樱亚科植物同工酶FUZZY聚类及最佳阈值的F检验

本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了樱亚科8个种共17个生物型枝皮、叶片的过氧化物同工酶（POD）,初步确定了各样品枝皮、叶片的POD同工酶酶谱特征．根据酶谱相似系数对样品进行了Fuzzy聚类分析．通过样品酶谱积值的F检验,选定了樱亚科植物分属的最佳阈值,为同工酶谱聚类效果研究提供新方法．     

中国沙拐枣属植物的数值分类研究

选择了中国19种沙拐枣属（CalligonumL.)植物,共测定及引用了35个形态分类指标,应用单因素方差分析（MANOVA）和主成分分析（PCA）,分别对形态因子进行了单元和多元分析。结果表明,所有的种间形态指标均差异显著,冠幅（BC）,木质枝枝节长度（LKWB）,果实直径（DF）,雄蕊长度（SL）,同化枝枝节长度（LKAS）和同化枝化枝角度（ARAS）指标在沙拐枣属植物的数值分类上,具有很强的差异性分析意义。依据平方欧氏距离,应用类平均法（UPGMA）将19种沙拐枣植物聚为5类,系统聚类结论与主成分分析的三维排序结果基本一致,与传统的形态分类结果有一定的差异。     

中国主要农区稻田稗草分类与多样性研究

将采自中国15个省和1个直辖市的206份稗属（Echinochloa）植物种子分别播种在相同栽培条件下,获得了206份子代样本及其21项形态性状数据,基于这些形态性状对206份稗属植物样本进行了聚类和主成分分析。结果表明：（1）从206份稗属植物样本中鉴别出了形态性状相对一致的8个分类群（G1-G8）,依次对应于湖南稗子（Echinochloa frumentaceae,2份样本）、水田稗（E.oryzoides,5份）、细叶旱稗（E.crus-galli var.praticola,6份）、硬稃稗（E.glabrescens,14份）、光头稗（E.colona,2份）、长芒稗（E.caudata,16份）、孔雀稗（E.cruspavonis,8份）、稗复合群（稗原变种E.crus-galli var.crus-galli、稗的变种无芒稗var.mitis、短芒稗var.breviseta和西来稗var.zelayensis,共150份）,还有3份样本没有聚合成组。它们依次占总样本量的0.97%、0.97%、2.42%、2.91%、3.88%、7.77%、6.80%、72.81%和1.46%,反映出中国主要农区稻田稗属植物主要以稗及其变种为主;（2）单因素方差分析表明,9个数量性状,包括叶长、叶宽、圆锥花序长度、总状花序长度、小穗芒长、小穗长度、第1颖长度/小穗长度、主茎直径和株高,在稗属植物的8个分类群（G1-G8）之间有显著差异;（3）根据8个分类群之间的形态性状特点及差异,给出了鉴别中国主要农区稻田稗属植物的分种检索表;（4）由于细叶旱稗具有总状花序简单、小穗无芒、叶较宽、植株高大、小穗紫黑色等独特形态性状,在206份稗属植物样本的聚类图上单独聚成一组,故建议将细叶旱稗作为独立种处理。     

繁缕和无瓣繁缕六个居群的数值分析

对繁缕（Stellaria media）和无瓣繁缕（S.apetala）的6个居群的57个性状进行Q－聚类和R－聚类的研究。结果表明：（1）Q－聚类中,用一条结合线,可以把繁缕的4个居群聚为一类,无瓣繁缕的2个居群聚为一类。这一结果支持肥繁缕和无瓣繁缕划分为两个物种;（2）R－聚类中,发现了呈现完全正相关、极大正相关和极大负相关的性状,并根据R－聚类的结果,运用一条适当的结合线,把繁缕和无瓣繁缕的57个性状划为5个类群,并分析了各性状的分类学意义。     

基于形态性状的菊属与亚菊属植物亲缘关系研究

依据菊花DUS测试指南中性状观测和分级的方法,记录了菊属、亚菊属共31个物种叶片和花序的共计8个定性多态性状,并测量了各物种叶片的14个形态指标,将其转换为7个数量多态性状,分别基于定性多态性状代码和叶片数量多态性状数值利用聚类分析研究其亲缘关系,将两次聚类结果进行比较。结果发现,基于定性多态性状和叶片数量多态性状的聚类结果均可以对菊花近缘属植物进行亲缘关系分析,并与前人利用分子标记的亲缘关系研究及植物学传统分类的研究结果一致,能够较准确地反映种间亲缘关系。而利用菊花DUS测试相关定性多态性状的信息进行亲缘关系研究,具有准确度高、采样简便、工作量小的优点。     

中国黄杨属植物数量分类的研究

本文采用系统聚类分析方法对中国黄杨属植物20种、3亚种和2变种进行了分类学研究,研究结果表明：营养器官的32个特征性状、繁殖器官的35个特征性状和总的67个特征性状的系统聚类结果与该属植物形态分类结果相吻合,从而为该属植物新分类群的建立,种、亚种和变种的鉴定以及某些划分不合理的种群纠正提供了一种新的科学依据和手段。     

甘肃省马衔山地区种子植物区系的研究

分析了甘肃省马衔山地区种子植物区系,用主成分分析（Ｐ．Ｃ．Ａ）和信息聚类（Ｉ．Ｃ．Ａ）方法对该区系与国内其它１０个有代表性地区的种子植物区系进行了对比分析。其结果为：１．该区系温带性质十分明显,是一个汇集四大区系成分的过渡带;２．该区系起源于第三纪亚热带亚高山森林植物区系,随青藏高原的隆起和中亚干旱区的形成而分化形成;３．该区系与六盘山植物区的关系最近。该区系隶属于泛北极植物区,中国－日本森林植物     

中药材分类中的聚类分析

本文应用聚类分析中的系统聚类法与模糊聚类法,对植物药材百合的18个样品进行了聚类．结果不仅两法所得的结论相一致,而且与传统分类的情况相符合．     

芒苞草科———单子叶植物一个新科的确认兼论其系统位置

报道了芒苞草属（ＡｃａｎｔｈｏｃｈａｌｍｙｓＰ．Ｃ．Ｋａｏ）的综合研究结果。从多学科的研究材料表明,芒苞草属（ＡｃａｎｔｈｏｃｈｌａｍｙｓＰ．Ｃ．Ｋａｏ）在解剖、胚胎、细胞、孢粉等方面,都具有许多独特的性状和特征,即有原始的,也有进化的,同时还有一些过渡性的类型和特征。在营养器官和生殖器官方面,保留有与双子叶植物毛茛目（Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌａｌｅｓ）相联系的特征。芒苞草科所具有这些性状和特征,在我国种     

裂叶沙参与泡沙参剖解生态学的比较研究

借助于光镜和扫描电镜,系统观察了濒危植物裂叶沙参（Ａｄｅｎｏｐｈｏｒａ ｌｏｂｏ－ｐｈｙｌｌａ Ｈｏｎｇ）的根、芦头、茎和叶的解剖特性及茎、叶、种子的表面形态特征,并将有关性状与广布沙参（Ａ．ｐｏｔａｎｉｎｉｉ Ｋｏｒｓｈ．）作了对比研究。结果表明,两种沙参在叶表皮细胞形态,垂周壁式样,角质层初级雕纹及次级雕纹;叶片气孔形状及外拱盖外缘纹饰及内缘形状,保卫细胞上角质层薄厚及蜡质纹饰;叶表毛状体形状     

Morphological and anatomical studies on economically important Empetrum nigrum L. subsp.hermaphroditum (hagerup) bocher (empetraceae)

The study is based on anatomical and morphological investigations of Empetrum nigrum L. subsp. Hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Bocher, an important plant because of its value for medicine and food. Plant samples were collected from the northeastern part of Turkey. Morphological and anatomical features of various plant parts (e.g., stem, leaf, flower, and fruit) are illustrated and described in detail.     

Paclobutrazol enhances photosynthesis and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus

An investigation was carried out with paclobutrazol (PBZ) in order to study its effect on the photosynthetic and anatomical characteristics of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. The chlorophyll content and related parameters like net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and internal CO₂ concentration were measured from control and treated plant samples. The anatomical characteristics, viz., leaf thickness, epidermis and cuticle, palisade layer, spongy layer and vascular bundle were studied. The root alkaloid ajmalicine was extracted and estimated from both treated and control plant roots. Photosynthetic pigment increased under PBZ treatment. PBZ treatment increased the net photosynthetic rate and internal CO₂ concentration, but reduced transpiration. PBZ treatment increased the thickness of the leaf, epidermis and cuticle, palisade layer and spongy layer but reduced the diameter of xylem vessels significantly when compared to control, however the phloem elements had shown an increased diameter as compared to control in the PBZ treated plants. There was a significant enhancement in ajmalicine content under PBZ treatment when compared to control plants. The results suggested that the application of PBZ have significant effects on photosynthetic and anatomical responses thus can be used for improving productivity in medicinal plants.     

大窑遗址二道沟地点石制品研究的抽样方法设计

结合简单随机抽样、整群抽样和连续重复抽样的特点,基于中心极限定理,本文设计了适用于大批量石制品抽样调查的具体方案,通过边抽样、边评价的方式,利用有限的样本量推断总体特征,并将其实际应用到大窑遗址二道沟地点石制品的研究中,取得了良好的效果。此外,该抽样方案对于石制品的物源追溯、遗址区域调查等也有一定的实用价值。     

Searching through functional space reveals distributed visual,auditory, and semantic coding in the human brain

The extent to which brain functions are localized or distributed is a foundational question in neuroscience. In the human brain, common fMRI methods such as cluster correction, atlas parcellation, and anatomical searchlight are biased by design toward finding localized representations. Here we introduce the functional searchlight approach as an alternative to anatomical searchlight analysis, the most commonly used exploratory multivariate fMRI technique. Functional searchlight removes any anatomical bias by grouping voxels based only on functional similarity and ignoring anatomical proximity. We report evidence that visual and auditory features from deep neural networks and semantic features from a natural language processing model, as well as object representations, are more widely distributed across the brain than previously acknowledged and that functional searchlight can improve model-based similarity and decoding accuracy. This approach provides a new way to evaluate and constrain computational models with brain activity and pushes our understanding of human brain function further along the spectrum from strict modularity toward distributed representation.     

基于叶片解剖结构的砂生槐群体抗旱性评价

选取来自西藏不同地区11个群体的砂生槐作为研究材料,采用石蜡切片技术,测定11项叶片解剖结构指标,应用SPSS软件进行方差分析、相关性分析和聚类分析,对叶片解剖结构指标进行筛选,运用隶属函数法对不同群体的砂生槐进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）砂生槐属于典型的等面叶,各群体砂生槐的叶肉组织中都存在有海绵组织,海绵组织位于上下栅栏组织之间。不同群体砂生槐的解剖结构指标中,叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、主脉维管束直径和紧密度等差异达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,栅海比差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）,其它指标均未达到显著性水平。（2）通过数据分析,得到如下结果：叶片厚度、上表皮厚度和上表皮角质层厚度可以作为分析抗旱性的主要指标,而其它指标可以作为辅助指标。（3）群体LS1、NY1抗旱性较强,而NC1与YL1抗旱性较弱。对于砂生槐来说,影响其抗旱性的主要解剖结构指标包括叶片厚度、上表皮厚度和上表皮角质层厚度,这几项指标可以基本上反映出不同群体砂生槐抗旱性的一些差异;但是,如果要准确评价砂生槐的抗旱性,还需要考虑砂生槐种子萌发和幼苗期间的生理生化指标等来综合评价不同群体砂生槐的抗旱性。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原的草地退化等级数量分析

采用样方取样方法实地调查内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原的植物群落特征,利用植被和土壤数据,应用系统聚类分析方法对其草地退化等级进行定量划分.结果表明:(1)植被指标聚类可将草地划分为3个等级,即轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化草地,而利用土壤指标聚类则划分为2个等级,其中轻度退化和中度退化草地的土壤状况相似合为一个等级,重度退化草地为另一个等级;(2)随着放牧梯度的变化,植被和土壤都发生了变化,中度退化草地植被变化大,而土壤变化不大;(3)内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为同一草地利用单元,所划分的草地退化等级系列是由放牧引起的.     

Leaf anatomy as an additional taxonomy tool for 18 taxa of Matricaria L. and Tripleurospermum Sch. Bip. (Anthemideae-Asteraceae) in Turkey

This study concerns the evaluation of leaf anatomical characteristics of the closely related genera Matricaria (4 taxa) and Tripleurospermum (14 endemic taxa, 15 accessions) in Turkey using cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). All taxa have the same basic leaf structure composed of lower and upper epidermis including anomocytic or anomocytic-anisocytic stomata, parenchymatic mesophyll, and vascular bundle. Statistically significant differences based on ploidy level have been found without generic delimitation. The differences mainly concern stomatal length and the relative size of the vascular bundle. These anatomical characters can be used to distinguish diploid from polyploid taxa of the genera.     

Comparisons of multivariate analytical techniques for use in pre-quaternary plant paleoecology

Multivariate analyses are often used in ecology and have proved to be useful in plant paleoecology and palynology. A variety of different methods are available, but these methods have different mathematical bases and different assumptions about the data to be analyzed, which must be kept in mind when analyzing a particular data set. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of different methods used to analyze a set of fossil megaspore data from the Cretaceous Dakota Formation and discusses the methods from the point of view of the peculiarities of fossil plant data.

Since fossil plant data are often not normally distributed, non-metric methods, such as those based on rank-order or presence/absence, can be useful. The Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient, when used with unweighted pair group average cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling, was found to give results that were more satisfactory than those obtained using other distance measures. If the investigator wishes to take absolute abundances into account, then minimum-variance cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis can be recommended, although the data may need to be log-transformed to reduce skewness. Principal components analysis gave the least satisfactory results. No one method can be considered “the best”; different methods should be used with different types of data. Any investigator using these methods is strongly urged to investigate different methods, their mathematical bases and assumptions and their performance on a certain data set before making a final choice as to the method to use in analyzing the data.     

Contribution to the taxonomy of Turkish Scorzonera (Asteraceae) taxa based on vegetative anatomy

In the present study, the general stem, root and leaf anatomical features of 59 Scorzonera L. s.l. (Asteraceae) taxa collected from Turkey are presented and evaluated by cluster and principal coordinate analysis. Numerical analyses based on 26 anatomical traits showed that arrangement of tracheal elements in the root, presence of cortical bundles, latex canals, secretory cells and aerenchyma in the stem and mesophyll are valuable for grouping Scorzonera taxa. Dendograms inferred from anatomical data were generally congruent with the traditional subgeneric classification of Scorzonera (Scorzonera L., Podospermum DC., Pseudopodospermum (Lipsch. et Krasch.) Lipsch.). However, the present study also show that the examined species may not be identified only based on the internal morphology of root, stem and leaf. In addition, the results support to treat Podospermum as a distinct genus.     

红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科植物叶片结构的比较观察

扫描电镜和光镜下的叶表皮特征以及叶片解剖结构的研究结果,支持在红豆杉科内建立白豆杉属的处理方式;赞同在三尖杉属内建立篦子三尖杉组,叶片解剖结构方面,三尖杉科和红豆杉科的穗花杉属的相似之处颇多。而叶表皮形态特征方面又表现为三尖杉科和罗汉松科更加接近。反映了出了红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科之间的密切而又复杂的系统关系。