代谢工程改造酿酒酵母提高法尼醇产量

【目的】法尼醇(FOH,C_(15)H_(26)O)是一种具有芳香气味的非环状倍半萜醇,被广泛应用于化妆品和医学药物的工业化生产,也可作为航空燃料的理想替代品。具有食品级安全性的酿酒酵母细胞能够合成内源性法尼醇,但其产量很低,无法满足工业生产的需要。因此,需要采用代谢工程手段,改造法尼醇合成途径,以有效提高法尼醇在酿酒酵母中的产量。【方法】以酿酒酵母工业菌株CEN.PK2-1D为底盘细胞,强化甲羟戊酸途径中关键酶的表达水平和弱化麦角固醇合成分支途径,以提高法尼醇合成所需的直接前体物质法尼基焦磷酸(FPP);并分别表达催化FPP合成法尼醇的五种内源磷酸酶和两种异源合酶,筛选能高效合成法尼醇的磷酸酶或合酶。【结果】通过在CEN.PK2-1D(法尼醇产量0.1mg/L)中强化表达甲羟戊酸途径中截短形式的HMG-CoA还原酶(tHMGR1)和FPP合酶(ERG20),使法尼醇产量提高约50.8倍,达到5.08 mg/L;使用HXT1启动子替换鲨烯合酶编码基因ERG9启动子以下调其表达水平,使法尼醇产量进一步提升47.1倍,达到239.17 mg/L。在此基础上,筛选发现,表达酿酒酵母内源性磷酸酶PAH1时,获得最高产量法尼醇,达到393.13 mg/L。【结论】采用代谢工程策略对酿酒酵母法尼醇合成途径进行改造,有效提高法尼醇产量至393.13 mg/L,为目前报道的在酿酒酵母中摇瓶培养条件下的最高产量。     

环氧角鲨烯合成通路在大肠杆菌中的构建和优化

三萜类化合物是一类广泛应用于医药、保健和化妆品等行业的天然产物,具有巨大的商业价值。生物合成三萜类化合物依赖于环氧角鲨烯的高效合成。角鲨烯环氧化酶是整个合成途径中的关键酶,其催化NADPH依赖的环氧化反应将角鲨烯转变为环氧角鲨烯。通过筛选不同来源的角鲨烯环氧化酶,截短的大鼠角鲨烯环氧化酶(RnSETC)在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli工程菌中表现出最强的活性;进一步考察内源性细胞色素P450还原酶样(CPRL)蛋白对环氧角鲨烯合成的影响显示,在中度拷贝质粒上以Lac启动子调控NADH:醌氧化还原酶(WrbA)的表达使得环氧角鲨烯产量提高近2.5倍。研究结果表明,所构建的环氧角鲨烯合成途径可以在大肠杆菌中实现三萜类合成关键前体环氧角鲨烯的合成,为生物合成三萜类化合物提供了重要借鉴。     

大肠杆菌角鲨烯合成途径的构建与调控

角鲨烯因其具有良好的抗氧化功能而被广泛应用于食品、医药、化妆品、工业应用等领域。本实验在大肠杆菌中构建角鲨烯合成途径,通过对其合成途径中关键限速酶(1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶和异戊烯基二磷酸异构酶)过表达的方法进行初步调控,使角鲨烯的产量提升了近三倍。之后采用单因素试验对其发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化,以此来提高角鲨烯的产量。优化发酵条件后,使用最优发酵培养基——TB培养基,在最佳发酵条件:37℃,220r/min培养至OD600约为1.2时加入终浓度为0.1mmol/L的IPTG诱导剂,25℃条件下诱导48h,角鲨烯产量可达73.88mg/L。     

构建酿酒酵母细胞工厂高效合成摩尔酸

[目的] 摩尔酸作为齐墩果烷型三萜化合物具有抗HIV、抗炎等多种生物学活性,其前体物质是计曼尼醇,本研究基于合成生物学策略构建酿酒酵母细胞工厂高效合成摩尔酸。[方法] 运用CRISPR/Cas9技术,首先分别整合不同来源的氧化鲨烯环化酶（OSCs）,筛选高产计曼尼醇底盘细胞;进一步异源表达长春花来源的细胞色素P450氧化酶（CYP716AL1）和麻风树来源的细胞色素P450还原酶（JcCPR）,构建摩尔酸生物合成途径;并通过CYP716AL1和不同来源的CPR适配研究以及过表达甲羟戊酸（MVA）代谢途径中关键酶的方式提高摩尔酸的产量。[结果] 整合苹果来源的氧化鲨烯环化酶MdOSC获得的重组菌株计曼尼醇产量最高,达68.3 mg/L;以此为底盘细胞进一步整合CYP716AL1和JcCPR实现了摩尔酸的生物合成,产量为15.0 mg/L;共表达CYP716AL1和拟南芥来源的CPR获得的重组菌株摩尔酸产量最高,达到24.3 mg/L;最后过表达MVA代谢途径中的关键酶法呢基焦磷酸合酶（ERG20）和鲨烯环氧酶（ERG1）,获得的重组菌株摩尔酸产量高达34.1 mg/L。[结论] 本研究实现了摩尔酸的高效生物合成,为构建高产齐墩果烷型三萜酿酒酵母细胞工厂提供了理论和技术依据。     

产对香豆酸酿酒酵母菌株的构建及优化

对香豆酸(p-coumaric acid)作为苯丙素类物质、芪类物质及黄酮类物质的重要前体化合物,在生物医药、化妆品及食品工业中均有广泛的应用价值。以酿酒酵母作为底盘菌株,利用合成生物学原理构建一株高产对香豆酸的人工酵母细胞。通过对比不同拷贝数的酪氨酸解氨酶(tyrosine ammonia lyase)合成的对香豆酸产量,发现随着基因拷贝数的增加对香豆酸的产量也相应提高;同时对酪氨酸的负反馈调控相关的蛋白质进行氨基酸定点突变得到Aro4pK229L和Aro7pG141S,利用delta位点将突变后的基因整合至酵母基因组,并挑取24株构建成功的酵母细胞进行发酵验证,发现菌株最高产量与最低产量相差28.87mg/L;为了进一步增加对香豆酸的代谢通量,对生成芳香醇类物质的旁路基因ARO10和PDC5进行敲除,发现同时敲除两个基因的菌株对香豆酸的产量最高,是敲除前产量的2.05倍(从42.71mg/L到87.56mg/L)。此外,通过设计前体酪氨酸的梯度添加实验,发现当添加1mmol/L的酪氨酸时,对香豆酸产量达到峰值(174.57±0.30)mg/L,相较于未添加时提高了将近1倍。通过运用合成生物学原理在酿酒酵母中实现了对香豆酸的高产,为后续的芪类化合物和黄酮类化合物生物合成奠定了基础。     

聚球藻UTEX 2973中光碳驱动的高密度燃料合成

发展“液态阳光”被认为是解决化石燃料枯竭的关键技术之一。β-石竹烯是高性能的萜烯化合物,作为潜在的航空高密度燃料备受瞩目。新型光合蓝细菌底盘聚球藻UTEX 2973倍增时间短至1.5 h且耐受高温高光,利用光和CO2合成β-石竹烯具有很大的发展前景。为此,文中在聚球藻UTEX 2973中通过构建β-石竹烯合成途径、优化相关关键合酶、增强前体供应等一系列策略实现了在摇瓶中约121.22 μg/L β-石竹烯的合成 (96 h)。在此基础上,通过培养条件的优化实现在光生物反应器中进行高密度培养,最终β-石竹烯产量达到约212.37 μg/L (96 h)。这是目前报道的蓝细菌底盘中β-石竹烯的最高产量,为未来利用光和CO2直接合成高密度燃料打下基础。     

高效合成番茄红素酿酒酵母菌株的构建

番茄红素作为一种高附加价值的萜类化合物已受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。首先对酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae模式菌株S288c和YPH499合成番茄红素的能力进行分析比较,结果表明YPH499更适合作为底盘细胞用于番茄红素的合成。随后比较组成型启动子GPDpr、TEF1pr和诱导型启动子GAL1pr、GAL10pr对番茄红素合成的影响,结果发现以GPDpr、TEF1pr作为番茄红素合成途径基因crtE、crt B和crtI的启动子,摇瓶发酵60 h后,番茄红素产量为15.31 mg/L;以GAL1pr和GAL10pr为启动子时,其产量为123.89 mg/L,提高8.09倍。继续改造甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径,过量表达N-末端截短的关键酶基因t HMG1(3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶),番茄红素产量为265.68 mg/L,单位菌体产量72.79 mg/g。文中所设计构建的异源表达番茄红素合成途径的酿酒酵母菌株单位细胞产量高,可以进一步改造和优化后用于番茄红素的工业化生产。     

实验室适应性进化技术在光合蓝细菌底盘工程中的研究进展

蓝细菌是唯一可进行放氧光合作用的原核微生物,基于光合蓝细菌构建“自养型细胞工厂”具有广阔前景。但以蓝细菌作为底盘进行生物燃料及化学品的合成仍存在细胞耐受能力差、产量低等问题,导致实现工业化生产的经济可行性还比较低,亟需通过合成生物学等技术手段构建新的藻株。近年来,实验室适应性进化(adaptive laboratory evolution,ALE)已被用于底盘工程中,实现了优化生长速度、增加耐受性、加强底物利用和提高产品产量等目标。ALE在提高蓝细菌鲁棒性方面取得了一定进展,已获得了耐受高光、重金属离子、高盐和高浓度有机溶剂胁迫的进化藻株。但是,蓝细菌中的ALE策略效率相对较低,耐受各胁迫的分子机制并未阐释完全。本文综述了ALE相关技术策略及其在蓝细菌底盘工程中的应用,讨论了如何借鉴其他微生物中ALE手段,构建更大ALE突变文库、增加菌株的突变频率、缩短进化时间、探索多重胁迫耐受工程菌构建原则及研究策略等,高效解析进化菌株的突变体库,构建高产量、鲁棒性强的工程菌株等,以期未来促进蓝细菌底盘的改造及其工程菌的规模化应用。     

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母生产β-胡萝卜素

β-胡萝卜素在食品、药品和化妆品领域有广泛用途。为获得生产β-胡萝卜素的微生物细胞工厂,本研究首先在酿酒酵母BY4742中过表达甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径的限速酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)基因及二萜化合物合成的关键酶牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶(GGPS)基因,来提高牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸(GGPP)的供给。在酿酒酵母底盘菌BY4742-T2的基础上整合来源于成团泛菌和红法夫酵母的β-胡萝卜素合成基因,比较酿酒酵母工程菌生产β-胡萝卜素的差别。结果表明提高酿酒酵母中HMGR和GGPS酶基因的表达能将工程菌中β-胡萝卜素的产量提高26.0倍。另外,来源于真核生物红法夫酵母的合成基因相比成团泛菌,更有利于酿酒酵母生产β-胡萝卜素。最终获得的酿酒酵母工程菌BW02能生产1.56 mg/g细胞干重的β-胡萝卜素,为进一步获得高产β-胡萝卜素细胞工厂提供基础。     

高通量筛选高产酪氨酸的酿酒酵母菌株

酪氨酸是重要的芳香族氨基酸,自身不仅具有重要的营养价值,也是合成香豆素类化合物和黄酮类化合物的重要前体。文中以实验室前期构建的一株解除了酪氨酸反馈抑制的酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae LTH0 (ARO4K229L,ARO7G141S,Δaro10,Δzwf1,Δura3) 为出发菌株,异源表达甜菜黄素合成基因DOD和CYP76AD1,使酿酒酵母产生黄色荧光。然后利用紫外诱变和常压室温等离子体 (Atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP) 诱变相结合的方法对上述菌株进行随机诱变,并通过流式细胞仪筛选荧光强度显著提高的突变株。其中突变株LTH2-5-DOD-CYP76AD1在激发波长485 nm、发射波长505 nm处荧光强度为 (5 941±435) AU/OD,比诱变前提高了8.37倍。对诱变后荧光强度提高较多的14株突变株进行发酵生产酪氨酸,胞外酪氨酸产量最高为26.8 mg/L,比出发菌株提高了3.96倍。进一步异源表达约翰逊黄杆菌Flavobacterium johnsoniae来源的酪氨酸解氨酶FjTAL,对香豆酸产量达到119.8 mg/L,比出发菌株LTH0-FjTAL提高了1.02倍。     

Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of ginsenosides

Ginsenosides are the primary bioactive components of ginseng, which is a popular medicinal herb and exhibits diverse pharmacological activities. Protopanaxadiol is the aglycon of several dammarane-type ginsenosides, which also has anticancer activity. For microbial production of protopanaxadiol, dammarenediol-II synthase and protopanaxadiol synthase genes of Panax ginseng, together with a NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, were introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in production of 0.05 mg/g DCW protopanaxadiol. Increasing squalene and 2,3-oxidosqualene supplies through overexpressing truncated 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase and 2,3-oxidosqualene synthase genes, together with increasing protopanaxadiol synthase activity through codon optimization, led to 262-fold increase of protopanaxadiol production. Finally, using two-phase extractive fermentation resulted in production of 8.40 mg/g DCW protopanaxadiol (1189 mg/L), together with 10.94 mg/g DCW dammarenediol-II (1548 mg/L). The yeast strains engineered in this work can serve as the basis for creating an alternative way for production of ginsenosides in place of extraction from plant sources.     

High-level recombinant production of squalene using selected <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis> strains

For recombinant production of squalene, which is a triterpenoid compound with increasing industrial applications, in microorganisms generally recognized as safe, we screened Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to determine their suitability. A strong strain dependence was observed in squalene productivity among Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains upon overexpression of genes important for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In particular, a high level of squalene production (400 ± 45 mg/L) was obtained in shake flasks with the Y2805 strain overexpressing genes encoding a bacterial farnesyl diphosphate synthase (ispA) and a truncated form of hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1). Partial inhibition of squalene epoxidase by terbinafine further increased squalene production by up to 1.9-fold (756 ± 36 mg/L). Furthermore, squalene production of 2011 ± 75 or 1026 ± 37 mg/L was obtained from 5-L fed-batch fermentations in the presence or absence of terbinafine supplementation, respectively. These results suggest that the Y2805 strain has potential as a new alternative source of squalene production.     

Metabolic engineering of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodopseudomonas palustri</Emphasis>s for squalene production

Squalene is a strong antioxidant used extensively in the food, cosmetic and medicine industries. Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 was used as the host because of its ability to grow photosynthetically using solar energy and carbon dioxide from atmosphere. The deletion of the shc gene resulted in a squalene production of 3.8 mg/g DCW, which was 27-times higher than that in the wild type strain. For constructing a substrate channel to elevate the conversion efficiency, we tried to fuse crtE gene with hpnD gene. By fusing the two genes, squalene content was increased to 12.6 mg/g DCW, which was 27.4 % higher than that resulted from the co-expression method. At last, the titer of squalene reached 15.8 mg/g DCW by co-expressing the dxs gene, corresponding to 112-fold increase relative to that for wild-type strain. This study provided novel strategies for improving squalene yield and demonstrated the potential of producing squalene by Rhodopseudomonas palustris.     

代谢工程改造大肠杆菌生产辅酶Q10

辅酶Q10(CoQ10)是一种脂溶性抗氧化剂,具有提高人体免疫力、延缓衰老和增强人体活力等功能,广泛应用于制药行业和化妆品行业。微生物发酵法能可持续性生产辅酶Q10,具有越来越多的商业价值。本研究首先将来自类球红细菌的十聚异戊二烯焦磷酸合成酶基因(dps)整合到大肠杆菌ATCC 8739染色体上,敲除内源的八聚异戊二烯焦磷酸合成酶基因(ispB),使内源的辅酶Q8合成途径被辅酶Q10合成途径取代,得到稳定生产辅酶Q10的菌株GD-14,其辅酶Q10产量达0.68 mg/L,单位细胞含量达0.54 mg/g DCW。随后用多个固定强度调控元件在染色体上对MEP途径的关键基因dxs和idi基因以及ubiCA基因进行组合调控,将辅酶Q10单位细胞含量提高2.46倍(从0.54到1.87 mg/g)。进一步引入运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonas mobilis的Glf转运蛋白代替自身的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸:碳水化合物磷酸转移酶系统(PTS),使辅酶Q10产量进一步提高16%。最后,对高产菌株GD-51进行分批补料发酵,辅酶Q10产量达433 mg/L,单位细胞含量达11.7 mg/g DCW。这是目前为止文献报道的大肠杆菌产辅酶Q10最高菌株。     

产L-苏氨酸重组大肠杆菌的构建和发酵性能

【背景】大肠杆菌由于生长性能优良、遗传背景清晰,常被用作苏氨酸生产菌。【目的】敲除大肠杆菌Escherichia coli THR苏氨酸合成途径的非必需基因,并异源表达苏氨酸合成必需的关键酶,构建一株苏氨酸高产菌株。【方法】利用FLP/FRT重组酶系统,敲除E. coli THR中lysC、pfkB和sstT,同时进行谷氨酸棒杆菌中lysC~(fbr)、thrE和丙酮丁醇梭菌中gapC的重组质粒构建并转化到宿主菌中。【结果】以E. coli THR为出发菌株,敲除其苏氨酸合成途径中表达天冬氨酸激酶Ⅲ (AKⅢ)的基因lysC、磷酸果糖激酶Ⅱ基因pfkB及苏氨酸吸收蛋白表达基因sstT,使菌株积累苏氨酸的产量达到75.64±0.35g/L,比出发菌株增加9.9%。随后异源表达谷氨酸棒杆菌中解除了反馈抑制的天冬氨酸激酶(lysC~(fbr))、苏氨酸分泌转运蛋白(thrE)及丙酮丁醇梭菌中由gapC编码的NADP+依赖型甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶,获得重组菌株E. coli THR6菌株。该菌株积累苏氨酸的产量提高到105.3±0.5 g/L,糖酸转化率提高了43.20%,单位产酸能力提高到5.76 g/g DCW,最大生物量为18.26 g DCW/L。【结论】单独敲除某个基因或改造某个途径不能使苏氨酸大量合成和积累,对多个代谢途径共同改造是构建苏氨酸工程菌的最有效方法。     

Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for the photosynthetic production of succinate

Succinate is an important commodity chemical currently used in the food, pharmaceutical, and polymer industries. It can also be chemically converted into other major industrial chemicals such as 1,4-butanediol, butadiene, and tetrahydrofuran. Here we metabolically engineered a model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 to photosynthetically produce succinate. We expressed the genes encoding for α-ketoglutarate decarboxylase and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase in S. elongatus PCC 7942, resulting in a strain capable of producing 120 mg/L of succinate. However, this recombinant strain exhibited severe growth retardation upon induction of the genes encoding for the succinate producing pathway, potentially due to the depletion of α-ketoglutarate. To replenish α-ketoglutarate, we expressed the genes encoding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and citrate synthase from Corynebacterium glutamicum into the succinate producing strain. The resulting strain successfully restored the growth phenotype and produced succinate with a titer of 430 mg/L in 8 days. These results demonstrated the possibility of photoautotrophic succinate production.     

Biosynthesis of β-lactam nuclei in yeast

We have engineered brewer's yeast as a general platform for de novo synthesis of diverse β-lactam nuclei starting from simple sugars, thereby enabling ready access to a number of structurally different antibiotics of significant pharmaceutical importance. The biosynthesis of β-lactam nuclei has received much attention in recent years, while rational engineering of non-native antibiotics-producing microbes to produce β-lactam nuclei remains challenging. Benefited by the integration of heterologous biosynthetic pathways and rationally designed enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis and ring expansion reactions, we succeeded in constructing synthetic yeast cell factories which produce antibiotic cephalosporin C (CPC, 170.1 ± 4.9 μg/g DCW) and the downstream β-lactam nuclei, including 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA, 5.3 ± 0.2 mg/g DCW), 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA, 6.2 ± 1.1 μg/g DCW) as well as 7-amino desacetoxy cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA, 1.7 ± 0.1 mg/g DCW). This work established a Saccharomyces cerevisiae platform capable of synthesizing multiple β-lactam nuclei by combining natural and artificial enzymes, which serves as a metabolic tool to produce valuable β-lactam intermediates and new antibiotics.     

Production of lycopene by metabolically-engineered Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli strain CAR001 that produces β-carotene was genetically engineered to produce lycopene by deleting genes encoding zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase (crtX) and lycopene β-cyclase (crtY) from the crtEXYIB operon. The resulting strain, LYC001, produced 10.5 mg lycopene/l (6.5 mg/g dry cell weight, DCW). Modulating expression of genes encoding α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and transaldolase B within central metabolic modules increased NADPH and ATP supplies, leading to a 76 % increase of lycopene yield. Ribosome binding site libraries were further used to modulate expression of genes encoding 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (dxs) and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (idi) and the crt gene operon, which improved the lycopene yield by 32 %. The optimal strain LYC010 produced 3.52 g lycopene/l (50.6 mg/g DCW) in fed-batch fermentation.     

Increased resveratrol production in wines using engineered wine strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118 and relaxed antibiotic or auxotrophic selection

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound with diverse beneficial effects on human health. Red wine is the major dietary source of resveratrol but the amount that people can obtain from wines is limited. To increase the resveratrol production in wines, two expression vectors carrying 4‐coumarate: coenzyme A ligase gene (4CL) from Arabidopsis thaliana and resveratrol synthase gene (RS) from Vitis vinifera were transformed into industrial wine strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118. When cultured with 1 mM p‐coumaric acid, the engineered strains grown with and without the addition of antibiotics produced 8.249 and 3.317 mg/L of trans‐resveratrol in the culture broth, respectively. Resveratrol content of the wine fermented with engineered strains was twice higher than that of the control, indicating that our engineered strains could increase the production of resveratrol during wine fermentation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:650–655, 2015