中国水果和蔬菜昆虫授粉的经济价值评估

水果和蔬菜是二大类最主要的虫媒作物, 在农业生产中占据十分重要的地位, 但是近几十年来授粉昆虫在多国出现了不同程度的下降, 影响了农业生产的经济效益。为了明确中国主要授粉昆虫的现状以及昆虫授粉在中国水果和蔬菜生产中的经济地位, 本文分析了1961-2009年间中国主要授粉昆虫蜜蜂的数量动态以及水果和蔬菜种植的变化特征; 并以2008年种植的与人类食品密切相关的44种水果和蔬菜为研究对象, 引入农作物对昆虫授粉的依赖性参数, 应用生物经济学的方法评估了昆虫授粉对中国水果和蔬菜产生的经济价值。结果表明: 1961-2009年的49年之间, 中国主要授粉昆虫蜜蜂蜂群数量增加了161%, 水果和蔬菜种植面积增加了472%, 产量增加了833%。中国水果和蔬菜中虫媒作物产量的提高, 与作物种植面积的增长密切相关（r=0.995, P<0.01）, 也与主要授粉昆虫蜜蜂蜂群数量增加有关（r=0.804, P<0.01）。2008年昆虫授粉对中国水果和蔬菜产生的经济价值为521.7亿美元, 占44种水果和蔬菜总产值的25.5%。水果类对昆虫授粉的依赖程度较高, 授粉产生的经济价值大于蔬菜类。在昆虫授粉的贡献中, 苹果、西瓜、梨、芒果和李占据前5位。昆虫授粉对中国水果和蔬菜产生的经济价值十分巨大, 中国水果和蔬菜对昆虫授粉的依赖程度超过15.9%的全球平均水平。随着中国水果和蔬菜种植面积的持续增长, 中国需要更多的授粉昆虫为其提供授粉服务。     

中国农业昆虫生态调节服务价值估算

昆虫是生物多样性最丰富的物种类群,其在维持生态系统功能,维系并保持着自然界的生态平衡,满足人类需求中的具有重要作用。讨论了昆虫生态服务价值的定量估算方法,基于2007年统计数据,计算了我国农牧业生产中昆虫传粉功能、天敌昆虫控害功能和分解作用的服务价值。结果表明,昆虫在我国农业生产中传粉服务价值为6790.30×108元,占其当年农作物生产总经济价值的54.05%;天敌昆虫的控害服务价值为2621.00×108元,占其当年重要作物总经济价值的9.09%;分解昆虫(甲虫)对牧场牛羊排泄物的分解作用的价值远超过90.84×108元。由此估计出了我国2007年农业昆虫生态调节服务总价值超过9502.14×108元,相当于当年国内生产总值GDP的3.7%。显示昆虫所产生的生态调节服务价值,与我国森林或草地生态系统的直接和间接服务价值处于同一数量级,同样具有巨大的经济价值。为保护与利用昆虫生物多样性,发挥其生态服务功能奠定了基础。     

昆虫的生态服务功能

昆虫作为生物多样性最丰富的物种,在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等方面发挥着重要作用。昆虫生态服务功能是指昆虫类群在生态系统过程中发挥的功能作用,以及为人类提供的各种收益,包括有形收益的产品和无形收益的服务。它主要包括昆虫的供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4种服务类型,体现在直接使用价值、间接使用价值、条件价值和存在价值4个方面。基于昆虫类群在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等维持生态系统功能、满足人类需求做出重大的贡献,本文阐述了昆虫生态服务功能概念、类型,讨论了昆虫生态服务功能价值的评估方法,提出了未来发展的方向。     

凹唇壁蜂为油菜授粉的行为特征及经济价值评估

【目的】凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是近年来被迅速应用的一种传粉昆虫。明确凹唇壁蜂对油菜的授粉行为、授粉效果,评估凹唇壁蜂对油菜的授粉功能量及经济服务价值,有利于加深社会对凹唇壁蜂的认知并促进其在油菜上的推广应用。【方法】在油菜田内,于油菜开花前,把油菜区域划定为凹唇壁蜂授粉区、隔离授粉区两个区域,实验过程中用摄像机记录凹唇壁蜂授粉行为和效果。采用蜜蜂依存度市场估价法,结合我国国情,评估2015年间油菜凹唇壁蜂授粉的经济价值,并探索凹唇壁蜂对油菜生产的重要性。【结果】60%以上的凹唇壁蜂在上午7:00到8:00出巢,下午4:30到5:30归巢,日出巢活动时间约9.58 h。凹唇壁蜂在每朵花上平均停留时间达10.89 s。凹唇壁蜂授粉区在单角果鲜重、结角果率、单角果籽粒数上比隔离授粉区分别提高2.74%、4.81%、11.48%。结合2015年数据,计算得出凹唇壁蜂对我国各省份油菜的授粉功能量超过373.3万吨,授粉服务总价值超过194.102亿元,从凹唇壁蜂授粉功能量和服务价值来看,凹唇壁蜂具有极大的生态价值、经济价值。【结论】凹唇壁蜂具有传粉优势,组织凹唇壁蜂在油菜花期进行辅助授粉,是提高油菜产量的一条重要途径,对提高油菜产生的经济效益具有积极的作用。凹唇壁蜂授粉是应该得到重视的生产投入,应当提高民众对凹唇壁蜂授粉价值的认知度。     

壁蜂及蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃授粉服务功能分析

【目的】传粉昆虫在果树生产中发挥着非常重要的授粉服务功能。但有关壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃的服务功能不清楚。本论文针对苹果、大樱桃传粉昆虫不足、果品品质不高等科学问题,连续3年系统地调查和分析了胶东半岛主要传粉昆虫(壁蜂、蜜蜂)对苹果、大樱桃的产量与品质促进作用,以评价传粉昆虫对苹果与大樱桃的生态服务功能。【方法】2015-2018年在山东省胶东半岛选择了6个果园进行了壁蜂、蜜蜂释放与不放蜂对照处理,系统测定了经壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉、常规授粉等不同的授粉处理后苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖及产量的变化。【结果】利用壁蜂、蜜蜂授粉可以显著提高苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸含量及风味(固酸比)值;可以增加苹果、大樱桃产量,显著提高其果品品质;而且壁蜂授粉的效果均高于蜜蜂授粉。【结论】在胶东果园可以通过释放壁蜂和蜜蜂,以提高苹果、大樱桃的授粉服务功能;且由于壁蜂具有耐低温、采集速度快、授粉效率高、管理简便、应用成本低的优势,壁蜂的应用前景更为广阔。     

农作物授粉生态系统服务评估——以丽江老君山地区为例

为科学评估野生传粉昆虫对农作物授粉生态系统服务能力以及空间格局,基于不同土地利用/覆被类型上各种野生传粉蜂的蜜粉源植物和其巢穴资源的可得性,并结合其传粉的飞行行为及对其传粉有一定依赖性的作物,以ArcGIS9.2为平台构建了针对每个农作物像元的生态系统传粉授粉服务能力评估模型。并在云南丽江老君山地区,以当地野生东方蜜蜂(Apiscerana Fabricius)为例进行了模型的应用。结果表明:当地野生东方蜜蜂在森林的平均生境质量指数最高,达到2.24×10-2;而在栽培植被最低,为0.37×10-2。由于研究区西部农作物区分布零散,周边天然林可提供丰富的蜜粉源和栖息地;而东部农作区集中连片,作物相单一,传粉有较大的空间障碍,且周边多为次生林,研究区农田范围内授粉服务能力空间分布呈现"西高东低"格局。     

崇义客家梯田生态系统服务功能

开展崇义客家梯田系统生态服务功能价值评估,有助于人们更好地了解梯田系统对崇义客家社会的重要贡献,为当地政府保护客家梯田系统提供重要依据.本研究基于崇义客家梯田系统及其所处区域的社会经济特征,构建了相应的生态服务功能价值评估指标体系;运用定性分析法对客家梯田系统的生态服务功能机理及其重要性作了识别;以2014年统计数据为基础,采用物质量和价值量相结合的定量评价方法,对客家梯田系统的9项生态服务指标进行评估.结果表明: 在评估的9项指标中,土壤保持的物质量和价值量同居各指标之首,分别为76457 kg·hm^-2和105033 元·hm^-2,相应地占梯田系统总物质量和总价质量的72.2%和30.0%.文化传承和景观体现了客家梯田系统独特的生态服务功能,价值量分别为100000和46333元·hm^-2,位居9项指标的2、3位.产品供给是客家梯田系统提供给崇义客家人的重要福祉,但其物质量和价值量只占梯田系统生态服务总物质量和总价值量的6.1%与10.4%,因此仅考虑产品供给将严重低估梯田系统的生态服务功能.直观的经济数字反映了客家梯田系统对社会的巨大贡献,不仅有利于提高管理者和公众保护农业文化遗产的意识,也为政府制定客家梯田系统生态补偿标准提供了数据支撑.     

中国油松林生态服务功能评估

森林生态服务功能评估是国内外研究热点之一,评估指标体系和评估方法不统一是诸多问题产生的根源．本文在颁布的森林生态系统服务功能评估标准的框架下,采用森林生态系统定位研究网络（CFERN）台站多年连续观测数据和森林资源清查数据及公共数据对中国油松林生态服务功能物质量和价值量进行了详细的动态评估．结果表明：“九五”期间中国油松林生态服务功能总价值为1144．9640亿元／年,单位面积价值为5．2074万元／（hm^2．年）;“十五”期间油松林生态服务功能总价值1190．5461亿元／年,单位面积价值为5．2101万元／（hm^2．年）．“十五”期间中国油松林每年涵养水源40．40亿立方米,固土0．67亿吨,固碳0．09亿吨,生产有利于人体健康的负离子1．96×10^20个,吸收二氧化硫5．02亿公斤,滞尘759．10亿公斤．“九五”期间在中国油松林分布的15个省份中,生态服务功能受益最大的省份是辽宁省,受益最小的是湖南省．     

蜜蜂和其授粉植物的多样性在下降

科学家报告说,不列颠和荷兰的蜜蜂以及被这些蜜蜂授粉的植物的多样性已经减少了。许多农作物和天然植物种群依赖野生昆虫的授粉。虽然研究人员和政策制定曾对授粉“服务”的丢失表示担忧,但是迄今为止究竟有多少授粉昆虫减少还没有证据。Biesmeijer和同事们分析了不列颠和荷兰数据库中1980年以前与以后的蜜蜂和食蚜蝇的观察记录。结果发现,2个国家当地的蜜蜂密度都有所下降,但食蚜蝇的变化没有固定的趋势;靠蜜蜂授粉的植物物种相对其他植物物种也有所下降。现在还不清楚是植物还是蜜蜂先减少的,或两是否都是在响应某种其他因素,但是它们的下降是并行发生的。Scince313：351～354（2006）     

稻田生态系统氮素吸收功能及其经济价值

稻田生态系统中水稻植株吸收土壤中氮素并转化为秸秆中的氮素以及籽粒中的蛋白质和氨基酸的过程是稻田氮素转化的主要过程。在2003年上海市郊五四农场田间试验数据的基础上,研究了稻田生态系统氮素吸收功能及其形成过程,然后运用替代价格法估算了稻田氮素吸收经济价值,同时还对不同地区、施氮水平和作物的氮素吸收物理量和价值量进行了对比。结果表明,稻田植株地上部分氮素累积吸收量在拔节期至抽穗期之间增长最快,抽穗期至成熟期增加减缓,而在收获前有所下降。稻田植株氮素吸收经济价值随生育期不断提高,到成熟期显著增加。施加氮肥对水稻氮素吸收物理量及其价值量都具有促进作用。就不同作物而言,水稻氮素吸收转化量及其经济价值高于小麦和油菜。几乎所有作物籽粒氮素吸收量及其经济价值都高于秸秆。     

Economic gain,stability of pollination and bee diversity decrease from southern to northern Europe

Bees are in decline potentially leading to reduced pollination and hence production of insect-pollinated crops in many countries. It is however still unclear whether the consequences of pollinator shortages differ among countries with different environmental and societal conditions. Here, we calculated economic gains attributed to insect (particularly bee) pollination (EVIP) as well as their contribution to the total value of crop production (vulnerability), and analyzed their temporal trends and inter-annual variability from 1991 to 2009 for each country of the European Union (EU). To understand which factors drive country-specific differences in pollinator dependency and stability of insect-dependent crop yields, we further asked whether EVIP, vulnerability and stability of yields were influenced by a country's climate, the number of wild bee species and/or managed honeybee hives per country, and (agricultural) gross domestic product (GDP).Across Europe, crop pollination by insects accounted for 14.6 [±3.3] billion EUR annually (EVIP), which equaled 12 (±0.8)% of the total economic value of annual crop production. Gains strongly varied among countries. Both EVIP and vulnerability increased (and the inter-annual variation of vulnerability decreased) significantly from the colder northern to the warmer Mediterranean EU countries, in parallel with increases in the number of wild bee species. Across years, economic importance of pollination increased in all but three EU countries. Apples were the most important insect-pollinated crop in the EU, accounting for 16% of the EU's total EVIP. Our results show that whereas dependency on insect pollination increased from the colder north to the warmer south, variation in economic gain from insect pollination decreased, indicating that Mediterranean countries had more stable yields of pollinator-dependent crops across years and thus more reliable gains from pollination services.     

基于服务功能的昆虫生态调控理论

鉴于昆虫在植物传粉授精、害虫生物控制、土壤有机物分解中提供多种生态系统服务功能,本文在害虫生态调控、区域性害虫生态调控与生境管理的基础上,进一步提出基于多种生态服务功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控理论、方法与实践。认为:昆虫管理不仅仅是害虫的管理,还应包括有益昆虫(如传粉昆虫、天敌昆虫、分解昆虫)的管理,这种管理应从单一农田生态系统扩展到农田景观生态系统,充分考虑农田景观中昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能,通过对功能植物、作物与非作物生境的空间布局以及时间序列上的生态设计,从空间上明确昆虫(包括害虫、天敌、传粉昆虫、分解昆虫)在不同生境中的转移扩散动态,从时间上掌握昆虫在不同寄主植物与非作物生境上的演替过程,从技术上着重发挥有利于昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能的综合措施,在研究方法上突出使用稳定同位素、生态能量学、化学生态学等定量分析手段,研究景观区域内中"植物-昆虫"互作过程及其生态调控措施的作用,寻求不同时空条件下控害保益的关键措施,设计和组装出维持多功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控技术体系,创造有利于天敌控害、蜜蜂传粉、土壤分解的环境条件,以发挥昆虫类群在农田景观中最大的生态服务功能。     

Seasonal complementary in pollinators of soft-fruit crops

Understanding the relative contributions of wild and managed pollinators, and the functional contributions made by a diverse pollinator community, is essential to the maintenance of yields in the 75% of our crops that benefit from insect pollination. We describe a field study and pollinator exclusion experiments conducted on two soft-fruit crops in a system with both wild and managed pollinators. We test whether fruit quality and quantity is limited by pollination, and whether different pollinating insects respond differently to varying weather conditions. Both strawberries and raspberries produced fewer marketable fruits when insects were excluded, demonstrating dependence on insect pollinators. Raspberries had a short flowering season which coincided with peak abundance of bees, and attracted many bees per flower. In contrast, strawberries had a much longer flowering season and appeared to be much less attractive to pollinators, so that ensuring adequate pollination is likely to be more challenging. The proportion of high-quality strawberries was positively related to pollinator abundance, suggesting that yield was limited by inadequate pollination on some farms. The relative abundance of different pollinator taxa visiting strawberries changed markedly through the season, demonstrating seasonal complementarity. Insect visitors responded differently to changing weather conditions suggesting that diversity can reduce the risk of pollination service shortfalls. For example, flies visited the crop flowers in poor weather and at the end of the flowering season when other pollinators were scarce, and so may provide a unique functional contribution. Understanding how differences between pollinator groups can enhance pollination services to crops strengthens the case for multiple species management. We provide evidence for the link between increased diversity and function in real crop systems, highlighting the risks of replacing all pollinators with managed alternatives.     

Global agricultural productivity is threatened by increasing pollinator dependence without a parallel increase in crop diversification

The global increase in the proportion of land cultivated with pollinator‐dependent crops implies increased reliance on pollination services. Yet agricultural practices themselves can profoundly affect pollinator supply and pollination. Extensive monocultures are associated with a limited pollinator supply and reduced pollination, whereas agricultural diversification can enhance both. Therefore, areas where agricultural diversity has increased, or at least been maintained, may better sustain high and more stable productivity of pollinator‐dependent crops. Given that >80% of all crops depend, to varying extents, on insect pollination, a global increase in agricultural pollinator dependence over recent decades might have led to a concomitant increase in agricultural diversification. We evaluated whether an increase in the area of pollinator‐dependent crops has indeed been associated with an increase in agricultural diversity, measured here as crop diversity, at the global, regional, and country scales for the period 1961–2016. Globally, results show a relatively weak and decelerating rise in agricultural diversity over time that was largely decoupled from the strong and continually increasing trend in agricultural dependency on pollinators. At regional and country levels, there was no consistent relationship between temporal changes in pollinator dependence and crop diversification. Instead, our results show heterogeneous responses in which increasing pollinator dependence for some countries and regions has been associated with either an increase or a decrease in agricultural diversity. Particularly worrisome is a rapid expansion of pollinator‐dependent oilseed crops in several countries of the Americas and Asia that has resulted in a decrease in agricultural diversity. In these regions, reliance on pollinators is increasing, yet agricultural practices that undermine pollination services are expanding. Our analysis has thereby identified world regions of particular concern where environmentally damaging practices associated with large‐scale, industrial agriculture threaten key ecosystem services that underlie productivity, in addition to other benefits provided by biodiversity.     

Irish faba beans (Fabales: Fabaceae) depend on wild bumblebee pollination for marketable yields

1. Quantifying the contributions of insect pollinators to crops provides insight into how pollination services should be managed and protected into the future.
2. Faba bean, Vicia faba var minor (Linneaus), is a widely grown crop globally that can benefit from pollinator visitation, but only from species that are morphologically compatible with the plant's long-corollae flowers. Here, we rank insect pollinators in terms of their potential importance to faba bean pollination and quantify the economic value of pollination for Irish faba beans.
3. Our findings demonstrate that bee pollination contributes significantly to the pod set of faba beans, and, consequently, the crop's production value. We find that pollination services account for almost half of Ireland's total faba bean market value, with the pollinator contribution estimated at almost €4,000,000 per year.
4. We estimate that, relative to other pollinators, wild bumblebees contribute to approximately 70% of the economic value of pollination services in faba bean fields, driven mainly by the contributions of a long-tongued bumblebee species, Bombus hortorum (Linneaus; Hymenoptera: Apidae).
5. Based on these results, we suggest that B. hortorum populations be encouraged on farmland through appropriate management to ensure the continued delivery of pollination services to Irish faba beans.

     

Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: trend analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992-2009

In the US, the cultivated area (hectares) and production (tonnes) of crops that require or benefit from insect pollination (directly dependent crops: apples, almonds, blueberries, cucurbits, etc.) increased from 1992, the first year in this study, through 1999 and continued near those levels through 2009; aggregate yield (tonnes/hectare) remained unchanged. The value of directly dependent crops attributed to all insect pollination (2009 USD) decreased from $14.29 billion in 1996, the first year for value data in this study, to $10.69 billion in 2001, but increased thereafter, reaching $15.12 billion by 2009. The values attributed to honey bees and non-Apis pollinators followed similar patterns, reaching $11.68 billion and $3.44 billion, respectively, by 2009. The cultivated area of crops grown from seeds resulting from insect pollination (indirectly dependent crops: legume hays, carrots, onions, etc.) was stable from 1992 through 1999, but has since declined. Production of those crops also declined, albeit not as rapidly as the decline in cultivated area; this asymmetry was due to increases in aggregate yield. The value of indirectly dependent crops attributed to insect pollination declined from $15.45 billion in 1996 to $12.00 billion in 2004, but has since trended upward. The value of indirectly dependent crops attributed to honey bees and non-Apis pollinators, exclusive of alfalfa leafcutter bees, has declined since 1996 to $5.39 billion and $1.15 billion, respectively in 2009. The value of alfalfa hay attributed to alfalfa leafcutter bees ranged between $4.99 and $7.04 billion. Trend analysis demonstrates that US producers have a continued and significant need for insect pollinators and that a diminution in managed or wild pollinator populations could seriously threaten the continued production of insect pollinated crops and crops grown from seeds resulting from insect pollination.     

Crop management affects pollinator attractiveness and visitation in oilseed rape

Ecological intensification of agriculture implies managing ecological processes to improve performance of agricultural systems. However, impacts on relevant ecological functions such as insect pollination from other crop management factors are poorly explored. Pest insects and crop resources such as water availability can directly affect crop yields, but it is unknown if there are indirect effects through effects on insect pollination. With a factorial experiment, we examined how irrigation and control of pollen beetles affected crop attractiveness and pollinator visitation in an open-pollinated spring oilseed rape cultivar. We studied how irrigation and pest control modified the production of flowers and nectar in oilseed rape, and if this in turn affected the flower-visitation of honey bees and bumble bees. Pest control increased the number of oilseed rape flowers by 69%, and the amount of nectar per flower with 36%, but for the latter only in non-irrigated plots. Furthermore, we found higher pollinator densities in plots with reduced pollen beetle densities. Pest control also reduced the number of non-legitimate flower visits, suggesting higher pollination efficiency in plots with reduced pollen beetle densities. We show that crop management affects the value of mass-flowering crops as a resource for pollinating insects. Development of pest control tools that are harmless to pollinators could increase the value of flowering crops as food resources for pollinating insects.     

芍药的访花昆虫和传粉昆虫

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年对内蒙古赤峰市高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区内野生芍药 (PaeonialactifloraPall.)和内蒙古农校芍药园内栽培品种芍药的访花昆虫进行调查 ,经整理鉴定有 2 9种 ,自然保护区内芍药的访花昆虫种类有 1 7种 ,芍药园内的访花昆虫有 1 7种。根据传粉行为和数量的比较确定了自然保护区内主要传粉昆虫为丽斑芫菁、黄胫宽花天牛、黑胫宽花天牛、短毛斑金龟、饥星花金龟、白星花金龟和大淡脉隧蜂 ;芍药园内的主要传粉昆虫为意大利蜜蜂、棕边管食蚜蝇、长尾管食蚜蝇、大淡脉隧蜂、灰带管食蚜蝇和小淡脉隧蜂。     

基于LUCC的江苏省生态系统服务价值时空变化特征研究

江苏省作为资源环境容量有限但经济发展迅速的典型代表,在可持续发展背景下,开展土地利用变化、生态系统服务变化及其价值时空变化的研究,以期为缩小区域经济差异进行科学土地整治提供理论依据。首先基于1995-2015年间研究区经济发展重要时间节点的土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）数据分析土地利用变化情况,然后引入评估计分理论动态研究生态系统服务变化,最后通过修正当量因子计算生态系统服务价值并应用空间自相关与热点分析方法研究其时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）耕地、建设用地和水体为研究区主要土地利用类型,总覆盖度达到90%以上;2005-2015年土地利用变化速度显著;苏南地区土地利用较为丰富。（2）对比各景观类型,森林是具有更多功能的生态系统;2015年功能属性总得分高于1995年,但生态功能得分由5分降至2分。（3）1995-2015年江苏省生态系统服务价值从1258.19亿元减少为1208.74亿元,苏南地区生态系统服务价值变化较大。据预测至2022年,生态系统服务价值会跌到1.35亿元。