血清AFP,CEA,CA125单独或联合检测对原发性肝癌早期诊断的临床价值研究

目的:探讨血清中甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)单独以及联合检测对于原发性肝癌的早期诊断临床价值。方法:选择2012年1月~2016年6月在我院检验科确诊的120例原发性肝癌患者作为观察组,并以80例健康志愿者作为对照组,检测和比较两组的AFP、CEA和CA125水平,分析血清AFP、CEA、CA125单项及联合检测检出原发性肝癌的阳性率和约登指数。结果:观察组血清AFP(319.53±35.78 ng/mL)、CEA(81.4±27.8 ng/mL)、CA125(20.67±4.61 ng/mL)水平均明显高于健康对照组(P0.05)。血清AFP、CEA、CA125在单独检测时诊断原发性肝癌的敏感性分别为65%(78/120)、75%(90/120)和60%(72/120),而三者的联合检测能够使检测的敏感性达到92%(112/120),显著高于单独检测时的敏感度(P0.05)。血清AFP、CEA、CA125单项检测约登指数均显著低于联合检测(P0.05)。结论:相较于血清AFP、CEA、CA125的单独检测,三者联合检测可明显提高原发性肝癌的检出率。     

CEA、CA125、CA72-4、CYFRA211联合NSE对非小细胞肺癌诊断运用分析

目的:研究癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)、糖类抗原72-4(CA72-4)、细胞角蛋白片段211(CYFRA211)联合神经元烯醇化酶(NSE)对非小细胞肺癌诊断效果分析.方法:选择2009年3月至2011年3月来我院进行检测的50例非小细胞肺癌患者进行研究,并与同期进行体检的肺部良性疾病患者和健康体检者共50例进行对比分析,分别标记为实验组和对照组.分别采用免疫印迹增强的化学发光法对两组的CEA、CA125、CA72-4、CYFRA211以及NSE的水平进行检测分析.结果:NSE对非小细胞肺癌检测的特异度为98.4％,敏感度为16.3％.NSE联合CEA、CA125、CA72-4、CYFRA211检测对于非小细胞肺癌的敏感度(94％)和准确度(92％)均明显高于其余3组,差异有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:采用CEA、CA125、CA72-4、CYFRA211联合NSE对非小细胞肺癌患者进行诊断,提高了诊断的敏感度,并且提高了诊断的准确度.     

血浆循环游离DNA(cf DNA)联合癌胚抗原(CEA)在评估晚期非小细胞肺癌治疗疗效的临床价值

摘要 目的：研究血浆循环游离DNA（cf DNA）联合癌胚抗原（CEA）在评估晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）治疗疗效中的临床价值。方法：选取我院2019年1月~2022年1月收治的96例晚期NSCLC患者作为研究对象,所有患者均接受含铂双药化疗方案或放疗,评估治疗6个月后的临床疗效,根据疗效分为有效组与无效组,检测所有患者cf DNA及CEA水平并进行比较,单因素、多因素分析患者疗效的影响因素,并通过受试者工作特征曲线图（ROC）分析cf DNA及CEA对晚期NSCLC患者治疗疗效的评估价值。结果：本研究中96例患者均顺利完成化疗治疗,疗程结束后,有54例（56.25%）治疗有效,42例（43.75%）治疗无效;无效组肿瘤TNM分期Ⅳ期、体力状况（PS）评分2~4分占比大于有效组（P＜0.05）;无效组患者cf DNA及CEA水平明显高于有效组（P＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤分期Ⅳ期、PS评分2~4分、cf DNA及CEA高水平均为影响晚期NSCLC患者疗效的相关因素（P＜0.05）;ROC曲线分析显示,cf DNA、CEA对晚期NSCLC患者治疗后无效均有预测效能（P＜0.05）,其中两指标联合预测的曲线下面积（AUC）最大,为0.794,特异度、敏感度分别为85.19%、78.57%。结论：治疗无效晚期非小细胞肺癌患者cf DNA及CEA水平更高,肿瘤分期Ⅳ期、PS评分2~4分、cf DNA及CEA高水平均为晚期NSCLC患者疗效的影响因素,联合cf DNA及CEA检测有利于对晚期NSCLC患者治疗疗效进行评估。     

CA19-9、CA125、CEA及Ferritin联合检测诊断非小细胞肺癌脑、骨转移的临床价值研究

目的:研究CA19-9、CA125、癌胚抗原(CEA)以及铁蛋白(Ferritin)四种肿瘤标志物联合检测用于诊断非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)脑或(和)骨转移的临床价值。方法:选取2011年5月至2012年5月于我院就诊的NSCLC患者184例。将发现脑或(和)骨转移者归为转移组,共96例;将未发现脑、骨转移者归为无转移组,共88例,采用电化学发光免疫分析法测定各组患者血清中CA19-9、CA125、CEA以及Ferritin的水平,探讨其在NSCLC患者脑或(和)骨转移中的诊断效能。结果:在发生脑或(和)骨转移的NSCLC患者中,CA19-9、CA125、CEA及Ferritin四种肿瘤标志物的水平和阳性率均显著高于未发生骨、脑转移的患者。ROC曲线分析显示,以上四种肿瘤标志物对诊断NSCLC骨或(和)脑转移的敏感度分别为73.48%、69.13%、66.35%和61.34%;特异度分别为80.02%、32.51%、65.11%和62.58%;将四种肿瘤标志物联合进行诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为91.21%和88.64%,显著高于单一标志物诊断。结论:发生脑或(和)骨转移的NSCLC患者血清中CA19-9、CA125、CEA以及Ferritin四种肿瘤标志物水平均显著升高,以上标志物联合检测可提高NSCLC患者脑或(和)骨转移的诊断效能,可作为早期诊断NSCLC患者脑或(和)骨转移的辅助检测指标。     

血清ProGRP、TSGF与EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌患者疗效和预后的关系

摘要 目的：探讨血清胃泌素前体释放肽（ProGRP）、肿瘤特异性生长因子（TSGF）与表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者疗效和预后的关系。方法：选取2017年1月～2020年1月在青岛市中医医院、青岛市红岛人民医院、青岛市交运老年病医院、青岛市胸科医院接受EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗的EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者95例。所有患者根据疗效情况分为有效组和无效组,采用化学发光法和速率法检测有效组与无效组血清ProGRP、TSGF的差异。随访3年统计总生存率和中位生存时间,根据血清ProGRP（365.73±14.35）pg/mL、TSGF（147.88±27.59）U/mL均值将EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者分为高ProGRP组（≥365.73 pg/mL,41例）、高TSGF组（≥147.88 U/mL,46例）、低ProGRP组（＜365.73 pg/mL,54例）、低TSGF组（＜147.88 U/mL,49例）。Kaplan-Meier法绘制高/低血清ProGRP、TSGF水平EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者的生存曲线。并根据预后情况将EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者分为存活组（56例）、死亡组（39例）。单因素和多因素Cox回归分析影响EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者预后的因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清ProGRP、TSGF水平对EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者预后的预测价值。结果：治疗6周后,无效组血清ProGRP、TSGF水平高于有效组（P＜0.05）。随访期间无失访病例,95例EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者的客观缓解率为70.53%（67/95）,3年总生存率为41.05%（39/95）,中位生存时间16.00个月。Kaplan-Meier曲线分析显示,高ProGRP组、高TSGF组总生存率和中位生存时间低于低ProGRP组、低TSGF组（P＜0.05）。单因素和多因素Cox回归分析显示,TNM分期Ⅳ期、低分化、ProGRP升高、TSGF升高为影响EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清ProGRP、TSGF水平联合预测EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者死亡的曲线下面积为0.879,大于血清ProGRP、TSGF水平单独预测的0.765、0.773。结论：血清ProGRP、TSGF水平升高与EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者疗效和预后密切相关,血清ProGRP、TSGF水平联合检测对其有较高的预测价值。     

乳腺疾病患者血清中肿瘤标志物、细胞因子及唾液酸水平的变化及临床意义

目的:探讨乳腺疾病患者血清肿瘤标志物、细胞因子及唾液酸(Sialic acid,SA)水平的变化及临床意义。方法:选择2014年1月至2015年12月本院收治的乳腺疾病患者136例,包括乳腺癌患者(乳腺癌组)81例、良性乳腺疾病患者(良性组)55例,另选同期在本院体检的健康女性(对照组)50例,分别检测3组研究对象的血清肿瘤标志物[Carcino-embryonic antigen(CEA)、Carbohydrate antigen(CA)125、CA153、Tumor Supplied Group of Factors(TSGF)]、血清细胞因子[Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)、Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)1]及血清SA水平。结果:(1)乳腺癌组血清CEA[(23.12±10.04)μg/L]、CA153[(57.63±18.55)U/m L]、CA125[(48.50±16.44)U/m L]、TSGF[(93.25±15.65)U/m L]、VEGF[(136.80±14.95)ng/L]、TGF-β1[(107.29±13.85)ng/L]及SA[(863.40±132.48)mg/L]水平均显著高于良性组和对照组(P0.05);良性组血清VEGF水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),其余指标与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)乳腺癌Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期患者血清CEA、CA153、CA125、TSGF、VEGF、TGF-β1及SA水平均明显高于Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者(P0.05);其中乳腺癌Ⅰ期患者血清TSGF、VEGF及TGF-β1水平均明显低于Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者(P0.05)。(3)乳腺癌患者治疗后3个月且无转移复发者血清CEA、CA153、CA125、TSGF、VEGF、TGF-β1及SA水平均显著低于治疗前(P0.05);转移复发者治疗后各观察指标水平无明显降低或反升。结论:血清肿瘤标志物、血清细胞因子及血清SA水平联合检测有助于鉴别诊断乳腺良、恶性疾病,其中血清TSGF、VEGF及TGF-β1检测对乳腺癌的早期诊断、病情评价及预后具有重要的参考价值。     

Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌患者精确放疗前后血清CEA、SCC、NSE水平变化及与放疗疗效的关系研究

目的:研究Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者精确放疗前后血清癌胚抗原(CEA)、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原(SCC)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平变化及与放疗疗效的关系。方法:选择2014年1月到2016年12月在亳州市人民医院肿瘤科就诊的60例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者纳入此次研究,其中鳞癌14例,腺癌26例,腺鳞癌20例。所有患者均实施4周的精确放疗,放疗后肿瘤标记物水平降低43例,升高17例。根据放疗疗效将患者分为有效组39例,无效组21例。对比不同病理类型的Ⅲ期NSCLC患者CEA、SCC、NSE水平,不同疗效组放疗前后CEA、SCC、NSE水平,并分析患者的肿瘤标记物水平变化与放疗疗效的关系。结果:腺癌Ⅲ期NSCLC患者的CEA、NSE水平高于鳞癌及腺鳞癌者,且腺鳞癌者又高于鳞癌者;SCC水平低于鳞癌及腺鳞癌者,且腺鳞癌者又低于鳞癌者(P0.05)。放疗后有效组CEA、SCC、NSE水平均低于放疗前和无效组,而无效组CEA、SCC、NSE水平高于放疗前(P0.05)。肿瘤标记物水平降低者的有效率高于升高者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在实施精确放疗后治疗有效的Ⅲ期NSCLC患者,其血清CEA、SCC、NSE水平均呈现出明显的下降趋势,且与病理类型密切相关,临床上可重点关注上述指标水平,有助于患者的诊疗过程。     

上皮性卵巢癌患者CT、MRI影像学特征及与血清标志物CEA、CA199、CA125水平的相关性研究

摘要 目的：探讨上皮性卵巢癌患者电子计算机断层扫描（CT）、磁共振成像（MRI）影像学特征及与血清标志物癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原199（CA199）、糖类抗原125（CA125）水平的相关性。方法：回顾性分析2014年4月-2020年2月于我院83例诊断为上皮性卵巢癌患者的CT、MRI影像学资料,以手术病理结果作为金标准。分析患者的CT、MRI影像学特征,检测患者血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平,评价患者CT、MRI影像学特征与血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平的相关性。结果：上皮性卵巢癌肿瘤横截面最大径为14.2mm-121.7mm,平均（18.6±4.3）mm,上皮性卵巢癌以混杂密度/信号为主,形态不规则,病灶多为囊实性,可见壁结节及分隔改变,增强后可见分隔或壁结节明显强化,可伴有腹水、腹膜转移、淋巴结转移。血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平分别为（66.35±7.52）ng/mL、（183.59±22.62）U/mL、（225.27±25.34）U/mL。上皮性卵巢癌边界清晰、不清晰的血清CA199、CA125水平组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;上皮性卵巢癌形态圆形/类圆形/椭圆形、分叶状、形态不规则的血清CA199、CA125水平组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;上皮性卵巢癌患者有壁结节、腹膜转移、淋巴结转移的血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;其余CT、MRI影像学表现特征组间血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。上皮性卵巢癌边界与血清CA125水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）,上皮性卵巢癌形态与血清CA199、CA125水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）,壁结节与血清CA125水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）,腹膜转移、淋巴结转移与血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）,其余指标之间无明显相关性（P＞0.05）。结论：上皮性卵巢癌CT、MRI影像表现具有特征性,血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平的检测有助于对早期上皮性卵巢癌的诊断以及不同病理类型的判断,CT、MRI影像学特征与血清CEA、CA199、CA125水平具有相关性,可判断疾病的进展及患者预后情况,对指导临床综合治疗及评估患者预后可提供客观依据。     

血清CA199、CYFR21-1、CEA、NSE水平与肺癌的相关性研究

目的：分析血清CA199、CYFR21-1、CEA、NSE 水平检测在肺癌诊断及疗效评估中的临床价值,探讨其与肺癌的相关性。方 法：采用化学发光免疫法检测78 例肺癌患者、50 例肺部良性疾病及50 例健康体检者血清CA199、CYFR21-1、CEA、NSE 水平,比 较治疗前后肺癌患者肿瘤标志物水平的变化。结果：肺癌组血清CA199、CYFR21-1、CEA、NSE 水平较对照组、肺良性疾病组均显 著升高(P<0.05);Ⅲ-Ⅳ期肺癌患者各肿瘤标志物水平均较Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者明显升高（P<0.05）;四项联合检测的敏感性为79.5 %,明显 高于CA199、CYFR21-1、CEA、NSE 任一单项肿瘤标志物的敏感性（P<0.05）;随着疗效的下降,血清CA199、CYFR21-1、CEA、NSE 水平逐渐升高（P<0.05）。结论：肺癌患者血清CA199、CYFR21-1、CEA、NSE 水平呈高表达状态,且其表达水平与肺癌病情程度密 切相关,联合检测有助于提高肺癌诊断的敏感度及指导治疗方案选择。     

CEA、CA125、CA-50、β2-MG对腮腺粘液表皮样癌的诊断价值分析

目的:探讨CEA、CA125、CA-50、β_2-MG对腮腺粘液表皮样癌的诊断价值。方法:选择2015年6月至2017年5月本院收治的腮腺粘液表皮样癌患者30例为恶性肿瘤组及同期收治的良性腮腺肿瘤患者30例为良性肿瘤组,并选择30例健康体检者为健康对照组。采用酶促化学发光免疫分析法检测各组血清、混合唾液、健侧/患侧腮腺液中CEA、CA125含量;放射免疫分析法检测血清、混合唾液、健侧/患侧腮腺液中CA-50、β_2-MG水平。比较各组腮腺液、唾液、血清中CEA、CA125、CA-50、β_2-MG水平;分别对健侧及患侧腮腺液、混合唾液、血清中的CA-50、β_2-MG水平与CEA、CA125水平进行相关性分析。结果:肿瘤组腮腺液、唾液、血清CEA水平均明显高于健康对照组(P0.05),恶性肿瘤组患侧腮腺液、血清CEA水平明显高于良性肿瘤组(P0.05)。肿瘤组患侧腮腺液、混合唾液中CA125水平明显高于健康对照组,且恶性肿瘤组明显高于良性肿瘤组(P0.01)。肿瘤组各检测标本中CA-50水平均明显高于健康对照组(β_2-MG水平均明显低于健康对照组),恶性肿瘤组高于良性肿瘤组(P0.01)。健侧腮腺液及血清中CA-50水平与CEA水平呈显著正相关,β_2-MG水平与CEA水平呈显著负相关(P0.05)。患侧腮腺液及混合唾液中CA-50水平与CEA、CA125水平呈显著正相关,β_2-MG水平与CEA、CA125水平呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论:患侧腮腺液、混合唾液中CEA、CA125、CA-50、β_2-MG水平检测对腮腺粘液表皮样癌的诊断有较高的参考价值。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.