的光合有效辐射量（PAR）始终高于西面;西面20 m以内玉米受林带（防护林高度为10 m）遮光较为严重,其净光合速率（P_n）较低;林带东面15 m范围内的玉米P_n高于西面.总体上,防护林造成的玉米减产发生在林带东面10 m及西面15～20 m范围内,其他位置的玉米产量不受影响或增产.     

防护林阶段定向经营研究Ⅱ. 典型防护林种--农田防护林

以防护林阶段定向经营理论为基础,对典型防护林种-农田防护林的防护成熟、经营阶段、更新方式、方法进行了研究讨论：通过对东北地区农田防护林长期调查积累资料的分析,确定了乡土杨和杂交杨（Populus spp.)农田防护林和初始防护成熟龄和终止防护成熟龄分别为16-24年和自然成熟龄,第一代农田防护要的更新龄为32-36年,以树木径级离散度,防护成熟龄和更新龄为主要依据定量划分了杨树农田防护林的3个经营阶段,并重点讨论了不同更新方式下3个经营阶段的变化情况,给出了维持农田防护林成熟状态的疏透度调控技术及其相关的林木分级依据与标准,同时为实现定向经营的目标,提出了各个经营阶段内应采取的系列经营管理措施。     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲农田防护林景观格局评价

防护林网作为农田景观的重要廊道系统,对生物多样性以及景观连通性等具有至关重要的作用。本研究以新疆玛纳斯河流域为研究区,基于高分辨率遥感影像,计算现实状态与合理状态下农田防护林网景观指标的相对误差,对玛纳斯河流域绿洲农田防护林网景观格局进行评价。结果显示:玛纳斯县、沙湾县和团场的防护林网带斑比的相对误差分别为0.7240、0.7374和0.7579,连续度的相对误差分别为0.5307、0.5629和0.6863,环度值的相对误差分别为0.6577、0.6380和0.4945。各景观指标的相对误差均大于0.15,说明玛纳斯河流域绿洲农田防护林网尚且达不到优质标准,存在林带面积不足、林网分布不均匀、闭合网格较少,成型状况较差等问题。建议在防护林的建设和管理中,加强缺失林带的补齐工作,并增加林带密度,通过科学合理的防护林网空间配置实现绿洲农田的可持续发展。     

东北地区农田防护林高效多功能经营的指标体系及标准研究

从单条林带和林网两个尺度出发,建立了农田防护林高效多功能经营的指标体系,并通过分析各个指标之间的机理关系,提出了9个主要评价指标,对于单条林带,用林带疏透度,有效防护距离,初始防护成熟龄,防护成熟期,林带产投比,更新方式等可作为度量林带经营状态的指标;对于林网体系,用林网带斑比,林网连接度,环度,林网优势度等可作为度量林网经营状态的指标;依据主要指标的数量化界定,提出了农田防护林高效多功能经营的标准,可进行综合评价,这些评价指标及其标准,在宏观上确定了主要林网体系的布局,在微观上确定了单条林带的结构,成为衡量是否可持续经营的依据,为其高效多功能经营提供了导向。     

敦煌莫高窟崖顶灌木林带防风固沙效应

敦煌莫高窟的风沙防治必须要建立一个完整的防护体系 ,灌木林带的建立是这一综合防护体系中不可缺少的重要组成部分。通过对已建立的两条灌木林带防护效应的观测分析 ,结果表明 :灌木林带使其周围的气流场重新分布 ,改变了近地表风沙流结构 ,0 .5、2 m高处的风速梯度发生显著变化。在林带高 2 0～ 30倍的有效防护范围内风速降低 6 8.1%～ 4 0 .7% ,两条林带后2 m处的输沙率分别是林带前缘 30 m对照处的 1/ 38和 1/ 138,3a时间灌木林带内积沙厚度达 0 .7m。沙地浅层 (0～ 2 0 cm )细沙(0 .2 5～ 0 .1m m)和微沙 (0 .1～ 0 .0 5 mm)含量分别增加了 2 0 .6 %、5 .5 % ,有机质含量在植物根系分布范围内成倍增加。灌木带对区域小气候的改善效应明显。流沙地 0 .5、1和 1.5 m高处日平均气温比灌木带内分别高出 0 .5、0 .9和 0 .2℃ ,而相对湿度灌木林带内比流沙地平均高 0 .4、0 .3和 0 .1%。浅层土壤 (0～ 2 0 cm)温度昼夜变程与地表温度变化基本呈正弦态分布 ,并以垂直方向向下传递 ,但变幅较地表为小。灌木林带内 0～ 2 0 cm土壤平均温度比流沙地高 0 .7℃     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.