手性化合物制备的方法

手性是自然界最重要的属性之一,分子手性识别在生命活动中起着极为重要的作用。同一化合物的两个对映体之间不仅具有不同的光学性质和物理化学性质,而且它们具有不同的生物活性,比如在药理上,药物作用包括酶的抑制、膜的传递、受体结合等均和药物的立体化学有关;手性药物的对映体的生物学活性、毒性、代谢和药物素质完全不同。手性化合物的制备已成为当前国内外较热门的研究课题之一。本文从非生物法和生物法两个方面较全面地综述了手性化合物的制备方法,希望为相关研究者提供参考。     

手性技术与生物催化

简要介绍了手性,手性技术与生物催化的基本概念。手性,是指一个有机分子具有不对称性,形成两种空间排布方式不同的对映异构体。手性技术即生产手性化合物的技术,手性化合物的制备方法主要有手性源、外消旋体拆分、不对称合成等几种。生物催化,即利用酶或微生物等生物材料催化进行某种化学反应,被认为是手性化合物生产取得突破的关健技术。文章还介绍了生物催化外消旋体拆分、生物催化不对称合成等几种生产手性化合物的应用实例。     

手性化合物制备的方法

手性是自然界最重要的属性之一,分子手性识别在生命活动中起着极为重要的作用。同一化合物的两个对映体之间不仅具有不同的光学性质和物理化学性质,而且它们具有不同的生物活性,比如在药理上,药物作用包括酶的抑制、膜的传递、受体结合等均和药物的立体化学有关;手性药物的对映体的生物学活性、毒性、代谢和药物素质完全不同。手性化合物的制备已成为当前国内外较热门的研究课题之一。本文从非生物法和生物法两个方面较全面地综述了手性化合物的制备方法,希望为相关研究者提供参考 。     

氨基酸手性同一起源的新理论模型

氨基酸手性同一, 这一生命体系特有的行为, 可能伴随着密码子的起源而形成. 在此假设的前提下, 本文将带有P-N键的核苷-5′-磷酰化氨基酸化合物作为前生物时期的手性起源模型来探讨手性的选择. 在这个模型化合物中, 由于氨基酸手性原子的存在, 导致氨基酸侧链和核苷酸碱基之间出现最佳空间取向差异, 进而影响到分子内部不同官能基团之间的相互作用, 氨基酸的某种手性可能成为优势构型, 有利于该化合物的稳定. 为了验证这一氨基酸手性同一起源模 型, 本文从实验和理论上做了初步研究. 研究结果显示, 古老氨基酸的L型异构体优先被选择遵从立体/物理化学决定论, 而随后出现的氨基酸, 其手性的选择可能是手性继承的结果. 以上工作是氨基酸手性同一起源的一种猜测, 为进一步开展实验验证提供依据和思路.     

植物与手性化合物的对映体选择性相互作用

植物与手性化合物存在着非常密切的联系.一方面,植物分泌、合成的一些手性化合物,如糖甙、酶、萜类化合物、有机酸及植物激素等,在植物的生理生化过程中起着重要的作用;另一方面,人工合成的手性化合物尤其是农药等环境污染物与植物具有对映体选择性相互作用,它们或是选择性地抑制植物的生长和生理过程,或是被植物选择性地吸收和代谢.因此,在开发、生产和使用手性化合物时需要考虑植物与对映体之间的选择性因素;同时,合理利用植物对手性污染物进行环境修复也具有重要意义.本文对植物与手性化合物相互作用中的对映体选择性进行了综述,并对手性污染物的植物修复进行了展望.     

手性药物合成中的生物转化

目前手性药物的发展非常迅速,本文介绍了利用微生物及其酶系作为生物催化剂,进行外消旋底物的拆分或前手性底物的不对称化,以合成手性药物的生物转化方法;并评述了生物转化在合成手性药物这一领域的应用现状及今后的发展趋势。     

生物催化不对称还原制备氟代手性醇

由于氟原子的特殊性质，化合物中引入氟原子可显著改变其物理化学性质。因此，氟原子在药物中的应用越来越广。此外，80%药物分子结构属于手性分子。其中，氟代手性醇常见于手性药物结构中，该类结构的合成方法研究具有重要的意义。不对称还原含氟酮是合成此结构的常见方法。与化学还原方法相比，生物催化还原具有对映选择性强、产率高和易于分离纯化等优点。生物催化，特别是酶催化还原含氟酮类化合物成为手性药物合成领域的研究热点。本文从纯化酶催化和全细胞催化两个方面，综述了近年来含氟酮生物催化还原合成氟代手性醇的研究进展，并分析总结了氟代对酮生物催化还原的影响，最后对生物催化还原法未来的发展进行了展望。     

手性药物合成中的生物转化

目前手性药物的发展非常迅速,本文介绍了利用微生物及其酶系作为生物催化剂,进行外消旋底物的拆分或前手性底物的不对称化,以合成手性药物的生物转化方法;并评述了生物转化在合成手性药物这一领域的应用现状及今后的发展趋势。     

不对称生物还原制备手性药物

近年来手性药物的发展非常迅速,手性合成药物的出现不仅提高了药效,而且有利于克服现行消旋体药物在治疗上的副作用。本文介绍了用生物还原法制备高光学纯度手性醇前体的一些方法。     

手性药物分析方法研究进展

综述了近10 年来手性药物分离检测方法的发展,包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法,以及超临界流体色谱法等,旨在为该领域的进一步发展提供参考。     

Enantiomeric separation of imidazolinone herbicides using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography

Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most powerful tools to prepare enantiopure standards of chiral compounds. In this study, the enantiomeric separation of imidazolinone herbicides, i.e., imazethapyr, imazapyr, and imazaquin, was investigated using chiral HPLC. The enantioselectivity of Chiralpak AS, Chiralpak AD, Chiralcel OD, and Chiralcel OJ columns for the three analytes was compared under similar chromatographic conditions. Chiralcel OJ column showed the best chiral resolving capacity among the test columns. The resolved enantiomers were distinguished by their signs of circular dichroism detected at 275 nm and their structures confirmed with LC-mass spectrometric analysis. Factors affecting the chiral separation of imidazolinones on Chiralcel OJ column were characterized. Ethanol acted as a better polar modifier than the other alcohols including 2-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol. Although the acidic modifier in the mobile phase did not influence chiral recognition, it was necessary for reducing the retention time of enantiomers and suppressing their peak tailing. Thermodynamic evaluation suggests that enantiomeric separation of imidazolinones on Chiralcel OJ column is an enthalpy-driven process from 10 to 40 degrees C. This study also shows that small amounts of pure enantiomers of imidazolinones may be obtained by using the analytical chiral HPLC approach.     

Probability rule for chiral recognition

Molecular Chirality is of central interest in biological studies because enantiomeric compounds, while indistinguishable by most inanimate systems, show profoundly different properties in biochemical environments. Enantioselective separation methods, based on the differential recognition of two optical isomers by a chiral selector, have been amply documented. Also, great effort has been directed towards a theoretical understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the chiral recognition process. Here we report a comprehensive data examination of enantio separation measurements for over 72000 chiral selector-select and pairs from the chiral selection compendium CHIRBASE. The distribution of alpha = k'(D)/k'(L) values was found to follow a power law, equivalent to an exponential decay for chiral differential free energies. This observation is experimentally relevant in terms of the number of different individual or combinatorial selectors that need to be screened in order to observe alpha values higher than a preset minimum. A string model for enantiorecognition (SMED) formalism is proposed to account for this observation on the basis of an extended Ogston three-point interaction model. Partially overlapping molecular interaction domains are analyzed in terms of a string complementarity model for ligand-receptor complementarity. The results suggest that chiral selection statistics may be interpreted in terms of more general concepts related to biomolecular recognition.     

A fluorescent chiral chemosensor for the recognition of the two enantiomers of chiral carboxylates

A new 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)-based fluorescent chiral chemosensor (NBD-1) was prepared and applied to the recognition of the two enantiomers of the tetrabutylammonium salts of N-t-Boc-α-amino acids and chiral carboxylic acids including naproxen. In particular, the chiral recognition by the new fluorescent chiral chemosensor for the two enantiomers of N-t-Boc-threonine (tetrabutylammonium salt) was quite excellent, the Stern-Volmer constant ratio (K(D)/K(L)) for the two enantiomers being as high as 4.89.     

Direct separation of cone-shaped tri-O-alkylated chiral calix[4]arenes by enantioselective HPLC

The direct HPLC separation of eight inherently chiral atropisomeric calix[4]arenes has been achieved using Chiralcel OD phase. A rationale is given for the variation of the enantioselectivity as a function of the O-alkyl or O-aryl groups. In closely related structures hydrogen bond formation between the free hydroxyl of the analyte and the chiral phase plays an important role in the chiral recognition process. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

New chiral stationary phases for liquid chromatography based on small molecules: Development,enantioresolution evaluation and chiral recognition mechanisms

Recently, we reported the development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) based on chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs). Based on the most promising CDX selectors, 12 new CSPs were successfully prepared starting from suitable functionalized small molecules including xanthone and benzophenone derivatives. The chiral selectors comprising one, two, three, or four chiral moieties were covalently bonded to a chromatographic support and further packed into LC stainless-steel columns (150 × 2.1 mm I.D.). The enantioselective performance of the new CSPs was evaluated by LC using different classes of chiral compounds. Specificity for enantioseparation of some CDXs was observed in the evaluation of the new CSPs. Besides, assessment of chiral recognition mechanisms was performed by computational studies using molecular docking approach, which are in accordance with the chromatographic parameters. X-Ray analysis was used to establish a chiral selector 3D structure.     

A new class of network-polymeric chiral stationary phases

A strategy based on the use of homo bi- and multifunctional building blocks for the synthesis of a new class of network-polymeric chiral stationary phases has been evaluated. The key steps comprise acylation of N,N′-diallyl-L-tartardiamide (DATD) and reaction with a multifunctional hydrosilane, yielding a network polymer incorporating the bifunctional C₂-symmetric chiral selector. Covalent bonding to a functionalized silica takes place during the latter process. Many of these chiral sorbents show interesting enantioselective properties toward a wide variety of racemic solutes under normal-phase (hexane-based) conditions. The retention is mainly caused by the hydrogen-bonding ability of the analyte, which is regulated by mobile phase additives like alcohol or ether cosolvents. The most interesting chiral stationary phases, in terms of broad enantioselectivity, were obtained from O,O′-diaryol-DATD-derivatives, particularly those containing the 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and the 4-(tert-butyl)benzoyl moieties. Since high column efficiencies can be obtained with these chiral sorbents, an α-value of ca. 1.2 is usually sufficient to produce baseline separation. A large number of neutral as well as acidic or basic drug racemates are resolved without derivatization. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Liquid chromatographic separation of chiral diarylcarbinols

The direct HPLC separation of three chiral carbinols of general formula Mesityl-CH(OH)-Aryl has been achieved using Pirkle (R)-DNBPG ionic or covalent columns and, for Aryl = o-tolyl, on a Chiralpak OP(+) phase. It is apparent that steric hindrance and hydrogen bonding play important roles in chiral recognition. Two compounds structurally very similar but lacking the hydroxyl group were not resolved in their enantiomeric pairs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Isothermal titration calorimetry for chiral chemistry

One of the most powerful techniques that are currently available to measure thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG), entropy changes (ΔS), and binding affinity in chemical reactions is isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Recent advances in instrumentation have facilitated the development of ITC as a very essential analytical tool in biology and chemistry. In this article, we will focus on a review of the literature on the application of ITC for the study of chiral systems and chiral interactions. We present studies in which the ITC technique is used to study chiral interactions, for instance in chiral solutions, chiral organometallic complexes, guest‐host chiral binding interactions, and biological macromolecules. Finally, we put strong emphasis on the most recent application of ITC for the study of chirality in nanosystems and at the nanoscale.     

Commonly used chiral drugs: A survey

Initial results of a comparative survey of commonly used chiral drugs are presented. The survey considered the differences between drugs used in 1982 with those in use in 1991. Two major conclusions were reached: the use of single isomer chiral drugs had increased from 31.1% in 1982 to 34.3% in 1991 and the proportion of synthetic single isomer chiral drugs available in 1991 was considerably greater than in 1982. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Generation of molecular chiral asymmetry through stirred crystallization

In our earlier work we established that stirred crystallization of achiral compounds that crystallize in enantiomeric forms result in spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. The asymmetry thus spontaneously generated is confined to the solid state. In this article, we present a case in which the crystal enantiomeric excess (CEE) can be converted to molecular enantiomeric excess (EE) through a solid state reaction which relates the enantiomeric form of the crystal to the enantiomeric form of the product. Such a process not only provides a means of detecting the CEE generated in stirred crystallization but it is also a means through which chiral asymmetry generated spontaneously is "propagated" to generate chiral compounds with enantiomeric excess.