观察胚珠发育的简便方法

被子植物的胚珠包藏在子房内,它是由子房内表皮的局部细胞平周分裂发展起来的。最初仅仅是一个小突起,称为胚珠原基。胚珠原基的前端将发育成珠心,基部将发育成珠柄。以后在珠心基部的细胞加速分裂,在珠心周围形成一环状突起并逐渐向上延伸把珠心围在中央,这就是珠被。珠被在珠心顶端留下一个小孔叫珠孔。受精前的胚珠由珠心、珠被、珠柄和珠孔组成。     

胚珠的类型

胚珠(ouvle)是种子植物的大孢子囊,种子的前身。裸予植物的胚珠裸露,被子植物的胚殊被包在子房内,子房内胚珠的数目随植物种类而不同。被子植物的胚珠由珠被(一般分内珠被和外珠被两层)和珠心两部分组成,珠心的中央是胚囊,珠被包在珠心的外面。珠被在珠心顶端的小孔叫珠孔,珠心的基部与珠被相连的部位叫合点。胚珠通过珠柄着生在胎坐上。由于胚珠各部分生长速度不同,可把胚珠区分为四大类。如果胚珠各部分的生长速度均匀一致,所生成的胚珠,珠孔、合点和珠柄三者在一条直线上,珠孔在珠柄的相对一端,这类     

无籽西瓜发育过程中所需生长素来自何方?

答:高中生物(乙种本)第91页,讲到生长素促进果1993年第28卷第4期实发育时说:“胚珠发育成种子过程中,发育着的种子里合成大量的生长素。这些生长素能促进子房发育成果实。如果雌蕊受粉后,在子房发育成果实的早期,除去     

单性结实

被子植物传粉受精后,胚珠开始发育并产生大量生长素使子房增大发育成果实。但是也有些植物不通过受精作用子房发育成果实,这种现象称为单性结实。其果实,不含种子,通称无子果实。单性结实有天然的单性结实(自动的单性结实)和刺激性单性结实(被动的单性结实)。天然的单性结实是指不需要经过传粉刺     

颖果

有不少生物教师提出了有关小麦、玉米等颖果的结构、尤其是果皮、种皮的结构以及胚轴的概念及其与幼苗地下茎形成的相应关系问题。本文就上述问题,谈谈颖果的结构。有关地下茎的发生,本刊已另有撰文(见9期10页)。颖果是具有单个胚珠的子房所发育成的不开裂果实。在果实形成过程中,由于子房壁所发育成的果皮与残留珠被所发育成的种皮相愈合难于分离,故特称其为籽实皮。这是颖果的主要     

问题解答一则

问:促进三倍体无籽西瓜果实发育所需的生长素是从哪里来的?答:植物生长素具有促进果实发育的功能。对有籽果实来说,发育着的种子是果实发育所必需的条件,因为促进果实发育所必需的生长素是胫珠发育成种子的过程中合成的。然而,象三倍体无籽西瓜果实,既然胚珠不能发育成种子,也就不能由此合成生长素促进     

单性结实与无籽番茄、无籽西瓜的培育

被子植物传粉受精后 ,胚珠开始发育并产生大量生长素使子房增大发育成果实。但自然界中也有些植物在开花后不通过受精作用子房发育成果实 ,但无种子。因此在发育成熟的果实里 ,有的含种子 ,有的不含种子 ;前者称为有籽果实 ,后者称为无籽果实 ,生物学上也把后者的结实方式称为单性结实。单性结实有天然的单性结实 (或称自动的单性结实 )和刺激性单性结实 (或称被动的单性结实 )。天然的单性结实是指不需要经过传粉刺激和其他刺激 ,子房就发育为无籽果实的 ,如香蕉、凤梨、无籽柑橘、无籽柠檬 ,在番茄、黄瓜和胡椒等植物中也偶有发生。这种类…     

Ostrya virginiana （Betulaceae）的胚珠和胚囊发育及其系统学 …

首次报道了铁木属Ｏｓｔｒｙａ的胚珠和胚囊发育过程。研究结果表明：Ｏ．ｖｉｒｇｉｎｉａｎａ的多数子房内有２个胚珠,胚珠倒生,单珠被,厚珠心,具１至数上孢原细胞;孢原细胞平周分裂形成一个周缘细胞和一个造孢细胞,造孢细胞直接发育成大孢子母细胞,四分体大孢子呈线形排列,它们均可成为功能大孢子;绝大多数胚珠中具有２￣６个胚囊,胚囊蓼型。最后,对珠被层数和多孢原、多胚囊等问题进行了讨论,并对桦木科各属的胚胎学     

概念辨析二则

概念辨析二则１单性结实与单性生殖单性结实是指不经过受精过程而其子房发育成果实的过程。其发生有两种可能：（１）没有进行授粉刺激,而依靠自身子房中较高浓度的生长素刺激,使子房发育成果实,如香蕉等。（２）必须给雌蕊以授粉或一些理化刺激（如冷、热、生长素）,...     

谈谈沙田柚的落花落果

沙田柚是世界四大名柚之一,为果中珍品。但在栽培过程中,往往严重落花落果,给生产带来一定的损失。现谈谈沙田柚落花落果的原因及防治的技术措施。沙田柚落花的原因自花不实沙田柚有自花不实的习性,如不进行人工授粉,子房不能受精膨大而发育成果实,从而花而不实。     

大花百子莲的结实和结籽格局及种子产量影响因素分析

在2007和2008年对大花百子莲(Agapanthus praecox subsp.orientalis‘Big Blue’)在群体、果序和单果水平上的结实和结籽格局进行了观测,并依据每花序单花数、单花胚珠数和单粒种子质量推算其单株潜在种子产量;此外,采用人工补充授粉方法研究了不同授粉方式对大花百子莲结实和结籽的影响,并对其种子产量的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:从始花期、盛花期至末花期,随开花时间的延迟,大花百子莲植株的每花序单花数和座果率均逐渐降低,其中始花期开花的植株每花序单花数和座果率均最高。从果序基部、中部至顶端,座果率和结籽率均逐渐减小且差异显著。在果序基部和中部,果实内种子败育率沿果实基部至顶端依次降低,而单粒种子质量则依次增加;且果序基部的果实各部位的种子败育率均低于果序中部的果实,而单粒种子质量则差异不大。大花百子莲的单株潜在种子产量约为43.18 g,而其单株实际种子产量约为2.87 g,远低于其潜在种子产量。自然授粉的大花百子莲每柱头花粉数为27.5粒,而自花授粉、同株异花授粉和异株授粉的每柱头花粉数均超过100粒;与自然授粉、自花授粉和同株异花授粉植株相比,异株授粉植株的座果率和结籽率均显著增加。研究结果显示:大花百子莲的结实和结籽格局呈现非随机分布规律,在引种地存在有性繁殖障碍;养分和授粉状况是制约大花百子莲种子产量的重要因素。     

Selective fruit filling in relation to pollen load size in Alstroemeria aurea (Alstroemeriaceae)

 We conducted an experiment in a natural population of Alstroemeria aurea, a clonal perennial, to determine (1) if reproduction was resource limited, and (2) if fruits would be selectively filled based on differences in pollination intensity when pollen loads were adequate for full seed set. Under these conditions, differences in pollination intensity are unlikely to affect seed number, but could affect seed quality, providing an interesting test of the gametophytic competition hypothesis. To test for resource limitation, percent fruit maturation, number of seeds per fruit and average seed weight were compared to paired controls for ramets in which all but one fruit was removed. To test the effect of pollination intensity on selective resource allocation, three types of pollination treatments were performed: (1) all flowers of the single inflorescence received a low pollen load, (2) all flowers received a high pollen load, (3) alternate flowers of the inflorescence received either a high or a low pollen load. We determined the percentage of fruit that reached maturity, counted the number of seeds and ovules and calculated the average seed weight for all capsules in each treatment. Resources appeared to limit reproduction in this population since seed number and weight were significantly higher than in controls when competing capsules were removed. At the whole ramet level, a four fold difference in pollen loads had no significant effect on any of the parameters measured. However, when pollination intensity varied within an inflorescence, the number of seeds per fruit increased by about 10% in flowers that received the higher pollen load. We observed the same trend in each of 2 years, but the increase was significant in only 1 year. The differences, although not great, were only slightly smaller than when all competing fruits were removed, and were consistent with selective resource allocation based on pollination intensity independent of seed set. Received: 28 September 1997 / Accepted: 30 April 1998     

鹅掌楸种子和胚胎发育的研究

应用控制授粉、软 X-射线法、常规石蜡制片法和荧光检测等手段,研究了鹅掌楸(Lirio-dendron chinense(Hemsl.)Sarg.胚胎发育和控制授粉与结籽率的相关性。控制授粉后2小时花粉萌发,6小时萌发率最高,柱头可授期持续30小时左右。花粉管借助于柱头毛之间的分泌物进入柱头沟,经花柱沟、珠孔塞和珠心冠原进入胚囊,行珠孔受精。授粉后2周,胚乳为2至3细胞厚的狭组织;第6周,胚乳充满胚囊腔,珠心随之解体殆尽;第7到8周,球形胚、心形胚发生;第14到16周,子叶形成;第22周种子或熟,胚乳丰富。单株自然授粉结籽率不足1%。控制授粉后,单个聚合果的最高结籽率可达39%,9个聚合果的平均结籽率为17.7%。     

Reproductive biology of the epiphytic bromeliad Werauhia gladioliflora in a premontane tropical forest

The floral phenology, fruit and seed production, and self-compatibility of Werauhia gladioliflora, an epiphytic bromeliad with a wide distribution, were studied in a premontane forest in the Monteverde area in Costa Rica. The species presents the pollination syndrome of chiropterophily, and it is visited by the small bats Hylonycteris underwoodi and Glossophaga commissarisi (Glossophaginae). The population flowering period extended from October to early December (end of rainy season) and seed dispersal occurred from February to April (dry season). Most plants opened a single flower per night, either every day or at one-day intervals during the flowering period. In natural conditions, the average fruit set amounted to almost half of the potential output, but individual fecundity (number of seeds) remained high. Seed number per fruit and germination capacity after artificial selfing and out-crossing treatments did not differ from natural pollination conditions. Werauhia gladioliflora exhibited high levels of autonomous self-pollination and self-compatibility at the individual and population level, characters associated with the epiphytic habitat. These reproductive traits are also associated with early colonizer species, yet life history traits, such as seed dispersal, seedling establishment success, and growth, are likely to have a major role in determining the presence of this species in the successional vegetation patches scattered over the studied premontane area.     

Influence of pollination systems on fruit set and fruit quality in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (Chev.) Liang and Ferguson) is a dioecious species highly pollination dependent, since fruit size is directly correlated with seed number. To evaluate the best pollination system for this species a study of two natural and two artificial pollination systems was carried out and their effect on fruit set and fruit quality was determined. While anemophilous pollination produced few and small fruits, that were not commercially acceptable, high fruit set percentages and good quality fruits were obtained when insects participated in the pollination process. Artificial pollination, performed as hand pollination, improved yield quantity and quality. When environmental conditions impair insect activity this method can be an useful agricultural practice in order to assure a good yield.     

Assessment of reproductive characteristics of Jatropha curcas L. in south Florida

Jatropha curcas L. (jatropha) is a species identified for biofuel production because of the high quality of the oil produced by its seeds. However, jatropha is undomesticated and little information is available about its reproductive characteristics. Breeding and genetic improvement programs are much needed for the jatropha development as a bioenergy crop. Information about floral display and mode of reproduction are considered essential for breeding programs. In this study, the total number of female flowers, male to female flower ratio, fruit set, in vitro pollen germination, and the formation of fruits by apomixis, self‐pollination, and natural pollination were evaluated in 17 jatropha accessions planted in South Florida. The total number of female flowers per inflorescence and male to female flower ration ranged from 2.8 to 9.1 and 9.9:1 to 55.4 : 1, respectively. During summer 2011, high fruit setting average was observed (75.5%). In vitro pollen germination varied from 64.6% during spring 2011 to 51.6% during fall 2011. The fruit set observed was from 10.1% to 64.0% through natural pollination and apomixes, respectively. Characteristics such as fruit fresh weight, number of seeds per fruit, seed dry weight, and oil content were influenced by mode of reproduction.     

小叶丁香引种栽培条件下种子败育的解剖学研究

为探讨小叶丁香在北京栽培条件下种子败育的问题,对其胚胎发育过程进行了解剖学观察研究。结果显示:(1)小叶丁香人工异花授粉坐果率为20.37%,天然授粉坐果率为9.13%,人工自花授粉以及去雄套袋授粉均未坐果;各种授粉方式结实率均为0。(2)小叶丁香花药壁发育为基本型,腺质绒毡层,胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式以四面体型为主,2-胞成熟花粉;倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,直线型大孢子四分体,胚囊发育为蓼型,核型胚乳,胚发育为紫菀型,先后形成球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶胚;9月1日以后,子叶胚发育停滞,细胞逐渐降解。研究表明,栽培条件下,小叶丁香为异花授粉植物,人工异花授粉可提高植株坐果率,但未获得种子;其大小孢子及雌雄配子体发育、传粉受精过程、胚胎发育初期均正常,但后期发育停止,是小叶丁香引种栽培条件下种子败育的关键环节。     

Studies on Seed Development and Embryogenesis in Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg

Embryogenesis, seed formation and the relationship between pollination and seeding rate were investigated by means of artificial pollination, X-ray analysis, routine paraffin-embedded sectioning technique and fluorescence assay. Pollen germinated two hours after artificial pollination and the peak germination rate reached by six hours. The stigma vitality lasted about thirty hr. The pollen tube grew into the stigma canal through the secretion between the stigma hairs, then passed the style canal, obturator and nucellar cap and finally reached the embryo sac where porogamy was conducted. Two weeks after artificial pollination, ab initio cellular endosperm was formed first as a narrow tissue of two to three cells in thickness, but six weeks later it filled the entire embryo sac, along with the disappearance of the nucellus. The spherical or cordate-like embryo appeared during the seventh to the eighth week. The cotyledon was formed during the fourteenth to the sixteenth week. By the twenty-second weeks the seed became matured, containing abundant endosperm, the seeding rate of an individual plant with natural pollination was less than 1%; after artificial pollination, however the highest seeding rate of an individual fruit could reach 39%, the average rate of nine fruits being 17.7%.     

The effects of pollination distance on seed production in three populations of Amianthium muscaetoxicum (Liliaceae)

Summary We examined the effects of varying pollination distances on seed production and its components in three populations of the perennial lily Amianthium muscaetoxicum. We performed hand pollinations using pollen from near neighbors and from plants separated by 5, 15, and 60 meters. Pollination by near neighbors reduced fruit set and the numbers of seeds per fruit in comparison to other treatments in two of the three populations; variation in pollination distance beyond near-neighbor pollination produced no effect. In the third population, in which nearneighbor pollination did not affect seed production, nearneighbor pollination reduced seed weight by 11%, compared to other pollination distances. Seed weights from the 5-, 15-, and 60-m pollination treatments did not differ, and pollination distance did not affect seed weight in the other two populations. The effects of pollination-distance treatments explained a very small proportion of the variance in seed production and seed weight. Heterogeneity among individual plants, despite full hand pollination of every plant, accounted for much more variance (by one to two orders of magnitude) than variation in pollination distance.     

Proximate Limitations to Fruit and Seed Set in Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense

Abstract Fruit and seed set in a dioecious tree, Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense grown in isolation, were studied for three years in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Hand pollination did not affect fruit set during the three years, but did affect seed-set by increasing the proportion of fruits with higher seed numbers. Artificial defoliation resulted in decreased mean seed mass, but caused no significant differences in mean seed number per fruit. Total seed mass per infructescence increased with inflorescence size except with artificial defoliation where it reached an upper limit. Although the results of the artificial defoliation treatment indicate that resources are most important for fruit and seed set, it is concluded that fruit and seed set of the tree are not limited by resources, since the number of fruits increased with inflorescence size and an artificial defoliation treatment did not decrease seed-number.