眼科常用实验动物视网膜血管的比较

目的比较眼科常用实验动物视网膜血管尤其是视网膜毛细血管的情况,为实验时正确选择动物模型提供基础。方法取猕猴、家猪、新西兰大白兔、犬、猫、SD大鼠、C57小鼠以及豚鼠的正常眼球数个,完整剥离整个视网膜,用ADPase法进行血管染色,对视网膜血管进行形态学的比较。结果猕猴视网膜大血管从视盘穿出,分成四支分别供应视网膜四个象限,每条血管逐级分支最后成为毛细血管,其毛细血管呈网状分布,在赤道处分成两层,至周边变成一层,且有发育良好的黄斑区毛细血管拱环结构。家猪视网膜大血管由视盘发出后放射状走行,毛细血管也呈网状分布,无黄斑拱环结构。兔仅视盘两侧部分视网膜可见血管,毛细血管网状不明显。犬的视网膜血管也放射状走行,但迂曲明显,毛细血管不成网状。猫、大鼠、小鼠的视网膜大血管均由视盘发出,猫的分成上、鼻下、颞下三支,大鼠、小鼠的各方向均有,区域性不明显,三者的毛细血管网均发育良好,至周边部仍很密集,呈两层分布。豚鼠视网膜无可见的血管。结论用于研究人视网膜血管尤其是毛细血管时,可选用猕猴、家猪、猫、大鼠和小鼠作为动物模型;但要研究人黄斑区血管时,仅可选用猕猴等灵长类动物。     

OCTA用于检测不同屈光人群的黄斑区视网膜密度和厚度及其相关性分析

目的:采用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(OCTA)检测不同屈光人群的黄斑区视网膜密度及厚度并分析其相关性。方法:选取2016年2月～2018年2月我院收治的近视患者200例为研究对象,根据等效球镜度数的差异将其分为轻度近视组(-0.50～-2.75D)52例、中度近视组(-3.00～-5.75D)46例、高度近视组(-6.00～-8.75D)48例、超高度近视组(≤-0.90D)54例。所有患者均进行OCTA检测,比较各组患者黄斑区不同区域视网膜血管密度以及厚度的差异。结果:轻度近视组、中度近视组、高度近视组、超高度近视组等效球镜均呈逐渐降低趋势,而眼轴长度均呈逐渐升高趋势,各组间对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。超高度近视组患者中心凹、中心凹旁、颞侧、上方、鼻侧、下方视网膜血管密度和中心凹、中心凹旁、颞侧、上方、鼻侧、下方视网膜厚度相比轻度近视组、中度近视组、高度近视组均显著降低(P0.05)。经Pearson相关性结果显示:近视屈光人群的黄斑中心凹以及上方视网膜血管密度以及视网膜厚度呈正相关关系(P0.05)。结论:采用OCTA检测不同屈光人群的黄斑区视网膜密度及厚度,结果表明近视屈光度患者的黄斑区视网膜密度增加以及黄斑区视网膜厚度的增厚呈正相关关系。     

正常猕猴与人视网膜血管的比较

目的比较正常猕猴与人视网膜血管的异同,为进一步利用猕猴建立动物模型来研究视网膜血管打下基础。方法取健康成年猕猴眼球6只和人角膜移植供体剩余眼杯8只的视网膜,用ADP酶法进行血管染色,对两者视网膜血管的走行、血管分级、毛细血管分层以及黄斑区血管拱环等进行比较,测量结果进行统计学检验。结果猕猴与人的视网膜铺片经ADP酶法染色后见视网膜血管自穿出视盘后的一级血管逐渐分支变细,直至五级血管即毛细血管;在视盘旁、赤道部、周边部两者血管面积百分比没有差异;视盘旁血管分为多层,赤道部有两层,且深浅层间相互交通,周边部仅见一层毛细血管且较稀疏;两者黄斑区毛细血管均较密集,有形态完整呈不规则状的血管拱环,血管面积百分比以及血管拱环的面积、周长和直径没有差异。结论猕猴与人在视网膜血管走行、分级、毛细血管分层以及黄斑区血管拱环等多方面有良好的相似性,可用作人类视网膜血管、尤其是黄斑区视网膜血管研究的良好动物模型。     

糖尿病白内障术后黄斑水肿与房水细胞因子的关系

为了探讨2型糖尿病白内障术后黄斑水肿与房水中细胞因子的关系,本研究选取2016年2月至2017年7月在我院治疗的2型糖尿病白内障患者117例117眼,均行超声乳化白内障摘除术,观察术后4周黄斑水肿发生情况以及房水中多种细胞因子水平。研究结果显示:术后4周,有37眼发生黄斑水肿(观察组),未发生黄斑水肿80眼(对照组);观察组术后4周黄斑区视网膜厚度为(247.28±18.37)μm,明显高于对照组(p<0.05),且明显高于术前水平(p<0.05);观察组术后4周干扰素诱导蛋白-10 (IP-10)、巨噬细胞趋化蛋白(MCP-1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和细胞因子转化生长因子-β2 (TGF-β2)水平分别为(6.01±0.89) pg/mL、(340.03±45.39) pg/mL、(812.28±40.06) pg/mL和(40.05±10.03) pg/mL,明显高于对照组(p<0.05),且高于术前水平(p<0.05);观察组和对照组手术前后粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b-FGF)比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05);术后4周IP-10、MCP-1、VEGF和TGF-β2水平与黄斑区视网膜厚度呈正相关(r=0.452, 0.501, 0.466和0.470, p<0.05)。本研究的结果初步说明,房水中IP-10、MCP-1、VEGF和TGF-2水平与2型糖尿病白内障术后黄斑水肿有一定关系,有可能成为黄斑水肿的特异性评价指标,值得进一步研究。     

黄斑部视网膜前膜患者手术前后黄斑区结构变化及与视功能预后的关系

目的:探讨黄斑部视网膜前膜患者手术前后黄斑区域结构变化情况,及其与患者术后视功能的关系。方法:对2014年2月-2016年8月间在我院进行手术治疗的黄斑部视网膜前膜患者60例(60眼)的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有患者均进行光学相干断层扫描(OCT)检查,观察黄斑中心凹及各方位视网膜厚度变化,同时记录患者手术前后最佳矫正视力(BCVA),分析其相关性。结果:术后53例(53眼)患者视力提高,占88.33%,7例(7眼)患者视力不变,占11.67%。术前患者BCVA为(0.18±0.07),术后3个月BCVA为(0.38±0.12),术后3个月BCVA较术前显著提高(P0.05)。患者术后黄斑中心凹厚度、内环颞侧厚度、内环鼻侧厚度、内环上方厚度、内环下方厚度、外环颞侧厚度、外环鼻侧厚度、外环上方厚度、外环下方厚度较术前均显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Pearson相关分析显示,患者术前黄斑中心凹厚度、内环颞侧厚度、外环颞侧厚度、术前后黄斑中心凹厚度差值、术前后内环颞侧厚度差值、术前后外环颞侧厚度差值与术后BCVA呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:玻璃体切除术可以显著降低黄斑部视网膜前膜患者黄斑区视网膜厚度,提高患者视功能,术前黄斑区域形态对患者术后视力恢复有一定影响。     

玻璃腔内注射曲安奈德联合真武汤加减治疗视盘血管炎继发黄斑水肿的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨玻璃腔内注射曲安奈德结合真武汤加减治疗视盘血管炎继发黄斑水肿的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2013年12月到2017年4月在我院诊治的视盘血管炎继发黄斑水肿患者142例(142眼)作为研究对象,根据信封随机抽签法分为观察组与对照组,每组各71例。对照组给予玻璃腔内注射曲安奈德治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予真武汤加减治疗。治疗1个月后,比较两组治疗前后视力、黄斑中心凹厚度的变化情况及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组与对照组的视力均明显优于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组视力明显优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,观察组与对照组的黄斑中心凹厚度分别为168.34±22.19μm和267.35±34.11μm,均明显低于治疗前[516.35±45.20μm和522.14±23.01μm](P0.05),且观察组治疗后黄斑中心凹厚度明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗后发生玻璃体积血、新生血管性青光眼、瞳孔区模性渗出等并发症,发生率对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与单用玻璃腔内注射曲安奈德治疗相比,玻璃腔内注射曲安奈德结合真武汤加减治疗视盘血管炎继发黄斑水肿的安全性更高,且能有效减轻黄斑水肿,缩小黄斑区域,提高视力。     

糖尿病性视网膜病变术后CRT、SFCT、mALB、MBG、HbA1c水平的变化及相关性

本研究通过观察糖尿病性视网膜病变术后患者黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度,脉络膜厚度,尿微量白蛋白、血糖、糖化血红蛋白的水平,试图了解其差异及相关性。我们选取2016年1月至2017年12月于我院就诊的糖尿病性视网膜病变患者200例,根据其有无视网膜病变、有无肾病、术后有无黄斑水肿分为合并组和未合并组,同时选取100例正常成年人作为对照。观察糖尿病患者和对照组、未合并和合并并发症糖尿病患者的黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(central retinal thickness, CRT),凹下脉络膜厚度(subfoveal choroidal thickness,SFCT),尿微量白蛋白(microAlbunminuria, mALB)、平均血糖(mean blood glucose, MBG)和糖化血红蛋白(glycated haemoglobin, HbA1c)水平,进一步分析了糖尿病黄斑水肿患者的尿微量白蛋白水平与黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度、脉络膜厚度、血糖、糖化血红蛋白的相关性。研究结果表明,糖尿病组患者的CRT水平较对照组低,SFCT、mALB、MBG和HbA1c水平高于对照组;合并视网膜病变、合并肾病和合并黄斑水肿组患者的CRT水平较未合并组低,SFCT、mALB、MBG和HbA1c水平均高于未合并组;黄斑水肿患者的m ALB水平与CRT水平负相关,与SFCT、MBG和HbA1c水平正相关。本研究得出结论:糖尿病性视网膜病变术后患者黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CRT)较薄,脉络膜厚度(SFCT)变厚,且与尿微量白蛋白密切相关。     

1ω-3不饱和脂肪酸对视网膜新生血管的实验研究

目的:研究ω-3不饱和脂肪酸对鼠视网膜新生血管的作用。方法:32只7日龄Wistar白鼠分为4组。每组各8只,分别与母鼠共同饲养,制备早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)视网膜新生血管动物模型,其中A组为ROP模型对照组,B、C、D组为ω-3PUFAs喂养组,分别按母鼠公斤体重给与ω-3PUFAs2.5mg/kg/d、7.5mg/kg/d及15mg/kg/d喂养。采用免疫组化观察小鼠中突破视网膜内界膜CD31的特异性表达,Western印迹法检测视网膜标本中RGS5的表达。结果:免疫组化观察视网膜CD31的特异性表达,A、B、C、D组突破视网膜内界膜的新生血管内皮细胞核数分别为(17.25±1.04)个、(15.75±1.83)个、(9.75±1.49)个、(8.5±1.69)个;免疫印迹法检测各实验组视网膜RGS5结果:A组与C组、A组与D组比较差异均有显著意义((P<0.001),其中A、B组相比较;C、D组相比较差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:一定剂量的摄入量后对于新生鼠视网膜新生血管病变将起到一定的防治作用。     

年龄相关性黄斑变性患者黄斑区脉络膜新生血管特征分析

目的:探讨年龄相关性黄斑变性黄斑区脉络膜新生血管(CNV)的特征。方法:对41例(41只眼)年龄相关性黄斑变性患者CNV进行荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)和相干光断层扫描(OCT)检查,并对两种不同的图像检查结果进行对比分析。结果:FFA发现典型CNV29眼,FFA早期黄斑区可见边界清晰的高荧光区,FFA晚期荧光扩大并增强;隐匿型CNV10眼,FFA早期可见边界欠清的强荧光,FFA晚期持续为荧光素渗漏或染色,边界多不清晰。OCT发现典型CNV33眼,显示CNV多位于视网膜神经上皮层下,呈边界清晰的纺锤形或圆形强反射,隐匿型CNV8眼,表现为视网膜色素上皮层平面不规则增强紊乱的反射信号。两种检查对黄斑区CNV的检出率对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:结合FFA和OCT的图像特征对年龄相关性黄斑变性黄斑区脉络膜新生血管形态学改变进行对比分析,有助于明确病变的性质,为临床诊疗提供帮助。     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿3D-OCT与mERG检查结果的相关性研究

目的:探讨糖尿病性黄斑水肿的三维光学相干断层扫描技术(3D-OCT)与多焦视网膜电图(m ERG)检查结果的相关性。方法:随机选择糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者40人60只眼,经荧光造影检查示黄斑部有持续性的荧光渗漏、囊样水肿,3D-OCT示黄斑中心凹厚度大于170um,对黄斑中心凹旁上、下、鼻、颞约750um处视网膜神经上皮层处厚度进行OCT自带软件的分析测量。随机选择18人35只年龄相配的正常眼为对照组以同样方法行3D-OCT黄斑旁四个方位的神经上皮厚度测量。两组用同种方法行常规黄斑部m ERG检查。所有数据应用SPSS13.0统计软件进行处理,分析3D-OCT与m ERG在影像学方面的相关性。结果:两组被检查者检查结果经统计学处理后对比发现:被检查者黄斑中央5°、10°区域N1、P1波反应密度绝对值与黄斑中心凹神经上皮层厚度具有显著的相关性(P0.05)。结论:糖尿病性黄斑水肿的神经上皮厚度的改变与黄斑区m ERG的改变具有显著相关性,主要表现为黄斑中央5°和10°区域m ERG各波反应密度的改变,且有神经上皮厚度增加的越大,m ERG各波反应密度的降低的幅度也随之变大的趋势。     

Indocyanine Green-Assisted Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling in Macular Hole Surgery: A Meta-Analysis

Background

The opinion of application of indocyanine green (ICG) in the macular hole surgery was contradictory. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of in internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for macular hole surgery.

Methods and Findings

We searched electronic databases for comparative studies published before July 2012 of ILM peeling with and without ICG. Twenty-two studies including 1585 eyes were included. Visual acuity (VA) improvement, including the postoperative rate of ≥20/40 VA gained (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.97; P = 0.033) and increased LogMAR (WMD, −0.09; 95% CI, −0.16 to −0.02; P = 0.011), was less in the ICG group. The risk of visual field defects was greater in the ICG group than in the non-ICG group. There was no significant difference in the rate of anatomical outcomes between ILM peeling procedures performed with and without ICG. RPE changes and other postoperative complications were not significantly different between the ICG and non-ICG groups. An additional analysis showed that the VA improvement of the ICG group was less than the non-ICG group only within the first year of follow up. A subgroup analysis showed that the rate of VA improvement was lower in the ICG group than in other adjuncts group. A higher rate of secondary closure and less VA improvement were observed in a high proportion (>0.1%) of the ICG group. A sensitivity analysis after the randomized-controlled trials were excluded from the meta-analysis demonstrated no differences compared with the overall results.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis demonstrated that there is no evidence of clinical superiority in outcomes for ICG-assisted ILM peeling procedure over the non-ICG one. The toxicity of ICG should be considered when choosing the various staining methods.     

"Brilliant Blue G" and "Membrane Blue Dual" assisted vitrectomy for macular hole

The aim of this study is to evaluate vital dyes "Brilliant Blue G" (BBG) and "Membrane Blue Dual" (MBD) for intraoperative staining of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) during vitrectomy for macular hole (MH). Retrospective, comparative case series on 18 eyes with macular holes who underwent "23 and 25 gauge" pars plana vitrectomy. Main outcome measurements were staining intensity and characteristics, visual acuity, visual field, OCT measurements and complications over a period of 6 months. With the help of BBG and MBD successfully was removed complete ILM in 14 eyes. Postoperative visual acuity was improved in 12 patients, unchanged in 2 patients and worse in 4 patients. Central retinal thickness showed significant postoperative reduction with closure of macular hole. OCT values range were from -10 to -250 microm. No visual field defects and no adverse effects were found. BBG and MBD successfully identificate internal limiting membrane during vitrectomy for MH. Good anatomical and functional results are achieved with the use of both vital dyes.     

Association of Preoperative Optical Coherence Tomography Markers with Residual Inner Limiting Membrane in Epiretinal Membrane Peeling

Purpose

To identify preoperative markers on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for residual inner limiting membrane (ILM) in epiretinal membrane (ERM) peeling.

Methods

In this retrospective case series the preoperative SD-OCTs from 119 eyes of 119 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for idiopathic ERM by a single surgeon were evaluated for markers predisposing for ILM persistence after ERM removal. ILM persistence was determined via intraoperative indocyanine green staining. The main outcome measures were correlation of central foveal thickness (CFT), ERM thickness, extent of elevated ERM and retinal folding, intraretinal cysts, and discontinuation of the ERM, with ILM persistence after ERM peeling.

Results

The persistence of the ILM was found in 50.4% (n = 60). After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, a greater extent of elevated ERM and thicker ERMs were associated with persistence of the ILM (p<0.005). The other parameters showed no statistically significant correlations with the persistence of the ILM (p≥0.005).

Conclusion

Residual ILM can be found in nearly half of the eyes after ERM peeling. A loose connection between the ERM and the retinal surface predisposes for ILM persistence. Preoperative SD-OCT is helpful in identifying risk markers for the persistence of the ILM in ERM surgery.     

改良眼底激光光凝合康柏西普治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的效果及对视力水平、黄斑区血流密度的影响

摘要 目的：探究改良眼底激光光凝联合康柏西普治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的效果及对视力水平、黄斑区血流密度的影响。方法：回顾性分析2019.06-2022.06于我院接受改良眼底激光光凝治疗的62例（124眼）PDR患者临床资料,纳入对照组,回顾性分析同期于我院接受改良眼底激光光凝联合康柏西普治疗的62例（124眼）PDR患者临床资料,纳入试验组。比较治疗前和治疗后3个月两组患者视力水平[最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、视野指数（VFI）、视野平均缺损（MD）]、视网膜中央动脉血流动力学[峰值血流速度（PSV）、平均血流速度（MV）、搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）]、黄斑区血流密度[浅层毛细血管丛（SCP）、深层毛细血管丛（DCP）]、生活质量[低视力者生存质量量表（CLVQOL）]差异,记录3个月内两组患者并发症（黄斑水肿、高眼压、视网膜出血）发生情况。结果：治疗后3个月,两组患者BCVA、PSV、MV、SCP、DCP、CLVQOL较治疗前升高,试验组高于对照组（P均<0.05）;而VFI、MD、PI、RI水平降低,试验组低于对照组（P均<0.05）;两组患者术后并发症无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论：改良眼底激光光凝治疗联合康柏西普治疗可增强PDR患者视力功能,改善患者视网膜中央动脉血流动力学及黄斑区血流密度,提高生活质量。     

Correlation of Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness and Spontaneous Retinal Venous Pulsations in Glaucoma and Normal Controls

Purpose

To study the relationship between amplitude of spontaneous retinal venous pulsatility (SRVP) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness in glaucomatous eyes, and to determine if this parameter may be a potential marker for glaucoma severity.

Method

85 subjects including 50 glaucoma (21 males, 67±10 yrs) and 35 normals (16 males, 62±11 yrs) were studied. SRVP amplitude was measured using the Dynamic Vessel Analyser (DVA, Imedos, Germany) at four regions of the retina simultaneously within one disc diameter from the optic disc—temporal-superior (TS), nasal-superior (NS), temporal-inferior (TI) and nasal-inferior (NI)). This was followed by RNFL thickness measurement using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis OCT). The correlation between SRVP amplitude and corresponding sectoral RNFL thickness was assessed by means of non-linear regression (i.e. logarithmic). Linear regression was also applied and slopes were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

Results

Greater SRVP amplitude was associated with thicker RNFL. Global SRVP amplitude was significantly lower in glaucoma eyes compared with normals (p<0.0001). The correlation coefficient of the linear regression between RNFL and SRVP at TS, NS, TI and NI quadrants in the glaucoma group were r = 0.5, 0.5, 0.48, 0.62. Mean SRVP amplitude and RNFL thickness for TS, NS, TI and NI quadrants were 4.3±1.5, 3.5±1.3, 4.7±1.6, 3.1±1 μm and 96±30, 75±22, 89±35 and 88±30 μm, respectively. The ANCOVA test showed that the slope of linear regression between the four quadrants was not significant (p>0.05). Since the slopes are not significantly different, it is possible to calculate one slope for all the data. The pooled slope equals 10.8 (i.e. RNFL = 10.8SRVP+41).

Conclusion

While SRVP was present and measurable in all individuals, the amplitude of SRVP is reduced in glaucoma with increasing RNFL loss. Our findings suggest the degree of SRVP may be an additional marker for glaucoma severity. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of reduction in SRVP, and whether changes can predict increased risk of progression.     

Optic Disc Change during Childhood Myopic Shift: Comparison between Eyes with an Enlarged Cup-To-Disc Ratio and Childhood Glaucoma Compared to Normal Myopic Eyes

BackgroundProgressive disc tilting and the development or enlargement of peripapillary atrophy (PPA) are observed during a myopic shift in children. This could be related to the changes around the optic nerve head during eyeball elongation. If the biomechanical properties at or around the optic nerve head are changed after exposure to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma eyes, different response of the disc tilting and PPA changes could take place during eyeball elongation by myopic shift. On the basis of this background, the aim of this study was to compare the morphological changes in the optic disc induced by a myopic shift during childhood between normal control eyes, eyes from disc suspects with an enlarged cup-to-disc ratio (CDR), and eyes with childhood glaucoma.MethodsTotal of 82 eyes from 82 subjects younger than 14 years of age were included in the study. Serial disc photographs were classified into one of two groups: eyes with an optic nerve head (ONH) or peripapillary atrophy (PPA) change or without an ONH/PPA change. Using ImageJ software, the outlines of the optic disc and PPA were plotted, and the vertical disc diameter (VDD), horizontal disc diameter (HDD), and maximum PPA width (PPW) were measured. The changes in the ratios of these parameters and the relationships between the degree of myopic shift or the ONH/PPA change were analyzed.ResultsTwenty-five eyes with normal optic disc appearance, 36 eyes with enlarged cup-to-disc ratio, and 21 eyes of glaucoma patients were analyzed. The initial intraocular pressure (IOP) at diagnosis was significantly different among the groups (P<0.001). The degree of myopic shift during follow-up period was not significantly different among the groups (P=0.612). However, the changes in the HDD/VDD and PPW/VDD ratios were significantly greater in the disc suspect group and significantly smaller in the glaucoma group. Among the 42 eyes with an ONH/PPA change, 16 (38.1%) were from the normal control group, 24 (57.1%) were from the disc suspect group, and 2 (4.8%) were from the glaucoma group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions and Relevance

The optic disc change during childhood myopic shift was different in eyes with various conditions. Eyes of childhood glaucoma showed less change in the disc morphology during myopic shift compared to eyes with normal disc or enlarged cup-to-disc ratio.     

Macular Thickness Measurements with Frequency Domain-OCT for Quantification of Retinal Neural Loss and its Correlation with Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer?s Disease

PurposeTo evaluate the ability of frequency domain optical coherence tomography (fd-OCT) to estimate retinal neural loss in eyes with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We also verified the existence of a correlation between AD-related cognitive impairment and macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements.Methodsfd-OCT scans were obtained from 45 eyes of 24 patients with AD and 48 control eyes. Peripapillary RNFL, macular full-thickness and segmented inner macular thickness parameters were calculated. The inner macular parameters included macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) plus inner plexiform layer thickness (GCL+), and RNFL plus GCL+ thickness (GCL++). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognition in all subjects. The two groups were compared and the relationship between MMSE scores and fd-OCT measurements was verified.ResultsAverage, superior and inferior quadrant RNFL thickness parameters and all but one of the nine full-thickness macular measurements were significantly reduced in AD patients compared to controls. The segmented layers, GCL+ and GCL++ were significantly reduced in AD eyes. A significant correlation was found between most fd-OCT parameters (especially macular thickness measurements) and MMSE scores.ConclusionsMost fd-OCT peripapillary RNFL and macular full-thickness and segmented inner retinal layers parameters were reduced in AD eyes compared to controls. Moreover, neuronal loss, especially as reflected in macular parameters, correlated well with cognitive impairment in AD. Our results suggest that fd-OCT could be a potentially useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation and follow-up of AD patients.     

Differential Binding to Glycotopes Among the Layers of Three Mammalian Retinal Neurons by Man-Containing N-linked Glycan, Tα (Galβ1–3GalNAcα1-), Tn (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) and Iβ/IIβ (Galβ1–3/4GlcNAcβ-) Reactive Lectins

Carbohydrate structures between retinal neurons and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play an important role in maintaining the integrity of retinal adhesion to underlying RPE, and in retinal detachment pathogenesis. Since relevant knowledge is still in the primary stage, glycotopes on the adult retina of mongrel canines (dog), micropigs and Sprague-Dawley rats were examined by lectino-histochemistry, using a panel of 16 different lectins. Paraffin sections of eyes were stained with biotinylated lectins, and visualized by streptavidin-peroxidase and diaminobenzidine staining. Mapping the affinity profiles, it is concluded that: (i) all sections of the retina reacted well with Morniga M, suggesting that N-linked glycans are present in all layers of the retina; (ii) no detectable human blood group ABH active glycotopes were found among retinal layers; (iii) outer and inner segments contained glycoconjugates rich in ligands reacting with T _α (Galβ1–3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) and Tn (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) specific lectins; (iv) cone cells of retina specifically bound peanut agglutinin (PNA), which recognizes T _α residues and could be used as a specific marker for these photoreceptors; (v) the retinas of rat, dog and pig, had a similar binding profile but with different intensity; (vi) each retinal layer had its own binding characteristic. This information may provide useful background knowledge for normal retinal physiology and miscellaneous retinal diseases, including retinal detachment (RD) and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).