脂肪细胞Npy4r促进高脂饮食诱导肥胖

脂肪组织的神经支配与调节在能量代谢稳态的维持中发挥重要作用。神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y, NPY)及其脂肪细胞受体信号通路促进高脂饮食诱导的肥胖,其中NPY受体1(NPY receptor Y1,NPY1R)与受体2(NPY2R)是主要的NPY外周受体。NPY受体4(NPY4R)也在脂肪组织表达,然而尚不清楚其是否参与肥胖的发生发展机制。本研究建立了NPY及其受体的免疫荧光成像技术和脂肪细胞回复性表达Npy4r小鼠。根据对不同部位脂肪组织的荧光显微术观察,发现NPY在肩胛间棕色脂肪和皮下脂肪的围绕血管区域以点状形式表达,NPY系统的各受体在脂肪组织的空间分布上具有明显的组织特异性：NPY1R在棕色脂肪、主动脉周围脂肪和性腺脂肪较为富集,NPY2R在棕色脂肪和主动脉周围脂肪较为富集,NPY4R在棕色脂肪与性腺脂肪较为富集。继而通过比较脂肪细胞回复性表达Npy4r小鼠与全身Npy4r基因静默小鼠在高脂喂食下的体重与糖代谢,发现脂肪细胞Npy4r促进高脂饮食诱导的肥胖(P <0.0001)。本研究明确了NPY及其受体NPY1R、 NPY2R和NPY4R在不同部位脂肪组织的蛋...     

双硫仑治疗小鼠肥胖的安全性和有效性评价

摘要 目的：观察双硫仑治疗小鼠肥胖的安全性和有效性。方法：取6周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠10只,高脂饲料诱导肥胖后,随机分为双硫仑组（双硫仑玉米油溶液,300 mg/(kg?d）和对照组（等量玉米油）,每组5只小鼠。每日灌胃给药1次,连续2周,期间仍给与高脂饲料。监测小鼠食物消耗量和体重。给药结束后取小鼠血清、附睾白色脂肪垫、肩胛间区棕色脂肪和肝脏。白色、棕色脂肪和肝脏进行HE染色,观察细胞形态。电镜下观察棕色脂肪细胞内的脂滴和线粒体。Realtime-qPCR法检测棕色脂肪组织中Ucp1、Fabp4、Prdml6和Cidea的mRNA相对表达量,Western blot法检测Ucp1的蛋白表达量。检测血清中转氨酶ALT和AST含量。取8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠10只,随机分为双硫仑组（双硫仑300 mg/(kg?d）和对照组（等量玉米油）,每日灌胃1次,连续2周。给药结束后进行棕色脂肪和肝脏HE染色并检测血清中ALT和AST含量。取8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠10只,随机分为双硫仑组（双硫仑300 mg/(kg?d）和对照组（等量玉米油）,每日灌胃1次,连续4周,进行肝脏HE染色并检测血清中ALT和AST含量。取孕13.5天的C57BL/6J胚胎小鼠,进行成纤维细胞原代培养,分为双硫仑组（双硫仑5 mg/L）和对照组（等量DMSO）并诱导分化为棕色脂肪细胞。分化8天后进行油红O染色,观察脂滴形成情况,检测Ucp1、Fabp4、Prdml6和Cidea的mRNA相对表达量和Ucp1的蛋白表达量。结果：肥胖小鼠给药过程中,双硫仑组和对照组的进食量及体重变化并无明显差别（P＞0.05）。给药结束后,两组白色脂肪细胞大小无明显差别。双硫仑组小鼠棕色脂肪细胞直径和细胞内脂滴明显增大（P＜0.05）,脂滴数量、线粒体形态及数量无明显差别（P＞0.05）。双硫仑组小鼠棕色脂肪中Cidea和Prdm16的mRNA表达减少（P＜0.05）。正常体重小鼠双硫仑给药2周后棕色脂肪细胞脂滴也增大。细胞实验结果显示,双硫仑组脂滴形成明显减少,Ucp1、Cidea、Prdm16的mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.05）;Ucp1的蛋白表达明显减少（P<0.05）。肥胖与正常小鼠双硫仑给药2周后均出现明显的肝细胞水肿,血清中ALT和AST升高（P<0.05）,正常小鼠给药4周后仍有明显肝细胞水肿,ALT和AST升高（P<0.05）。结论：短期使用双硫仑对饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠无明显减肥作用;双硫仑在体内、外均可抑制小鼠棕色脂肪细胞的分化。短期使用双硫仑可引起肝损害。双硫仑用于减肥治疗的安全性及有效性尚不够理想。     

过表达鸡Gata2或Gata3基因抑制Pparγ基因的转录

脂肪细胞分化是脂肪组织发育的一个重要过程. 目前,鸡脂肪细胞分化的分子调控机制还不十分清楚. 哺乳动物的研究结果表明,转录因子GATA结合蛋白2(Gata2)和GATA结合蛋白3(Gata3)具有抑制脂肪细胞分化的功能,它们在白色脂肪组织和棕色脂肪组织中的表达模式不同. 鸡没有棕色脂肪组织,目前还没有关于Gata2 和Gata3作用于鸡脂肪细胞分化的研究报道. 本研究利用半定量RT PCR的方法分析了Gata2和Gata3基因在鸡腹部脂肪组织和前脂肪细胞中的表达规律,发现鸡腹部脂肪组织中高水平表达Gata2 基因,低水平表达Gata3基因|鸡前脂肪细胞中Gata2 基因的表达水平远高于Gata3基因的表达水平,油酸诱导分化后的鸡前脂肪细胞Gata2基因的表达水平明显下调.此外,鸡过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体γ(Pparγ)启动子（－1985/－89）报告基因荧光素活性分析和半定量RT PCP发现,在DF1细胞中过表达Gata2 或Gata3抑制鸡PPARγ基因的转录. 本研究结果为进一步研究鸡脂肪细胞分化的分子调控机制和Gata2和Gata3基因的生物学功能提供了参考.     

Ezh2与G9a在Msx1抑制成肌细胞分化过程中的协同作用

组蛋白H3第27位赖氨酸的三甲基化(H3K27me3)和第9位赖氨酸的二甲基化(H3K9me2)参与很多重要的生物学过程,如与基因转录调控和细胞分化密切相关。H3K27me3和H3K9me2分别由赖氨酸甲基转移酶(KMTs)Ezh2和G9a催化形成。在基因转录调控和细胞分化调控过程中Ezh2和G9a之间是否存在协同,目前还不清楚。我们的前期研究表明,在成肌细胞中,同源异型框蛋白(homeoprotein)Msx1可分别招募Ezh2和G9a到其抑制靶标基因,通过影响其靶标基因的H3K27me3和H3K9me2的状态来抑制靶基因的表达,从而抑制肌肉细胞的分化。为了进一步探究Ezh2和G9a在Msx1介导的抑制成肌细胞分化过程中是否具有协同作用,我们对比了同时敲低Ezh2和G9a与分别敲低Ezh2或G9a对Msx1抑制成肌细胞分化、结合并抑制靶标基因能力的影响,研究显示双敲的影响更大。我们的研究表明,在Msx1抑制成肌细胞分化的过程中,Ezh2和G9a具有协同作用。另外,我们的研究为基因转录调控和细胞分化提供了新的分子机制。     

MicroRNA调控动物脂肪细胞分化研究进展

脂肪组织不仅在维持机体能量代谢和稳态上发挥重要作用,同时也是重要的内分泌器官。脂肪细胞分化是由间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells, MSC)向成熟脂肪细胞分化的复杂生理过程,该过程由大量转录因子、激素、信号通路分子协同调控。miRNA作为内源性非编码RNA,主要通过抑制转录后翻译等机制来调控基因表达。近年来越来越多的证据表明miRNA通过调控脂肪细胞分化相关的转录因子和重要信号分子进而影响动物脂肪细胞的分化和脂肪形成。本文对miRNA影响动物白色、棕色和米色脂肪细胞分化的作用机制及其相关调控通路和关键因子进行了归纳总结,以期为肥胖等代谢性疾病的治疗提供一定的理论指导和新的治疗思路。     

米色脂肪,一种新型的产热脂肪

肥胖是因机体能量代谢失衡导致的体脂过多堆积,已成为一种流行病,威胁人们的健康。研究发现,在冷刺激或β肾上腺素受体激动剂刺激下,小鼠皮下白色脂肪组织中散在出现棕色样脂肪细胞,命名为米色脂肪(beige adipocytes)。米色脂肪具有产热功能,促进能量消耗。米色脂肪调控通路的研究,为预防治疗肥胖等代谢性疾病提供了新的方向。本文就米色脂肪功能、产热机制及其激活途径等研究进展作一综述。     

干预GPR1通路对实验性小鼠脂肪累积的影响

一直以来,肥胖是令人担忧和烦恼的健康问题,可导致包括2型糖尿病在内的代谢综合征发生.与肥胖相关疾病的发病机制是多因子影响的结果,但是,越来越多的证据表明,脂肪组织分泌的细胞因子(脂联素、瘦素、TNF-α等)的改变,以及局部的炎症反应对于这些疾病的发生具有重要作用.Chemerin(也被称为他扎罗汀诱导基因2或者视黄酸受体反应子2),是近年来发现的一种脂肪细胞因子,是G蛋白偶联受体1(GPR1)的配体,在调节代谢、先天免疫等方面具有重要的作用.为了研究Chemerin及其受体GPR1对小鼠脂肪累积的影响,本课题组通过高脂饲料喂养,成功建立小鼠肥胖模型,利用si RNA干扰技术沉默小鼠和分化前3T3-L1细胞中Chemerin或GPR1基因的表达发现:a.Chemerin及其受体GPR1在高脂饲料喂养小鼠的腹股沟脂肪以及肩胛下脂肪中的表达高于正常饲料组;b.沉默C57BL/6小鼠体内Chemerin或GPR1基因的表达后,肝脏以及腹股沟脂肪组织中脂质的累积受到抑制;c.3T3-L1细胞在体外分化成熟过程中,Chemerin和GPR1也呈高表达的趋势,沉默分化前3T3-L1细胞中Chemerin或GPR1基因的表达后,3T3-L1细胞向脂肪细胞的分化受到影响,降低了脂肪细胞中脂质的累积以及与脂质代谢相关基因的表达,改变了成熟脂肪细胞中新陈代谢功能.这些结果提示,Chemerin及其受体GPR1可能在小鼠脂肪累积中具有调控作用.综上所述,Chemerin/GPR1可能是一种调节脂肪组织中脂质累积的潜在信号通路,为肥胖症等代谢紊乱疾病的治疗提供了可能的作用靶点.     

诱导小鼠白色脂肪来源的SVF分化为米色脂肪细胞的方法初探

摘要 目的：探究将小鼠白色脂肪来源的SVF细胞诱导为米色脂肪细胞的方法,为米色脂肪的研究提供细胞模型。方法：分离培养小鼠脂肪组织来源的SVF细胞,观察其细胞形态及生长特性,分别用鸡尾酒法和米色脂肪诱导法处理细胞,在诱导的第0、2、4、6、8、10天收取细胞样品进行Western blot和RT-qPCR实验,油红O染色观察不同时间点培养皿中的脂质生成情况,并对针对脂滴大小定量。结果：实验分离的SVF细胞随着接种时间的延长逐渐呈长梭形,在+接种120 h后有呈螺旋式生长的趋势。Western blot和RT-qPCR结果显示两种诱导方法皆使过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ（Peroxisomeproliferator activated receptor γ,PPARγ）和CCAAT-增强子结合蛋白（CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α,C/EBPα）基因表达升高（P<0.05）,油红O染色结果显示,在两种方法的诱导下,脂质生成水平无差异,但与鸡尾酒法相比,米色脂肪诱导法的脂肪细胞脂滴面积明显减少（P<0.05）,并且小体积脂滴所占百分比较高。Western blot和RT-qPCR结果显示,与鸡尾酒法相比,米色脂肪诱导法使解偶联蛋白1（Uncoupling protein 1,UCP1）和含PR结构域蛋白16（PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16,PRDM16）基因表达升高（P<0.05）。结论：与鸡尾酒法相比,该方法能够成功诱导SVF细胞向米色脂肪细胞分化,脂滴具备米色脂肪特征,并表达米色脂肪标记基因。     

MiR-186-5p对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响研究 *

目的 探究miR-186-5p对小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖,分化的影响及其潜在的分子机制.方法: qRT-PCR检测miR-186-5p在不同周龄小鼠白色脂肪组织及3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖分化过程中的表达变化;通过脂质体将miR-186-5p mimics,inhibitors转染入增殖液或分化液培养的3T3-L1细胞后,利用CCK-8,EdU和qRT-PCR检测3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖变化,油红O染色观察其脂滴形态;通过生物信息软件TargetScan和双荧光报告系统分别对miR-186-5p靶基因进行预测和确认.结果: (1)miR-186-5p在1~6周龄小鼠的白色脂肪组织及3T3-L1前脂肪细胞自然分化过程中表达量均逐渐上调.(2)与阴性对照相比,mimics或inhibitors转染分别显著地促进或抑制了miR-186-5p的表达.(3)过表达miR-186-5p后,3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖速率减慢,脂滴增大增多;而抑制miR-186-5p后,3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖速率增快,脂滴数量减少,且粒径变小.其中过表达miR-186-5p显著地降低了野生型Wnt5a和Mapk1 3'-UTR活性,而突变相应的绑定位点可解除该抑制作用.结论: miR-186-5p可抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖,且通过直接靶向Wnt5a和Mapk1以促进其分化为成熟脂肪细胞.     

组胺刺激棕色和米色脂肪产热

3-肾上腺素受体激动剂能够刺激棕色脂肪适应性产热,并能促进白色脂肪米色化。然而到目前为止,有哪些代谢产物参与介导β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂促进脂肪产热作用尚不清楚。本研究通过给予8周龄C57/BL6J雄性小鼠腹腔注射β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂CL316,243,分离提取小鼠脂肪组织进行RNA-Seq检测,结果显示组胺合成限速酶组氨酸脱羧酶(histidine decarboxylase, HDC)在脂肪中被CL316,243强烈诱导,因此推测HDC的代谢产物组胺可能参与了脂肪组织的产热过程。通过给予正常饮食与高脂饮食C57BL/6J小鼠静脉注射组胺,以明确组胺促进脂肪产热的生理作用和机制。结果显示,组胺可刺激正常饮食小鼠棕色脂肪和皮下白色脂肪中产热基因的表达,包括过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ-辅活化因子-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, PGC-1α)和解耦联蛋白1 (uncoupling protein 1, UCP1)。HE染色表明,组胺处理降低了脂肪细胞中脂滴的大小。此外,组胺还可以促进高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪产热,改善糖耐量和脂肪肝表型。最后,我们通过脂肪原代前体细胞实验验证了组胺促进产热是细胞的自主特性。本研究结果表明,组胺可能参与介导了β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂促进脂肪的产热。     

Efficient adenovirus transduction of 3T3-L1 adipocytes stably expressing coxsackie-adenovirus receptor

3T3-L1 adipocytes have proven difficult to transfect with plasmid-encoded cDNAs or even infect with virally-derived cDNAs. We have developed and characterized a 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line stably expressing the truncated receptor for coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) for its ability to be infected with adenoviruses at a low multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.). Using green fluorescent protein driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter in adenovirus fiber type 5 we compared infection efficiencies of CAR adipocytes versus the parental 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As assessed by immunofluorescence, CAR adipocytes were infected at approximately 100-fold greater efficiency than regular 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The efficiency of transduction for the CAR adipocytes was >90% at multiplicities of infection of 50 whereas standard adipocytes were poorly transduced even at an m.o.i. of 2000. Since many investigators studying insulin action use 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we compared CAR adipocytes versus regular adipocytes and showed that the two cell lines were similar with respect to insulin stimulation of insulin receptor, MAPK, and Akt phosphorylation and basal- and insulin-stimulated glucose transport. In addition, CAR adipocytes accumulated GLUT4 and SCD1 proteins during the adipogenesis program with the same time course as regular 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lastly, CAR adipocytes produced and secreted the adipose-specific hormone Acrp30. These data suggest 3T3-L1CARDelta1 adipocytes are virtually indistinguishable from their parental cells, but demonstrate a significant advantage with improved efficiency of adenoviral transduction for gain or deletion of function studies.     

SOCS3基因重组腺病毒的构建及其在猪脂肪细胞中的表达

本研究旨在构建细胞因子信号转导抑制因子3(Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS3)的重组腺病毒表达载体,获得有感染性的病毒颗粒。以pcDNA3-SOCS3质粒为模板扩增SOCS3基因,将其亚克隆至腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV,经测序验证后,重组的穿梭质粒用PmeI酶切线性化后转化到BJ5183感受态细菌中与其内的骨架载体pAdEasy-1进行同源重组,获得的重组质粒pAd-SOCS3,经PacI线性化后转染至HEK293细胞中进行包装和扩增,纯化后用TCID50法测定病毒滴度。以重组的病毒感染原代培养的猪脂肪细胞后,荧光显微镜下观察报告基因GFP的表达,RT-PCR和Western blotting检测细胞内SOCS3 mRNA和蛋白的表达。重组腺病毒载体pAd-SOCS3经酶切及PCR鉴定正确,病毒滴度为1.2×109PFU/mL;感染原代培养的猪脂肪细胞后,荧光显微镜观察可见报告基因GFP的表达;RT-PCR和Western blotting检测到细胞中SOCS3 mRNA和蛋白的表达显著提高。本研究成功构建了SOCS3基因的重组腺病毒,感染原代培养的猪脂肪细胞可稳定表达SOCS3蛋白,为深入研究SOCS3的功能奠定了基础。     

Studies on the cell treatment conditions to elicit lipolytic responses from 3T3-L1 adipocytes to TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Wasting syndrome is one of the hallmark symptoms of poisoning by TCDD (=dioxin), which is associated with the massive loss of adipose tissue and serum hyperlipidemia in vivo. Yet, the most widely used in vitro cell model 3T3-L1 adipocyte has not been useful for studying such an action of TCDD because of the difficulty of inducing their mature adipocytes to respond to TCDD to go through lipolysis. Here, we made efforts to find the right cell culture and treatment conditions to induce mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes to go through lipolysis, which is defined as events leading to reduction of lipids in adipocytes. The optimum condition was found to require 7-day differentiated adipocytes being subjected to DMEM medium containing TCDD (but without insulin) for 5 day incubation with two medium changes (the same composition) on incubation days 2 and 4. After 24 h, the early effect of TCDD on adipocytes was predominantly on inflammation, particularly induction of COX-2 and KC (IL-8), which is accompanied by upregulation of C/EBPbeta and delta. The sign of TCDD-induced lipolysis starts slowly and by incubation day 3, a few markers showed modestly significant changes. By day 5 of incubation, however, many markers show highly significant signs of lipolytic changes. Although this process could take place without exogenous macrophages or their cytokines, addition of exogenous TNFalpha considerably synergized this action of TCDD. In conclusion, under a right condition, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were found to respond to TCDD to go through lipolysis. The early trigger of such a response appears to be activation of COX-2, which is amplified by TNFalpha.     

MicroRNAs在棕色脂肪细胞分化过程中的作用

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一种非编码的小分子RNA,负性调控转录后基因表达。miRNA在个体时序性发育、细胞增殖分化和凋亡、器官发育、脂肪代谢等许多生物发育过程中起着重要作用。近年来对miRNA的研究证实,miRNA直接或间接影响棕色脂肪组织发育过程中重要转录因子的表达。综述了miRNA调节棕色脂肪细胞分化的最新研究进展。     

Pheromone Evaluation of Four Geometric Isomers of 4,11-Hexadecadienal toward Male Eri-Silk Moths

Four geometric isomers of 4,11-hexadecadienal were prepared and their pheromone activities to male eri-silk moths were evaluated by using the fluttering test and electro-antennography. None of these compounds showed any activity in spite of their similar structure to other pheromone mimics and to the natural pheromone. These result suggest that the presence of 6,11-double bonds is essential for pheromone activity.     

Scara3 regulates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate switch between osteoblasts and adipocytes by promoting Foxo1

ObjectivesScavenger receptor class A, member 3 (Scara3) was involved in adipogenesis. However, the effect of Scara3 on the switch between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remains elusive.Materials and MethodsThe correlations between SCARA3 with the osteogenic‐related were analysed based on the GTEx database. The effects of Scara3 on osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs were evaluated by qPCR, Western blot (WB) and cell staining. The mechanisms of Scara3 regulating Foxo1 and autophagy were validated by co‐expression analysis, WB and immunofluorescence. In vivo, Scara3 adeno‐associated virus was injected into intra‐bone marrow of the aged mice and ovariectomized (OVX) mice whose phenotypes were confirmed by micro‐CT, calcein double labelling and immunochemistry (HE and OCN staining).Results SCARA3 was positively correlated with osteogenic‐related genes. Scara3 expression gradually decreased during adipogenesis but increased during osteogenesis. Moreover, the deletion of Scara3 favoured adipogenesis over osteogenesis, whereas overexpression of Scara3 significantly enhanced the osteogenesis at the expense of adipogenesis. Mechanistically, Scara3 controlled the cell fate by promoting Foxo1 expression and autophagy flux. In vivo, Scara3 promoted bone formation and reduced bone marrow fat accumulation in OVX mice. In the aged mice, Scara3 overexpression alleviated bone loss as well.ConclusionsThis study suggested that Scara3 regulated the switch between adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation, which represented a potential therapeutic target for bone loss and osteoporosis.     

c-Jun N-terminal kinase is involved in the suppression of adiponectin expression by TNF-alpha in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Adiponectin, one of adipokines that is secreted from adipocytes, plays an important role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Paradoxically, serum concentrations of adiponectin are decreased in obese and type 2 diabetic patients, although it is produced in adipose tissue. On the other hand, plasma TNF-alpha levels are increased in such subjects. In the present study, the mechanism by which adiponectin is regulated by TNF-alpha was investigated. The decreased adiponectin mRNA levels by TNF-alpha were partially recovered by treatment with a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor or the PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, however, cotreatment with the JNK inhibitor and rosiglitazone led to a recovery of TNF-alpha-mediated adiponectin suppression to the control level. The JNK inhibitor regulated the expression of adiponectin by the increase of PPAR-gamma DNA binding activity and the recovery of its mRNA expression while rosiglitazone acted via a PPAR-gamma independent pathway which remains to be elucidated. These findings suggest that the JNK signaling pathway, activated by TNF-alpha, is involved in the regulation of adiponectin expression.