漯河地区农田灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾生态位分析

为明确农田生境灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾的生态位特点,2017-2021年在漯河市郊区农田利用虫情测报灯对蛾类进行了逐日监测分析。结果表明,5年共诱集蛾类昆虫11科121种150 861头,统计得到个体数量（N)、物种丰富度(S)、群落多样性指数(H)、相似性系数(Cs)、生态位宽度（Bi）和生态位重叠(Cij)等相关群落数据参数。3-11月农田灯下蛾类个体数量、物种丰富度和群落多样性指数,均随时间呈先增加后减小的趋势;不同月份间的群落相似性指数差异较大。年度优势蛾为东方黏虫M. separata、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 3种。月度优势蛾共9种,其中亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis和棉铃虫的生态位宽度最大0.4434和0.4002,东方黏虫最小（0.1811）;棉铃虫和甜菜叶螟Hymenia recurvalis与其余8种优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较大,而东方黏虫和其余优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较小。研究结果为开展蛾类监测预警和有效防治提供参考数据。     

两种光源对金龟子的诱捕效果

为了解探照灯和测报灯两种光源对金龟子的诱捕效果,2015-2018年,在漯河市农业科学院五里岗试验基地设置探照灯和测报灯,对金龟子种群进行了诱捕监测。结果表明:暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟是漯河地区上灯金龟子的优势种。探照灯监测到的暗黑鳃金龟年度首现日比测报灯早7±7.80 d,年均诱捕数量比测报灯多出24137.75±12724.78头,占金龟子总量的百分比增加20.8±4.4(SE);探照灯监测到的铜绿丽金龟年度首现日比测报灯晚5±3.60 d,年均诱捕数量比测报灯减少1793.75±504.02头,占金龟子总量的百分比减少12.4±1.6;全光谱(380~680 nm)的探照灯对暗黑鳃金龟的诱捕作用显著高于紫外光(主波长365 nm)的测报灯,而对铜绿丽金龟诱捕作用显著低于测报灯。这一结果暗示着可见光具有对暗黑鳃金龟相对专性的诱捕潜能。     

海南南部夜间空中昆虫群落结构研究

海南南部是中国农作物冬季南繁育种的重要基地。为了明确南繁基地空中昆虫群落结构,利用探照灯诱虫器于2017年-2018年监测了空中飞行的昆虫种类和动态。共计发现396种昆虫,隶属于13目88科307属,其中包括粘虫、棉铃虫、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶野螟等重大迁飞性害虫以及黑肩绿盲蝽、异色瓢虫等迁飞性天敌昆虫。鳞翅目(206种,52.02%),半翅目(85种,21.46%)和鞘翅目(57种,14.39%)是该地区的三大优势目。本研究明确了我国重要的农作物南繁基地夜间空中昆虫群落的结构,为指导作物害虫测报和防控工作提供了依据。     

山东莱西花生产区昆虫群落基本结构及多样性研究

【目的】花生是山东省主要油料作物,为阐明山东莱西花生田昆虫群落结构及多样性。【方法】2014年6月到2015年6月采用马来氏网法对该地区花生田昆虫群落结构进行了调查研究。【结果】全年共获得各类昆虫标本89 967头,分属于13目、117科;主要以膜翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目和半翅目为主,其中茧蜂科(膜翅目)、露尾甲科(鞘翅目)、缟蝇科(双翅目)、夜蛾科(鳞翅目)、蚜科(半翅目)为科级优势类群;花生蚜Aphis craccivora Koch、小绿叶蝉Jacobiasca formosana、小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon、棉铃虫Heliothis armigera、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、异色瓢虫Leis axyrids、蚜茧蜂(Aphidiidae)、啮小蜂(Tetrastichidae)、黑带食蚜蝇Epistrophe balteata De Geer等为优势种。【结论】多样性分析结果表明,该地区花生田昆虫群落结构的多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数较高,三者呈一致趋势,说明莱西花生田昆虫群落具有较高稳定性。     

昆虫经山东省向南迁飞的种类及迁飞路线探讨

[目的]山东省地处我国昆虫南北季节性迁飞的主要通道,明确迁飞性害虫在山东省的迁飞过程和迁飞规律,对于全国迁飞性害虫监测与防控均具有重要意义.[方法]2018年在山东省14个地区设置监测站点,利用探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器对迁飞性昆虫进行了实时监测,分析了 9月初-10月底迁飞性昆虫的种群动态,首次探讨了昆虫经山东省向南迁飞的种类及迁飞路线.[结果]诱集到棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)、玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner)、桃蛀螟 Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée、劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi等重要害虫以及中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、大草蛉Chrysop pallens等天敌.根据迁飞性昆虫种群数量"突增突减"的现象,以及探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集数量比值,明确了棉铃虫、亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟、劳氏粘虫、黄地老虎Agrotis segetum、大地老虎Agrotis tokionis、甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua、斜纹夜蛾 Spodoptera litura、银纹夜蛾 Ctenoplusia agnata、甘薯天蛾 Agrius convolvuli、瓜绢野螟 Diaphania indica、甜菜白带野螟 Hymenia recurvalis、黄翅缀叶野螟 Botyodes diniasalis(Walker)、豆荚斑螟Limabean podborer、东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpa orientalis、中华通草蛉、大草蛉17种昆虫出现了明显的迁飞过程,这些昆虫由北向南迁飞时,主要途经地点是宁津(25.90％)和济阳(20.81％),其次为庆云(12.31％)、曹县(9.26％)、菏泽(7.09％)、临清(5.47％).[结论]经山东省向南迁飞的昆虫种类丰富,主要从山东西部通过.     

东北地区四种本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾寄生能力及适应性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是新入侵我国的重大危险性入侵害虫,赤眼蜂是我国生物防治的优势卵寄生蜂,可用于防治多种农林作物上的鳞翅目害虫。为检测东北地区本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的生防潜能,筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的有效蜂种,本研究比较研究了松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、黏虫赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和发育适合度。结果表明,4种赤眼蜂均能寄生草地贪夜蛾卵,并完成发育,但其寄生能力和发育适合度存在显著差异。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵块寄生率均高于80%,但仅松毛虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵表现出较高的卵粒寄生量。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂子代羽化率和雌性比无显著差异,但松毛虫赤眼蜂比其它3种赤眼蜂的发育历期更短,而稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和适合度均最差。研究结果将为应用本地赤眼蜂生物防治潜在入侵东北地区的草地贪夜蛾提供技术支撑。     

冀西北坝上地区灯下蛾类群落结构特征

对冀西北坝上地区蛾类进行了逐日灯诱监测,以微软系统的Excel列表、作图,进行蛾类群落的种-多度曲线作图及群落多样性(H')、均匀度(J')、物种丰富度(S)和个体数(N)的时间和空间分布的处理,并做了多样性分析。结果表明:该区蛾类已知16科173属247种,夜蛾科是该区蛾类的优势类群,旋幽夜蛾、网锥蛾野螟(草地螟)和小菜蛾为当地优势种。从5月到9月蛾类多样性指数、物种丰富度和个体数基本呈上升趋势,多样性指数与均匀度(r=0.9477)、物种数(r=0.7785)、个体数(r=0.9704)相一致。不同月份间的蛾类相似程度差异较大,种-多度关系符合对数正态分布模型,研究认为坝上地区蛾类赖以生存的生态环境稳定,生态环境条件保持较好。     

高山地区甘蓝田节肢动物群落特征

对湖北省高山地区自然天敌控制害虫的甘蓝田的节肢动物群落结构进行了研究.结果表明：自然天敌控制害虫的甘蓝田内害虫优势种为小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella ）、甘蓝蚜（Brevicoryne brassicae）和甘蓝夜蛾（Mamestra brassicae）;天敌优势种为菜蚜茧蜂(Diaeretiella rapae)、菜蛾绒茧蜂（Cotesia plutella）、草间小黑蛛(Erigonidum gramiaicolum)和大灰食蚜蝇（Syrphus corollae）.害虫及天敌亚群落物种的丰富度、多样性、均匀度及集中性在时间序列上有变化;害虫亚群落优势集中性高,优势种突出,群落多样性及均匀性指数较低,天敌亚群落的多样性和均匀性指数较高,优势集中性较低,群落相对比较稳定.经聚类分析,害虫和天敌亚群落的14个时序群落分别被划分为4类和3类.     

吉林省丽金龟科(昆虫纲:鞘翅目)昆虫物种多样性

为了解吉林省丽金龟科Rutelidae昆虫物种多样性以及其在不同农业昆虫地理区域之间差异,2010-2012年连续三年对吉林省5个亚区38个取样地点进行了调查。共采集到丽金龟科昆虫标本2913号,隶属6属13种,其中多色异丽金龟Anomala chamaeleon(56.7%)、黄褐异丽金龟Anomala exoleta(16.2%)和中华弧丽金龟Popillia quadriguttat(12.0%)是优势物种。吉林省不同地理区域丽金龟科昆虫物种组成和多样性差异明显,吉东南区(A区)优势种是多色异丽金龟,吉中西区(B区)优势种是黄褐异丽金龟和中华弧丽金龟;吉林省中部的A3亚区和B1亚区的多样性指数、均匀度指数较高;吉林省最西部B2亚区的多样性指数、均匀度指数、物种丰富度指数最低,优势度指数最高。相似性分析结果表明,A区中3个亚区之间相似性系数较高,而A区各亚区和B区各亚区间相似系数较低。     

苎麻田灯下金龟子种类组成及优势种群发生动态研究

为了调查苎麻田金龟子的种类及发生规律,于2013年4~9月,在湖北省咸宁市咸安区苎麻科技示范园进行了频振式杀虫灯诱虫试验,系统诱集金龟子并鉴定种类,分析灯下不同金龟子种群动态。结果表明：频振式杀虫灯在苎麻田诱集金龟子类4科10种,以铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为绝对优势种类。金龟子从4月末至9月初均灯下可见,5月中旬至6月上旬为铜绿丽金龟诱集高峰,6月上旬至7月中旬为暗黑腮金龟诱集高峰期。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.