中国仙人掌科一新归化种——匍地仙人掌

在进行多肉植物资源调查时,在我国山东省发现一仙人掌科仙人掌属新记录种——匍地仙人掌 [Opuntia humifusa(Raf.)Raf.]。该种具有独特的匍匐生长习性,叶状茎深绿色,无白霜,无针状刺,花黄色,与国内分布的仙人掌属其他物种区别明显。匍地仙人掌原产于北美洲,是仙人掌科为数不多的耐寒种类之一,现归化于中国山东省日照市五莲县,系目前发现的在我国野外分布最北的仙人掌科植物。该种可能于20世纪50年代在国家推广中药材时期引入种植,人类活动致使其种群逐渐扩散。同时,对匍地仙人掌与江苏报道的二色仙人掌之间的分类学问题进行了论述,并对将来匍地仙人掌在我国暖温带地区合理的开发利用进行了展望。     

米邦塔仙人掌化学成分研究

从米邦塔仙人掌正丁醇部分分离到10个化合物。应用色谱和光谱分析方法分别鉴定为对羟基苯甲酸(1)、β-羟基-3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯乙酮(2)、2,3,4-三羟基戊酸(3)、4-甲氧基桂皮酸(4)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸(5)、5-羟基阿魏酸(6)、4-羟基肉桂酸(7)、原儿茶酸(8)、n-butyl eucomate(9)和eucomic acid(10)。化合物2～10为首次从该植物分离得到。     

仙人掌红色素的研究

仙人掌红色素是从仙人掌科(Gactaceae)仙人掌属植物(Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Hawl)的成熟果实中提取的一种天然食用色素。在pH2—8范围内呈鲜艳的紫红色。色素的主要化学成份是甜菜花青素(betacyanines):甜菜甙(betanin)。本色素为水溶性色素,对光、热不稳定,抗坏血酸能提高色素的热稳定性。     

元江仙人掌植物内生真菌的抑菌活性筛选研究

从云南元江野生仙人掌的肉质茎中分离出28株内生真菌,经形态学分类鉴定归于3个目,3个科,10个属。同时选择30种病原微生物作为指示菌进行抑菌试验,研究其抑菌活性。结果表明,3株元江仙人掌内生真菌分别对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌多种病原微生物有较为明显的抑制生长作用。     

仙人掌多糖清除活性氧作用初探

从仙人掌中提取并纯化多糖,采用分光光度法在多种体系中研究了仙人掌多糖清除活性氧的作用,并用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法观察了该多糖对·OH导致DNA链损伤的抑制作用。结果表明,仙人掌多糖能够有效地清除O 2和·OH等活性氧,对·OH导致的DNA损伤具有良好的保护效果。     

仙人掌茎有效成份分析

我国民间有食用、药用仙人掌的传统,但对其有效成分等尚未进行系统的分析报道。本文对仙人掌茎甲醇提取液、石油醚提取液和氯仿提取液进行了生物碱、甾体、强心甙、皂甙和匝类等有效成分的系统分析。结果表明,仙人掌的甲醇提取液、石油醚提取液和氯仿提取液中含有生物碱、黄酮甙、强心甙、皂甙以及三萜和甾体等,而未检出香豆精甙。     

日本仙人掌中仙人掌孢囊线虫形态和分子鉴定

【背景】近年来,种苗等植物通过邮寄包裹进入我国的数量越来越多,有害生物随之入侵的风险与日俱增。深圳口岸曾多次从入境包裹中截获孢囊线虫、根结线虫等。【方法】2015年10月12日,深圳口岸在对日本邮寄来的仙人掌进行检疫时,从其根部发现了一种孢囊线虫。对该线虫进行分离,结合形态学和28S r DNA序列扩增并测序的方法,对截获的线虫进行鉴定。【结果】分离到了一种孢囊线虫,其形态特征与仙人掌孢囊线虫基本吻合,28S r DNA序列与Gen Bank数据库中登录号为DQ328702的德国群体的同源性高达99%。因此,判定截获的线虫为仙人掌孢囊线虫。【结论与意义】入境包裹检疫需要引起口岸检疫部门的高度重视。采用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对植物寄生线虫进行鉴定,可以得到更加准确的结果。     

仙人掌在美容化妆品行业中的应用及开发

简要介绍了仙人掌在美容化妆品行业的应用方向,仙人掌原料的制备工艺以及仙人掌化妆品的设计理念,以期为仙人掌在美容化妆品领域的应用开发提供一些建议.     

胭脂虫寄生对仙人掌生长的影响

从印榕仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)植株高度、新增茎片数量和新增茎片面积3个方面研究不同密度胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生对仙人掌生长量的影响。结果表明:1)胭脂虫寄生对寄主仙人掌有明显的抑制作用,未被寄生的仙人掌株高、茎片数量和茎片面积的增加均明显大于被寄生的仙人掌;2)随着胭脂虫寄生密度的增加,仙人掌植株生长量的增加相应减少,生长高峰期的出现也会相应推迟;3)胭脂虫的寄生密度应控制在1000头/株以下,过大会导致仙人掌的死亡。     

仙人掌的天然活性成分研究回顾

该综述参阅了近 2 0年来国内外有关仙人掌的研究报导和有关书刊 ,对各类仙人掌中的天然活性成分 ,如生物碱类尤其是墨斯卡林、黄酮类如黄酮醇、甾醇类如谷甾醇以及其他成分如油脂、蛋白质、多糖类、微量元素等的研究状况进行了全面地综合和归类 ,对仙人掌的开发应用情况及前景做了细致的分析和展望。     

中国2种归化植物新记录

报道了发现于辽宁省的2种中国归化植物新记录:白毛马鞭草(Verbena stricta Vent.)和向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.),白毛马鞭草穗状花序粗壮而紧凑,单生枝顶或呈简单的聚伞状或圆锥状排列,且花序轴在果期显著延长,叶卵圆形,无柄,与中国有报道的本属其他物种区别明显。该种原产美国西部至中部地区,近来在辽宁省铁岭市发现有归化。向日葵原产于北美地区,被发现广泛归化于辽宁省大连市,营口市鲅鱼圈也有发现。归化种群形态特征与该地区栽培类型完全不同,其花序极多分枝,头状花序直径较小,瘦果极小,表面纹饰多样性很高。     

中国大陆菊科二新归化植物

报道了中国菊科2新归化植物:短舌花金钮扣(Acmella brachyglossa Cass.)和粉黄缨绒花(Emilia praetermissa Milne-Redh.)。短舌花金钮扣原产美洲中部和南部以及加勒比海,我国台湾有逸生,最近在广州黄埔区发现1归化居群,而此前浙江象山县报道的本种新记录实为白花金钮扣[A. radicans var. debilis (Kunth) R. K. Jansen]的错误鉴定。粉黄缨绒花原产于西非,我国台湾有逸生,最近在广州市和鹤山市发现了大量的归化居群,而且生长旺盛并排斥其他草本植物,具有明显的入侵性,应引起相关部门的重视。凭证标本保存在中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)。     

Zinc tolerance in populations ofDeschampsia cespitosa (Gramineae) beneath electricity pylons

Patterns of zinc tolerance were examined in eightDeschampsia cespitosa (L.)Beauv. populations from normal and zinc-contaminated soils, using solution culture methods. Zinc-tolerant populations have evolved beneath pylons, and their tolerance patterns (degree, variance, heritability) vary. Tolerance is genetically based in all of them. In contrast to the cases of other species previously reported, some within-population differences are considerable, and may be due to both heterogeneity of the soils zinc contents, various gene combinations and gene recombinations between genotypes. One control population contains many tolerant plants, an original result which is discussed.     

An attempt to restore a central European species‐rich mountain grassland through grazing

Abstract. This paper describes the effects of re‐establishing seasonal cattle grazing by 0.7 animal.ha^‐1 on vegetation in a long‐term abandoned, and partly degraded, semi‐natural mountain pasture in the ?umava National Park, Czech Republic. There was very uneven grazing intensity inside the locality, and grazing preference changed during the season: cattle grazed most of the time in productive but species‐poor Deschampsia cespitosa swards, but changed to a species‐rich Violion caninae stand in the middle of the summer. A species‐rich Carex rostrata community was only grazed at the end of the season. Species‐poor swards dominated by Nardus stricta and Carex brizoides were mainly used as resting areas. Both grazing and excluding from grazing had a negative effect on species diversity of the Deschampsia cespitosa swards. The soil seed bank contained only few species that are characteristic of mountain grassland communities, and seed dispersal of the target species by cattle dung was also found to be very limited. Thus both grazing and exclusion from grazing are probably of limited value for the restoration of species‐rich grasslands from species‐poor Deschampsia cespitosa swards in this case.     

A genetic contribution to the taxonomy ofOenothera sect.Oenothera (including subsectionsEuoenothera,Emersonia, Raimannia andMunzia)

Based on an analysis of results from experimental hybridization, the plants assigned byMunz toOenothera subg.Oenothera and subg.Raimannia, now divided into approximately 76 species, are referred to a single section,Oenothera. This section is in turn divided into five subsections:Euoenothera, Munzia, Raimannia, Emersonia, and an undescribed group of three species related toOenothera pubescens. Euoenothera is maintained in the traditional sense, and includes about 14 species of North America, widely naturalized elsewhere.Munzia consists of 45 species, comprising three series, and native to South America.Raimannia is restricted to a group of approximately 11 North American species.Emersonia comprises four rather heterogenous species of northern Mexico and southern New Mexico, of whichOenothera macrosceles, O. maysillesii, andO. organensis have been described. Within these four subsections, interspecific hybrids can be made in general, although plastid differentiation often leads to incompatibilities. With varying degrees of difficulty, hybrids were produced in all intersectional combinations involvingEuoenothera, Emersonia, Munzia, andRaimannia, the most difficult being those betweenEmersonia andRaimannia. Based on their habit and distribution,Emersonia species, and especiallyOenothera maysillesii, appear to resemble most closely the common ancestor of the section,Euoenothera andMunzia to have been derived from it or its common ancestor, andRaimannia perhaps to be more closely related to the phylogenetic branch that leads toEuoenothera.     

The use of indigenous plant species and calcium phosphate for the stabilization of highly metal-polluted sites in southern Poland

Highly metal-polluted (Pb, Cd, Zn) soil from a non-ferrous mine and smelter site in southern Poland, further referred to as Waryski soil, was used to test indigenous plant species for stabilization effectiveness of heavy metals in soils. Results of pilot investigations with commercially available cultivars of plant species showed that these cultivars could not grow on this highly polluted soil even with the application of soil amendments to stabilize the heavy metals. Based on these results, mesocosm and field experiments with an indigenous, metal-tolerant ecotype of Deschampsia cespitosa from the Waryñski site were carried out. The mesocosm experiment showed that applications of calcium phosphate (3.8% w/w) as a heavy metal-stabilizing amendment decreased Cd and Zn concentrations 2 and 3-fold respectively in leachates, whereas lead content was not significantly changed. This decrease in the concentration of heavy metals in leachates was correlated with a lower accumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn in the roots and shoots of D. cespitosa, ecotype Waryñski. In the field experiment, lower accumulations of Cd in roots and shoots and Zn in shoots in the amendment added plot were observed during the second year of investigations. In the first growing season, D. cespitosa plant cover in the amendment enriched mesocosms ranged from 95 to 100%, compared to 10% in mesocosms without calcium phosphate. In the second year of the experiment, in non-amendment enriched mesocosms D. cespitosa was substituted with Cardaminopsis arenosa(95% cover). C. arenosa is an undesirable species for phytostabilization, as it accumulates high amounts of zinc and cadmium in its shoots, even thought it provided better growth cover in not amended soils. However, in amended mesocosms, soil surface cover by D. cespitosa was still very high (90%). Similar results were obtained in field experiments. Addition of calcium phosphate to the soil also resulted in excellent D. cespitosa root system development when compared to soils without amendment. In amended mesocosms, high plant cover and root system development significantly decreased the volume of leachates and improved water retention. These results indicate that the use of D. cespitosa, ecotype Waryski in combination with calcium phosphate as a heavy metals immobilizing agent is sufficient to restore a dense vegetative cover to highly heavy metal-polluted soil.     

Distribution and population characteristics of the alien talitrid amphipod Orchestia cavimana in relation to environmental conditions in the Northeastern Baltic Sea

The talitrid amphipods were found for the first time in the Northeastern Baltic Sea in 1999. Orchestia cavimana inhabited damp wracks cast up on shore within a 200 m area of Saaremaa Island. In the following year, the species expanded its range to a few kilometres. In 2002, six additional locations of O. cavimana were found in Saaremaa Island and two locations in the Northwestern part of Estonia. Abundances and biomasses were highest in the first year of the invasion. In the following years, the values stabilized on remarkably lower levels. Population characteristics of the species varied significantly between locations. The average biomass and abundance were 9 g dw m⁻² and 1975 ind m⁻², respectively. Wrack biomass and interaction between wrack biomass and exposure were the best predictors of the abundances and biomasses of O. cavimana. Humidity explained additional variability in biomasses. The size structure of the population of O. cavimana was mostly related to humidity and wrack biomass. The Southern coast of the Baltic Sea may be regarded as the initial donor region for the Estonian populations of O. cavimana. The vector of this invasion is most likely related to the natural dispersal of the drifting algae but human activities as a transport vector can not be excluded. The incredible speed of the invasion of O. cavimana and its high biomasses indicate that the species will very likely extend its distribution along the coast of the Northeastern Baltic Sea in the following years.     

The combined effect of high hydrostatic pressure,heat and bacteriocins on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in milk and orange juice

The objective of this study was to combine pressure (345 MPa) with heat (50 C), and bacteriocins (5000 AU/ml sample) for a short time (5 min) for the inactivation of relatively pressure-resistant strains of four foodborne pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in pasteurized milk and orange juice. Without bacteriocin addition, 5.5 log-cycle reduction was obtained for S. aureus 485 in milk whereas more than 8 log-cycle reduction was achieved for all the other strains studied. After storage of samples for 24 h at 4 C, S. aureus 765 also gave positive results on selective media, where no growth was observed for all the other micro-organisms assayed. Incubation of the same pressurized samples at 37 C for 48 h showed growth of L. monocytogenes strains in addition to S. aureus strains, where still no growth was observed for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella strains in their respective selective media. For orange juice samples, more than 8 log-cycle reduction was achieved for all the bacterial species studied. No growth was seen for these species on their respective selective media agar plates after storage at 4 C for 24 h and at 37 C for 48 h. When a bacteriocin-based biopreservative (BP₁) was combined with pressurization, more than 8 log-cycle reduction in cell population of the resistant strains of S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were achieved in milk after pressurization. Milk samples were stored at 25 C up to 30 days to test the effect of treatment and samples showed no growth whereas all the controls were positive.     

Native and exotic Amphipoda and other Peracarida in the River Meuse: new assemblages emerge from a fast changing fauna

Samples issued from intensive sampling in the Netherlands (1992–2001) and from extensive sampling carried out in the context of international campaigns (1998, 2000 and 2001) were revisited. Additional samples from artificial substrates (1992–2003) and other techniques (various periods) were analysed. The combined data provide a global and dynamic view on the Peracarida community of the River Meuse, with the focus on the Amphipoda. Among the recent exotic species found, Crangonyx pseudogracilisis regressing, Dikerogammarus haemobaphesis restricted to the Condroz course of the river, Gammarus tigrinusis restricted to the lowlands and seems to regress, Jaera istriis restricted to the ‘tidal’ Meuse, Chelicorophium curvispinumis still migrating upstream into the Lorraine course without any strong impact on the other amphipod species. After a rapid expansion Dikerogammarus villosushas continued its upstream invasion between 1998 and 2002 at a rate of 30–40 km per year, but no further progression was noticed in 2003. Locally and temporarily the native species (Gammarus fossarum and G. pulex) and naturalized species (G. roeseliand Echinogammarus berilloni)mayhave been excluded by the most recent invaders (mainly D. villosus), but none of the native and naturalized species has disappeared completely. Therefore, the number of amphipod species found in the River Meuse has increased. Moreover, the native and naturalized species keep on dominating the tributaries from which the recent invaders seem to be excluded. A changing Peracarida community structure is observed along the course of the River Meuse: four native or naturalized species inhabit the upstream (Lorraine) course, three invasive species dominate in the middle reach (Ardenne-Condroz zone), one exotic species is housed in the Border Meuse and three or four invasive species dominate the assemblages in the lowlands.