制干枣品种品质性状的因子分析与综合评价

综合评价制干枣主要栽培品种的品质,为制干枣品种选择和生产利用提供科学依据。应用SPSS统计分析软件,采用因子分析对13个制干枣品种的品质性状进行了比较和排序。结果表明：（1）在13个制干枣品种中,制干率和干枣含糖量差别较小,而单果质量、果实整齐度、果皮韧性和汁液差异相对较大;各品质因子间既相互独立又存在着不同程度的相关。（2）在9个品质性状指标中,单果质量、制干率、干枣口感、干枣含糖量和果皮韧性等5个指标起决定作用。（3）因子分析结果表明,制干品质综合性状优良的品种是相枣和板枣,临汾团枣、洪赵小枣和中阳木枣相对较差,其它品种居中,这一结果与感官评价的结果基本一致。本研究表明：应用因子分析可以较好地用于制干枣品种品质性状的综合评价。     

毛叶枣的开发利用(摘要)

毛叶枣(ＺｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｍａｕｒｉｔｉａｎａＬａｍ.)是滇刺枣的一个栽培类型,分布于热带及亚热带,适宜于年均温18℃以上地区生长。毛叶枣分长果型和圆果型两种。长果型单果平均重223ｇ,果肉鲜嫩,质脆,含糖量高,风味较好,适于鲜食。圆果型单果平均重246ｇ,果形整齐光滑...     

速生早实的热带果树—毛叶枣

毛叶枣,又名缅枣、大西西果,为鼠李科枣属植物滇刺枣(Ziziphus mauritiana)的一个栽培群。由于植株的嫩梢和叶背面着生灰白色绒毛,故称毛叶枣。目前,从缅甸引种栽培的有两个品种:一个是长果形品种,其果实和叶片呈长卵圆形;叶片长约5.4厘米,宽约3.2厘米;果实纵径约3.6厘米,横径约2.1厘米,平均单果重22.7克,含可溶性固形物9—10％,果实具     

晋中地区枣粘虫的发生及防治

枣粘虫(Cerostoma sasakii Mats.)在我国北方果区河北、山西均有发生。近年来,在晋中地区发生普遍,尤以榆次、太谷、祁县、平遥、清徐、交城、文水、中阳、离石、临县等地为害更重。自1963年来,因枣粘虫的猖獗为害,致使红枣产量急骤下降,因此群众迫切要求防治。     

枣种质果实性状多样性分析与综合评价北大核心CSCD

以116份枣种质为研究材料,通过遗传多样性指数、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法对22个果实性状进行多样性及综合评价分析。结果表明:13个数量性状变异系数介于1.76%~41.30%,单果重和可滴定酸含量变异程度较大。22个果实性状遗传多样性指数范围在1.04~2.05,其中果实横径(2.05)、维生素C含量(1.96)、单果重(1.97)和果实形状(1.88)遗传多样性指数较高。22个果实性状进行聚类分析,分为4个类群,Ⅰ类群属于野生资源类型,Ⅱ类群属于高营养物质含量种质类型,Ⅲ类群属于特异营养含量种质,Ⅳ类群属于果实外观品质较好的种质类型。主成分分析把22个果实性状分为8个主成分,累计贡献率为75.620%,第1主成分与果实大小有关,第2个主成分与果形指数有关,第3、4主成分与果实营养物质和果实口感有关。果实性状综合评价得分(D)为0.155~1.039,平均值0.64,河北的赞晶和山西临县的杨家山大枣等种质位居前列,综合评价优异。根据行业标准筛选出14份特异种质。泗洪大枣和赞皇1号为大果型种质,清徐蘑菇枣、榆次奶头枣、襄汾葫芦枣、鲁枣7号和稷山水枣为果形特异种质,稷山蛤蟆枣和稷山猪牙枣为可溶性固形物含量高的种质,临县甜酸枣、临县刘家会枣、临县开阳大酸枣和鲁枣10号为高酸特异种质,兴县老婆枣和临县刘家会枣为高维生素C含量特异种质。本研究对枣种质果实性状进行多样性分析和优特异性状鉴定,可为构建枣种质综合评价体系和筛选特异种质提供重要参考。     

人工授粉对火龙果果实发育的影响

于开花期对红皮红肉类型火龙果进行人工授粉与自然授粉处理,并对不同发育阶段的子房或果实进行解剖观察,以研究人工授粉对果实发育的影响.结果表明:人工授粉可提高火龙果的平均单果重和商品果率,平均单果重与果实内种子数呈显著正相关关系;火龙果子房为多胚珠结构,子房内有若干“珠柄-胚珠”单元,胚珠在开花后发育成种子,珠柄则发育成肉...     

喀斯特乡土树种伊桐的种实性状及幼苗生长特征

研究了喀斯特乡土树种伊桐的果实性状、种子性状、播种萌发和幼苗生长等的基本特征。结果表明:伊桐果实单果鲜重63.20～149.50g,其长度和宽度则分别为55.59～86.60mm和38.59～51.80mm,单果出种量19.95～57.15g,出籽率31.57%～40.81%,单果种子数343～690粒,单粒种子均重0.0582～0.0857g,其出籽率、单果种子数和单粒种子均重与果实重量存在一定程度的正相关;伊桐种子的长、宽平均分别为(25.93±2.80)mm和(13.72±2.88)mm,完整种子平均风干重(0.0153±0.0033)g,脱翅种子平均重(0.0112±0.0024)g,种翅占整个种子的(26.56±4.53)%;伊桐种子播前采取不同处理方式的平均发芽天数、平均发芽指数和平均发芽率等存在一定或是比较明显的差异,浸种、脱翅或两者相结合的方式均能有效缩短种子发芽时间并明显提高种子发芽率;伊桐幼苗的株高和基径的月均生长量分别介于3.3～16.3cm和0.32～2.80mm之间,其中经浸种处理的前期生长较快,未经浸种处理的中期生长较快。     

枇杷良种"白茂木"引种试验初报

探讨从日本引入优良白肉枇杷品种“白茂木”在福建莆田的适应性,结果表明,“白茂木”在莆田试验点适应性良好,平均单果重50.1g,可溶性固形物含量12.2％－14.5％,可滴定酸含量0.26％,果实耐贮运;果实单果重、品质、外观、贮藏性等方面的综合性状明显优于国内现有栽培的白肉枇杷品种,具有较强的市场竞争力和生产发展潜力。     

海南岛红毛丹栽培品系资源主要果实性状的比较分析

为明确红毛丹栽培品系果实性状的遗传多样性,本研究对海南省保亭县13个代表性品系的单果重、果肉重、果形指数、可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量等17个果实性状进行测量,并进行性状间相关分析及不同种质聚类分析研究。结果表明,不同性状的品系间变异幅度亦不同,其中果核重变异系数最大(28.83%),可溶性糖含量最小(5.62%)。不同性状指标间存在显著或极显著相关性,单果重与果实横径、果肉厚、果皮重、果肉重呈极显著正相关,与果实纵径、果核重呈显著正相关;果核重与种子纵径和横径呈极显著正相关。果肉重与果肉厚、可食率呈极显著正相关。可食率与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关。果实性状聚类分析(平均距离为7.013时)可将13份资源分为5类,第Ⅲ类品系果实各性状综合表现优良,单果重最大,果核小,果肉最多,可直接鲜食,第Ⅴ类品系单果重低,果肉少,可食率较低,酸含量高,口感较其它类较差,适合加工开发利用。研究表明海南省红毛丹栽培品系果实性状存在丰富的多样性,为生产开发、遗传育种等提供了信息参考。     

落地枣替代玉米对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

目的:研究落地枣替代玉米对蛋鸡生产性能的影响。方法:选取42周龄海兰褐蛋鸡300只,随机分为5个组,每组4个重复,每个重复15只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组用落地枣分别替代基础日粮中3%、6%、9%、12%的玉米。预饲期7d,试验期8周。结果:结果表明:落地枣替代玉米提高了采食量、产蛋率、平均蛋重和产蛋量(P0.05)。结论:落地枣替代玉米,能改善蛋鸡的生产性能,且替代12%的玉米效果最理想。     

Maximum Fruit Growth Potential and Seasonal Patterns of Resource Dynamics During Peach Growth

Maximum fruit growth potential, the growth attained by fruitswhen they are grown under optimal environmental conditions inthe presence of a non-limiting supply of resources, was estimatedfor two peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars that differin the timing of resource demand for reproductive growth. Maximumpotential fruit growth was estimated on trees that were heavilythinned at bloom. On these trees, resource availability exceededresource demand for fruit growth. For both cultivars, the mean dry weights of fruits grown onunthinned trees were approximately half the mean dry weightsof fruits grown on trees that were heavily thinned at bloom,indicating that fruit growth was source-limited on unthinnedtrees. Comparison of the seasonal patterns of relative growthrate of fruits on unthinned and heavily thinned trees indicatedthe source-limited fruit growth occurred during distinct periodsof the growing season. On the early maturing cultivar, source-limitedfruit growth occurred from 300 degree-days after bloom untilharvest (4·5-10 weeks after bloom). On the late maturingcultivar, source-limited fruit growth occurred from 200-900and 1600-1900 degree-days (3·5-12 and 18-20 weeks) afterbloom. Although the final dry weight of fruits on the early maturingcultivar was only half that of fruits on the late maturing cultivar,the potential net sink strength of fruits was significantlyhigher on the early than the late maturing cultivar throughoutthe entire growth period of the early maturing cultivar. Resourceavailability for fruit growth was similar on the early and latematuring cultivars, indicating that selection for early maturingfruits has not changed the patterns of resource availabilityfor fruit growth.Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press Maximum fruit growth potential, carbon economy, partitioning, resource availability, resource limitation, source-limited growth, sink activity, sink strength, growth analysis, relative growth rate, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, peach     

珍稀植物蒜头果野生植株结实量及果实特征研究

该研究对云南省广南县不同分布点的野生植株大小与结实量,果实、果核性状特征,果皮与果核性状间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)野生成年植株个体间结实量差异大,单株结实量从几十个至几千个,变异系数可达136.38%。结实量与冠幅有正相关关系(R=0.592,P0.01),与胸径和树高无相关关系(P0.05)。(2)扁球型果实平均纵径37.10~40.36 mm,变异系数7.28%~8.65%;平均横径41.15~45.03mm,变异系数6.44%~9.31%;平均果实重量35.77~47.29 g,变异系数18.99%~21.44%。野生蒜头果果实大小差异明显,单个果实重量差别为3.4倍。(3)果核平均纵径27.50~31.69 mm,变异系数7.13%~10.99%;平均横径30.94~34.16 mm,变异系数6.47%~9.41%;平均果核重量14.03~18.77 g,变异系数17.37%~22.68%。单个果核重量差别为3.7倍。(4)平均果皮纵向厚度4.33~4.80 mm,变异系数20.22%~26.91%;平均横向厚度5.10~5.44 mm,变异系数12.92%~20.98%;平均果皮重21.62~28.51 g,变异系数20.01%~24.12%。该研究结果表明野生蒜头果单株结实量、果实和果核大小、果皮厚等表型性状存在广泛的多样性,其资源为人工定向培育和开发利用提供了较为丰富的选择材料。     

Selection on fruit traits is mediated by the interplay between frugivorous birds,fruit flies,parasitoid wasps and seed‐dispersing ants

Every organism on Earth must cope with a multitude of species interactions both directly and indirectly throughout its life cycle. However, how selection from multiple species occupying different trophic levels affects diffuse mutualisms has received little attention. As a result, how a given species amalgamates the combined effects of selection from multiple mutualists and antagonists to enhance its own fitness remains little understood. We investigated how multispecies interactions (frugivorous birds, ants, fruit flies and parasitoid wasps) generate selection on fruit traits in a seed dispersal mutualism. We used structural equation models to assess whether seed dispersers (frugivorous birds and ants) exerted phenotypic selection on fruit and seed traits in the spiny hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana), a fleshy‐fruited tree, and how these selection regimes were influenced by fruit fly infestation and wasp parasitoidism levels. Birds exerted negative correlational selection on the combination of fruit crop size and mean seed weight, favouring either large crops with small seeds or small crops with large seeds. Parasitoids selected plants with higher fruit fly infestation levels, and fruit flies exerted positive directional selection on fruit size, which was positively correlated with seed weight. Therefore, higher parasitoidism indirectly correlated with higher plant fitness through increased bird fruit removal. In addition, ants exerted negative directional selection on mean seed weight. Our results show that strong selection on phenotypic traits may still arise in perceived diffuse species interactions. Overall, we emphasize the need to consider diverse direct and indirect partners to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms driving phenotypic trait evolution in multispecies interactions.     

Fruit size in a tropical tree species: variation,preference by birds,and heritability

Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae), an understory bird-dispersed tree, produces single-seeded fruits that vary in diameter from 1.4 to 2.4 cm. Much of the variation within a population at Monteverde, Costa Rica occurred within individual trees. The relative size of fruits produced by different trees remained generally constant over an 11-year period despite slight differences between years in the average size of fruits produced by a given tree.Fruit-eating birds could thus express their preferences for particular fruit size characteristics by choosing among trees that have distinct distributions of fruit diameters, and between individually variable fruits within trees. In a field study of individually marked fruits, birds removed 46.2% of fruits; the rest of the fruits were destroyed by invertebrate (25.3%) and vertebrate (4.3%) pulp-feeders or aborted by the plant after remaining ripe but uneaten for as long as 100 days (24.2%). The four major avian seed dispersers of O. tenera each have gape widths exceeding all but the largest fruits. Birds preferred plants with greater-than-average-sized fruits; within trees, they favored larger fruits, apparently because net pulp mass increases with fruit diameter. Fruits that ripened early in the season were more likely to be removed and were removed more quickly than late-ripening fruits.Based on mother-offspring regressions of mean fruit size, the phenotypic variation in fruit diameter in O. tenera is highly heritable, indicating the potential for an evolutionary response to selection by birds. Nonetheless, directional selection on fruit size or shape is likely to be inconsistent, constrained by genetic correlations, and weak compared to selection on traits like fecundity or phenology.     

影响柑桔树开花结果性能的生态生理因素

本文报道1988年和1989年春夏之际异常和正常的桔园小气候环境对柑桔树开花结果物候期、抽梢生长、幼果发育、生理落果、当年果实产量和品质等性能的影响。结果表明,柑桔树的座果率受许多生态生理因素制约,但第一次生理落果主要与开花期桔园的小气候环境有关,第二次生理落果则与树体营养生理代谢密切相关。据此提出了预测预报柑桔树第二次生理落果的指标及其防御措施。     

不同林分红松生长与结实性状比较研究

以吉林省通化县三棚红松良种基地16个红松林分为材料,对其土壤理化性质（pH、电导率EC、有机质、速效钾、碱解氮、速效磷、全氮、C/N）、红松生长及结实性状（胸径、树高、每公顷产籽量）和每公顷株数进行测定并分析。结果表明：除速效钾、C/N和树高外,16个林分间各指标均达到极显著差异水平（P<0.01）;各指标的表型变异系数变化范围为3.59%~42.04%,属于高变异林分,有利于优良林分的选择;相关分析表明每公顷松籽产量与树高（0.267）和胸径（0.259）呈极显著正相关,与每公顷株数呈极显著负相关（-0.557）,与有机质（0.306）、碱解氮（0.909）、速效磷（0.805）和全氮（0.213）呈极显著正相关;以每公顷红松产籽量为标准,依10%的入选率对16个林分进行评价选择,林分3 206和3 308入选,入选2个林分的土壤有机质比总体均值提高了11.91 g·kg^-1,碱解氮比总体平均值提高30.92 mg·kg^-1,速效磷比总体均值提高13.65 mg·kg^-1,全氮比总体平均值提高0.4 g·kg^-1,每公顷松籽产量比总体均值提高461.35 kg·hm^-2,胸径比总体均值提高1.9 cm,树高比总体平均值提高0.69 m,每公顷株数比平均值减少了104株;研究结果为选择适当的抚育管理办法来提高松籽产量及红松果林改造提供理论基础。     

Lek Site Selection by Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies

The mating system of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is based on leks. In field cage choice experiments we examined lek site selection as influenced by the presence of fruit and the presence of conspecific flies. Males were allowed to choose between artificial trees containing fruit and trees without fruit. Males showed a significant preference for the tree baited with fruit. To determine which fruit-related stimuli were important, males were allowed to choose between visual and/or olfactory fruit-derived stimuli. Males preferred to lek on trees presenting both stimuli. To determine the influence of conspecifics on lek site selection, males were allowed to choose between trees containing male and/or female conspecific flies. The presence of pheromone-emitting males was preferred. In addition, both in the field and on artificial trees, we examined the effect of leaf size on lek site selection. In the field, males preferred to lek on leaves of a particular size. Moreover, leaf integrity was important, as males tended to select undamaged leaves as lek sites. In field cage experiments, males consistently chose to lek on trees containing the largest leaves. We conclude that the choice of lek site is influenced by the presence of fruit and of other lekking males, while leaf size and integrity determine male location within a lek.     

西安附近苹果林地的土壤干层

根据西安附近苹果林下土壤含水量测定,研究了0~6m之间土壤含水量的变化与土壤干层问题。资料表明,西安附近15龄苹果林下2~3.5m深处土壤含水量为9.1%~9.2%,形成了发育弱的长期性土壤干层,10龄苹果林地2~4m深处也有干层发育,表明黄土高原的土壤干层分布已达黄土高原南部的关中地区;6龄苹果林下土壤有干化的显示,但无干层发育。分析得出,由降水少量决定的、埋藏深度小而厚度大的薄膜水带的存在是引起土壤干层发育的直接作用的因素。土壤干层的出现会引起土壤与植被的退化,应当避免严重的土壤干层出现。     

疏花对富士苹果光合同化物分配的外部调节和生理表现

在盛花期,利用对树冠不同部位疏除花序的试验。对富士苹果树体内同化物的调配及其生理表现进行了研究。结果表明,苹果平均单果重和平均单果叶面积之间关系呈线性正相关。该相关关系在不同处理之间无差异（r=0.91),充分说明在苹果树体内存在一个可自由流动的碳水化合物库或者说树体对结果具有光合调节作用,疏花可以从外部调节光合同化物分配的方向。对每株苹果树未结果部位和结果部位短枝及延长枝叶片净光合速率测定表明。结果和未结果部位光合速率没有显著差异。虽然疏花没有显著影响苹果单株枝条生长量和叶面积,但是,苹果树树冠全部疏除花序的一侧 或主枝的平均枝条生长量和叶面积去比该树其它结果部位分别平均高出153.5cm和8900cm^2,差异极为显著。苹果树疏除花序1/2或3/4的数量使苹果平均单果重比不疏花分别显著增加了33g或79g。而果实钙浓度每百克鲜重分别降低了1.62mg或2.66mg,充分说明当疏花显著地影响果实大小时,果实内钙浓度也会明显地发生相应的变化,虽然在疏花处理之间不同部位疏除花序没有影响单株花芽总数量,但是,每株树前一年春季疏花的部位比未疏花,结果的部位极显著地增加了花芽数量（SED=11.6)。