蜜蜂酯酶同工酶的比较研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了膜翅目蜜蜂总科4个属,即切叶花蜂属、甜花蜂属、熊蜂属和蜜警属的工蜂以及蜜蜂属的不同种个体样品的酯酶同工酶。结果表明：蜜蜂总科内各属间酶谱明显不同,每个属都有各自固定的谱型,彼此容易区分。同一属内不同种蜜蜂的同工酶谱相似,其中黑色蜜蜂和黑腹蜜蜂以及黄色蜜蜂和黑腹蜜蜂亲缘关系最近;而黑色蜜蜂和黄腹蜜蜂以及黄色蜜蜂和黄腹亲缘关系最远。此外,在实验的基础上讨论了用酯酶同工酶电泳酶谱作为昆虫分类学研究手段的可行性。     

裸子植物的生化系统学(四)——杉科植物的种子蛋白和针叶过氧化物酶

用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了杉科全部10属共13种植物的种子蛋白多肽。它们 都有分子量为32、24和10K(千道尔顿)的多肽。每个分类群一般只有2至4个主要多肽,构 成种子蛋白总含量的一半;而且其分子量都分布在24—26K及29—36K两个区域内。 因此, 杉科植物种子蛋白谱与红豆杉科、三尖杉科相似,而不同于松科。属内不同种之间,种子蛋白 组成和针叶过氧化物酶电泳谱都没有看到显著差别。根据这两种蛋白质资料,表明杉科各属除红杉、巨杉、落羽杉相互很接近外,其他各属间关系都比较远。但是还不能说杉科可以分立几个科。     

蜜蜂总科化石新种（昆虫纲：膜翅目）

本文记述了膜翅目熊蜂科、木蜂科和蜜蜂科3属3新种,其中熊蜂科熊蜂属1种:鲁熊蜂Bombus luianus sp. nov., 木蜂科木蜂属1种:硅藻木蜂Xylacopa diatoma sp. nov. 和蜜蜂科蜜蜂属1种:长胫蜜蜂Apis longitibia sp. nov.。所有模式标本均采自山东山旺中新统硅藻土页岩中,现保存在山东省博物馆。     

秦巴山区蜜蜂资源调查研究

介绍了发生于秦巴山区的蜜蜂物种 5 0种 ,隶属蜜蜂总科之 6科 19属 ;同时介绍了这些物种的发生区域 ,发生期和发生概况。现行研究结果对于揭示、保护、利用当地的蜜蜂资源具有积极的指导作用。     

毛乌素沙漠南缘沙区不同科蝗虫酯酶同工酶研究

应用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续电泳技术 ,分析分布于毛乌素沙漠南缘风沙区蝗总科中5科 1 0属 1 1种EST同工酶的多态现象。研究结果表明 ,同一个体不同体段的酶谱有一定的差异 ,其中以体壁活性最高 ;在不同科属间、同种不同个体间及性别的酶谱也有所差异 ,但这种差异远小于种间差异。     

裸子植物的生化系统学(一)——松科植物的过氧化物酶

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了松科全部10属59种又A变种的过氧化物 酶。 尽管个别种在种内酶谱有变化,但每个种仍有足以与其他种区分的特征性 酶谱。我们定义“两分类群总带数除两分类群不相同带数”为“酶谱距离“,作为 属间和种间酶谱分歧的数量指标。松科各属内平均酶谱距离与Prager等(1976) 报道的抗原距离以及各属的化石历史基本一致。落叶松属、雪松属、金钱松属发 生最晚,云杉属等次之,松属最为古老。分子证据支持属和亚科的划分。对比杨 属的数据,说明过氧化物酶进化有稳定速率。 文章最后讨论了酶谱资料在研究 植物形态进化和分子进化中的作用。     

柏木属植物过氧化物酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了柏木属9个种的过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明：属内种 间具有明显的酶谱差异,每个种都有其特征酶谱。并用排序的方法对柏木属9个种酶谱的相 似程度进行了研究,据酶谱的排序结果把9个种分为5个类群。其中：巨柏、西藏柏木、干香 柏、岷江柏木和剑阁柏木为一类群; 地中海柏木、柏木、墨西哥柏木和绿干柏各为一类群,从分 子水平上论证了前人对于柏木属各种间亲缘关系的论述。研究结果还表明,柏木属植物近缘 种间过氧化物酶同工酶谱相似程度的替代与近缘种间的地理替代表现出强烈的映射关系,这 种关系可以用来揭示植物地理替代的规律。柏木属内种间平均酶谱距离为0.75,推测其地质 发生年代为侏罗纪。本文还发现用排序的方法研究同工酶谱可以达到定量比较的水平,在实践中有较多的优越性。     

五种瓢虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究及其在分类上的应用(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)

本文应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了瓢虫科２属５种的酯酶同工酶（ＥＳＴ）,结果显示属间的酶谱有显著差别,在属内具有某些共性。每个种都具有自己特有的谱型,彼此易于区分。聚类分析表明同种不同个体有差异,但小于性别差异,种间差异明显大于性别差异。聚类分析还显示５个种亲缘关系的远近,与形态分类结果一致。     

五种瓢虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究及其在分类上的应用（鞘翅目：瓢 …

本文应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了瓢虫科２属５种的酯酶同工酶（ＥＳＴ）,结果显示属间的酶谱有显著差别,在属内具有某些共性,每个种都具有自己特有的谱型,彼此易于区分,聚类分析表明同种不同个体有差异,但小于性别差异,种间差异明显大于性别差异,聚类分析还显示了５个种亲缘关系的远近,与形态分类结果一致。     

小蜜蜂属Micrapis的研究(蜜蜂科Apidae)

小蜜蜂属Micrapis Ashmead隶属于蜜蜂族Apini本届包括两种,即Micrapis florea(Fabr.),Micrapis andreniformis(Sm.)过去仅有工蜂形态的记述,缺少雌、雄性标本及对比资料。现根据中国科学院动物所标本及云南蜜蜂所采自云南各地此两种小蜜蜂雌、雄性标本形态作一比较,以利鉴别。此外,本文尚将生物学习性及分布加以整理,以便利用。 一、主要鉴别特征 雌性:腹部第1—2节背板、第3节背板基半部及第3—5节背板端缘均红褐色,余黑色;颚眼距长宽相等;POL:OOL=9:5;触角第3节稍长于第4节;各跗节褐色;体长13—15毫米…………小蜜蜂Micrapis florea(Fabr.)     

五种鲟鱼线粒体控制区异质性和系统发育分析

利用保守引物得到五种鲟鱼的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）控制区（D-loop）全长,长度在795~813 bp。序列中包括了CBS（conserved sequence block）和TAS（termination-associated sequence）区域。利用最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建了系统发育树,发育树分成两枝,呈现明显的生物地理分布。分析表明,现有的鳇属鱼类不是单系群起源。五种鲟鱼D-loop序列都存在长度和数目不等串联重复序列,长度在78~82 bp之间,重复序列拷贝数在4~6次不等,因此造成了mtDNA广泛的异质性现象。不同种类的重复序列单元十分相似,达氏鳇和史氏鲟重复序列单元相似度为82.93%,西伯利亚鲟和俄罗斯鲟重复序列单元相似度为90.59%。在串联重复序列后是一段不完全重复序列。通过与已有同种的重复序列比对发现不同鲟鱼重复序列相同,不同地理区域相同物种的重复序列可能发生过分子内重组。这些表明重复序列在鲟鱼进化上具有相关意义,推测重复序列可能产生在种分化前,重组发生在种分化后。     

The species of Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus in the genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla

Data are presented on the type-material representing the species described by Linnaeus in his genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla , The names here considered total 158; six are currently applied in the Hymenoptera Parasitica. Of the balance of 147, three are emendations and five are unavailable homonyms or names proposed in the synonymy of other species. Fifteen Linnaean names are here placed as synonyms. One name is attributed to an author other than Linnaeus, and live names remain species incertae sedis. The remainder, 118, are applied as valid names in die Hymenoptera Aculeata. Holotype specimens in London, Uppsala or Stockholm represent 60 names; 55 names are based on lectotype specimens of which 49 are here designated, two by other authors. One name is represented by a neotype specimen in Lund, and one by a lectotype figure. One non-aculeate species is based on syntypes. Specimens appear to be lost with respect to 25 names; three specimens in Uppsala may be the holotypes of a further three species.
Eight new combinations are made, and twelve new synonyms established; three further new combinations and three further new synonymies are suggested. A systematically arranged summary of species treated and of nomenclatural changes made is given. Nomenclatural changes affecting non-Linnaean names are included where relevant; lectotypes are designated for two non-Linnaean species.     

Insects associated with flowers of weeds of the Botanical Garden of Santiago de Cuba,with emphasis on Hymenoptera

The insect visitors of flowers in nine weeds species were studied in the Botanical Garden of Santiago de Cuba, Eastern Cuba, during 1993 (March-June, spring season) and 1994 (January-March, end of winter and beginning of spring season). About 50 hours of collecting efforts were made at three times (0900-0930 hr in 1993; 0900-0930 hr, 1200-1230 hr and 1500-1530 hr in 1994). More than 140 species of at least 37 families were found; Hymenoptera dominated (with more than a half of specimens), followed by Diptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Among Hymenoptera, bees (Apoidea) were the largest group, especially Apis mellifera L; followed by wasps (Vespidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae) and ichneumon flies (Ichneumonidae); Microhymenopterans were not sampled. Hymenopterans of each weed were compared for diversity, similarity, dominant and subdominant species, visitation time, sampling efficiency, etc. Each plant species had a particular Hymenoptera complex, almost one third of which were natural enemies of agricultural pests, and most are believed to be potential pollinators. Closely related species showed similar patterns of daily activity, with a peak at 0900-0930 hr for all plant species. Second grade polynomial equations were the best fitted models to describe the relationships between number of species and number of specimens, and between total number of species and number of samples (R2 = 0.9734 and R2 = 0.9573, p < 0.01). The role of weeds in the biodiversity of the agroecosystems is analyzed; as well as the effectiveness of this collection method to study Hymenoptera.     

Comparative studies on glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in bees and wasps

Electrophoresis of tissue extracts has shown the presence of multiple electrophoretic forms of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) in many Hymenoptera. The patterns are most complex in the two bumblebee genera, Bombus and Psithyrus, where from five to six variants are observed.Homogeneous preparations of the major flight muscle variant of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase have been isolated from thoraces of three bumblebee species and of yellow jacket. The amino acid compositions of these four enzymes plus that from the honeybee have been determined and compared.The Michaelis constant for dihydroxyacetone phosphate was measured for the honeybee, bumblebee, and yellow jacket enzymes. Differences were observed between species but not between bumblebee isozymes.B. nevadensis glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase binds reversibly to both B. nevadensis and honeybee actin. The alar-muscular variants bind more strongly than the omniregional variants.     

The evolution of hymenopteran wings: the importance of size

The allometric relationships between body size and several aspects of wing morphology in the insect order Hymenoptera were investigated using multivariate morphometric techniques. The study focused primarily on wing allometry in five monophyletic genera of bees ( Perdila, Halictus, Ceratina, Trigona and Apis ), but the patterns of size-related evolutionary change found within each of these genera are also found to exist in numerous other hymenopteran taxa. Increased body size in hymenopteran lineages is correlated with the following changes in wing morphology: (1) decreased relative stigma area, (2) distal extension of wing vein elements, (3) increased aspect ratio and (4) proximal shift in the centroid of wing area. The reverse is true for decreased size. The widespread allometric trends most likely result from adaptive change in wing morphology due to size-related changes in the physical properties impinging on the organism–principally the quality and magnitude of drag. The fact that similar wing morphologies among distantly related species can result from similarity in body size has important implications for the study of hymenopteran phylogeny, especially at lower taxonomic levels and when a high proportion of wing characters are employed.     

Molecular basis of sex determination in haplodiploids

Sex in many species of Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) is determined by a single locus that is heterozygous in females and hemizygous in (haploid) males. Beye and colleagues have now cloned the csd locus in the honeybee Apis mellifera and provide functional evidence that this gene is the primary switch in the sex-determination cascade of honeybees and possibly all Hymenoptera.     

Behavioral responses of the small hive beetle,Aethina tumida,to odors of three meliponine bee species and honey bees,Apis mellifera scutellata

Recent studies have shown that honey bees, bumble bees, and some meliponine bee species of the genera Trigona, Meliponula, and Dactylurina are hosts of the small hive beetle (SHB) Aethina tumidaMurray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), a pest of honey bee colonies in various regions of the world. Olfaction has been implicated in SHB infestations of honey bee and bumble bee colonies. We used olfactometer bioassays to investigate responses of adult male and female SHBs to odors from intact colonies and separate hive components (pot honey, pot pollen, cerumen, and propolis) of three African meliponine bee species, Meliponula ferruginea (Lepeletier) (black morphospecies), M. ferruginea (reddish brown morphospecies), and Meliponula bocandei (Spinola) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Although both sexes of the beetle strongly preferred intact colony, pot honey, and pot pollen odors, there was no evidence of attraction to propolis and cerumen odors from the three meliponine bee species. Both sexes of SHB also strongly preferred odors from honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), over odors from the three meliponine bee species. Our results provide substantial evidence of the host potential of African meliponine bees for the SHB, and we discuss this complex association of the SHB with species within the Apidae family.     

A simple and distinctive microbiota associated with honey bees and bumble bees

Specialized relationships with bacteria often allow animals to exploit a new diet by providing a novel set of metabolic capabilities. Bees are a monophyletic group of Hymenoptera that transitioned to a completely herbivorous diet from the carnivorous diet of their wasp ancestors. Recent culture-independent studies suggest that a set of distinctive bacterial species inhabits the gut of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Here we survey the gut microbiotae of diverse bee and wasp species to test whether acquisition of these bacteria was associated with the transition to herbivory in bees generally. We found that most bee species lack phylotypes that are the same or similar to those typical of A. mellifera, rejecting the hypothesis that this dietary transition was symbiont-dependent. The most common bacteria in solitary bee species are a widespread phylotype of Burkholderia and the pervasive insect associate, Wolbachia. In contrast, several social representatives of corbiculate bees do possess distinctive bacterial phylotypes. Samples of A. mellifera harboured the same microbiota as in previous surveys, and closely related bacterial phylotypes were identified in two Asian honey bees (Apis andreniformis and Apis dorsata) and several bumble bee (Bombus) species. Potentially, the sociality of Apis and Bombus species facilitates symbiont transmission and thus is key to the maintenance of a more consistent gut microbiota. Phylogenetic analyses provide a more refined taxonomic placement of the A. mellifera symbionts.     

中国茧蜂亚科复眼具毛的三属及一新种记述(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

茧蜂亚科中有些类群复眼具毛,种数稀少,标本较难采到。本文记述中国茧蜂亚科中复眼具毛的3属及1新种,它们分别为:宽凹茧蜂属ChelonogastraAshmead,1900;埃茧蜂属EctemnoplaxEnderlein,1920和集点茧蜂属PycnobraconCameron,1902,及西藏埃茧蜂Ectemnoplaxxizanginensis,sp.nov.,其中1属未发现标本。同时提供3属检索表,另附各属及新种的形态特征图,所有标本保存在浙江大学昆虫科学研究所。埃茧蜂属EctemnoplaxEnderlein,19201.西藏埃茧蜂Ectemnoplaxxizanginensis,新种(图1a~f)正模:♀,西藏墨脱,背崩,1980-Ⅱ-02,金根桃,吴建毅。该种与粒腹毛眼茧蜂EctemnoplaxperuliventrisEnderlein较为相似,但可通过如下特征区别:翅脉cu-a微弱后叉;第2腹背板具微弱中基三角区,后端延伸至第2~3腹背板间沟缝;第4腹背板中基具月牙形黑色区,剩余区域淡黄。分布:中国(西藏)。2.白腹埃茧蜂EctemnoplaxperuliventrisEnderlein,1920分布:中国(海南、台湾)和日本。宽凹茧蜂属ChelonogastraAshmead,1900据报道,该属有2种中国台湾曾有分布,但本次研究中未发现其标本。3.台湾宽凹茧蜂ChelonogastraformosanaWatanabe,1937分布:中国(台湾)和日本。4.山岳宽凹茧蜂ChelonogastrakoebeleiAshmead,1900(图2a~e)分布:中国(台湾)和日本。集点茧蜂属PycnobraconCameron,1902,中国新记录5.黑集点茧蜂PycnobraconnigerCameron,1902,中国新记录(图3a-h)研究标本:1♂,浙江古田山,1990-Ⅴ-01,马云,No.906148。分布:中国(浙江);印澳区。