基于专利分析的医学科技重点技术前沿领域的识别研究

目的:采用定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法识别医学科技重点技术前沿领域。方法:在Thomson Innovation数据库中检索2006-2012年制药技术、生物医药技术和医疗器械三个领域申请的专利数量,采用专利计量分析、统计学趋势分析等定量分析方法结合专家专业知识的定性分析方法对检索、采集的专利进行分析并识别前沿领域。前沿领域的选择原则是专利申请数量标化平均值较高(制药技术、生物医药技术和医疗器械领域标化平均值分别选择大于10%、15%和20%的子领域),或者有显著性增长趋势(P0.05且b0)。结果:本研究共识别医学科技重点技术前沿领域12个,其中制药技术前沿领域4个,分别是:天然产物,普通药,杂环化合物和其他有机物;生物医药技术前沿领域4个,分别是:疾病诊断和检测,基因治疗和核苷类药物,蛋白多肽类药物和生物合成技术;医疗器械前沿领域4个,分别是:电子医疗设备,诊断及手术设备,消毒、注射及电疗设备和医疗救助及口服设备。结论:通过定量与定性分析方法相结合共识别医学科技重点技术前沿领域12个,对专利进行多角度分析可以全面把握前沿领域的技术发展方向和特点,为我国医学科技政策的制定提供基于数据和事实的信息支撑。     

光滑鳖甲肽聚糖识别蛋白的生物信息学分析

[目的]预测光滑鳖甲肽聚糖识别蛋白的结构与功能。[方法]采用生物信息学方法对该基因及其编码蛋白的基本理化性质、疏水性、信号肽、二级结构和亚细胞定位等方面进行预测和分析,同时构建其编码产物的系统进化树。[结果]此蛋白的理论分子量为21.882 k D,包含一个由20个氨基酸组成的信号肽,属亲水蛋白,分泌到胞外发挥作用,可能具有信号转导和响应胁迫与免疫反应的功能,与赤拟谷盗的同源性最高,具有能够与肽聚糖结合的保守的PGRP结构域和一个Ⅱ型酰胺酶结构域。[结论]光滑鳖甲肽聚糖识别蛋白Ap PGRP-FD1基因克隆成功,生物信息学分析及结合蛋白质结构与功能预测可为深入研究ApPGRP-FD1提供理论指导。     

生物医药专利密集型产业发展现状及建议*——以上海市为例

目的: 就上海生物医药产业的产业发展现状及专利情况,基于宏观数据分析,提出相应的建议。方法: 通过对比国内各省市生物医药产业和专利数据,聚焦分析上海生物医药产业发展现状、经济贡献及专利布局。结果: 我国已初步形成以长三角、环渤海为核心,珠三角、川渝等地区快速发展的产业空间格局,上海生物医药产业中浦东新区则居于领先地位,高校院所是生物医药领域专利的申请主体。结论: 上海应优化产业承载空间,强化发展要素集聚,深入推进从“点状突破”到“链式创新”,建设生物医药集聚区,加快技术研发与产业化落地。     

生物医药专利密集型产业发展现状及建议*——以上海市为例

目的: 就上海生物医药产业的产业发展现状及专利情况,基于宏观数据分析,提出相应的建议。方法: 通过对比国内各省市生物医药产业和专利数据,聚焦分析上海生物医药产业发展现状、经济贡献及专利布局。结果: 我国已初步形成以长三角、环渤海为核心,珠三角、川渝等地区快速发展的产业空间格局,上海生物医药产业中浦东新区则居于领先地位,高校院所是生物医药领域专利的申请主体。结论: 上海应优化产业承载空间,强化发展要素集聚,深入推进从“点状突破”到“链式创新”,建设生物医药集聚区,加快技术研发与产业化落地。     

基于多源遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别: 研究进展与展望

物种分类与识别是生物多样性监测的基础, 明确物种的类别及其分布是解决几乎所有生态学问题的前提。为深入了解基于多源遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别相关研究的发展现状和存在的问题, 本文对2000年以来该领域的研究进行了总结分析, 发现: 当前大多数研究集中在欧洲和北美地区的温带或北方森林以及南非的热带稀树草原; 使用最多的遥感数据是机载高光谱数据, 而激光雷达作为补充数据, 通过单木分割及提供单木的三维垂直结构信息, 显著提高了分类精度; 支持向量机和随机森林作为应用最广的非参数分类算法, 平均分类精度达80%; 随着计算机技术及机器学习领域的不断成熟, 人工神经网络在物种识别领域得以迅速发展。基于此, 本文对目前基于遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别中在分类对象复杂性、多源遥感数据整合、植物物候与纹理特征整合和分类算法技术等方面面临的挑战进行了总结, 并建议通过整合多时相监测数据、高光谱和激光雷达数据、短波红外等特定波谱信息、采用深度学习等方法来提高分类精度。     

景观特征评估—LCA体系与HLC体系比较研究与启示

发端于英国的LCA和HLC这2套体系日益成为景观特征评估的重要方法和工具。从发展历程、方法步骤及其在不同尺度上的实践与应用等方面比较分析,发现LCA体系在跨国区域、国家尺度上的景观特征类型识别与区划具有明显优势,评估结果能包容更多的景观特征,但公众参与评估的深度和对景观历史维度的关注存在局限;HLC专注于历史景观的特征识别,在地方行政和场地尺度上对景观演变和历史景观特征类型识别优于LCA体系,但评估结果不及后者全面,二者存在互补性。合理借鉴和融合2套体系,进行景观特征类型识别和区划,将有助于指导中国国土景观、乡村景观的合理管护和利用。     

基于分块主成分分析的太行山猕猴面部相似性

2012 年4 ～8 月,在太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区济源管理局天坛山管护区(北纬35°05′ ～ 35°15′,东经112°12′ ～ 112°22′),对太行山猕猴王屋1 群(WW - 1)内的3 个母系单元(matrilineal unit) 中大于(等于)3 岁龄的26 只个体进行面部拍照,获取其面部特写照片,进而利用分块主成分分析(modular principal component analysis,MPCA)法,对个体进行面部识别分析,旨在探讨个体间面部相似度与亲缘关系的相关性。结果表明:(1)太行山猕猴个体间的面部相似度与亲缘类型有关,母亲与大于3 岁龄子代间的面部相似度为0.93 ±0. 00,显著高于单元内(0. 89 ± 0. 00)和单元间(0.84 ±0.01)的面部相似度;(2)太行山猕猴个体的面部特征随年龄增长而变化,4 岁(含4 岁)龄以上个体与母亲间的面部相似度较高(0.88 ～ 0. 95),依此值可准确地识别母子关系。本研究采用量化方法对非人灵长类个体间面部相似度进行分析,发现太行山猕猴个体间的面部相似度与亲缘关系密切相关;研究结果可为非人灵长类的个体识别提供较为客观的手段和方法。     

中国汉族女性TLR7基因主要编码区的全长扩增及多态性分析

目的:扩增TLR7主要编码区外显子3(exon 3)的全长基因片段并进行基因多态性分析,筛选健康人群中TLR7基因的主要SNP位点.方法:采用酚-氯仿抽提方法从28例健康女性血样中提取基因组DNA,采用长片段扩增方法分别扩增TLR7 exon 3区的3个片段,测序、拼接后进行多态性分析.结果:采用LA-Taq酶体系成功扩增TLR7 exon 3区基因片段;经与Genbank数据库中TLR7参考序列比较,我国女性TLR7基因序列高度保守,仅出现了4个点突变,并发现1个SNP位点RS3853839,表现为GG、CG和CC三种基因型.结论:建立了TLR7编码区基因扩增方法,筛选到1个TLR7SNP位点RS3853839,可为分析TLR7多态性与多种病毒感染性疾病的关系提供参考.     

国外公众健康信息学发展研究

通过分析国外公众健康信息学研究的年代分布特点、核心期刊、重要作者和研究热点,探索国外公众健康信息学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势,为国内公众健康信息学领域的研究与实践提供理论参考。利用TDA、Excel等工具,从时间、期刊和作者分布三方面对SCIE数据库收录的公众健康信息学领域的研究文献进行时空维度分析,再进行关键词和高频被引文献分析。从发文量来看国外公众健康信息学研究的发展比较平缓,核心期刊包括医学互联网研究杂志与国际医学信息学杂志,重要作者有Eysenbach Gunther、Keselman Alla等。1994~2013年公众健康信息学研究热点包括基本问题、卫生系统和个人健康记录、健康传播和患者教育以及医学信息学相关学科。高频被引文献内容涵盖公众健康信息学科,公众健康信息系统,电子病历和个人健康记录,互联网对公众健康行为的影响等几个方面。     

基于功能性状多维性理解外来物种入侵的达尔文归化难题

达尔文归化难题是进行外来物种入侵预测的重要理论依据,然而,达尔文归化假说和预适应假说却预测了2种截然不同的结果。事实上,达尔文归化难题争论的焦点是物种间的差异性还是相似性促进了外来物种的成功入侵,究其原因可能是忽略了功能性状的多维性。所谓功能性状的多维性,就是不同的功能性状可能代表着不同的生态功能轴,外来物种的入侵是多个维度上不同生态过程的综合结果。本研究以现代物种共存理论为基础,构建了一个基于环境过滤和适合度差异2个维度的入侵预测模型框架,不同维度对应着不同的功能性状以及不同的种间相似性关系。该预测模型表明,在环境过滤维度上与本地物种性状趋同,同时,在适合度维度上与本地物种性状趋异的外来物种是潜在的入侵物种,而其危害程度主要取决于本地群落的构建过程。该模型框架可为外来物种入侵预警提供理论依据,也可为生物多样性保护、外来物种的防治与管理等提供实践指导。     

Protein-protein cross-linking and human health: the challenge of elucidating with mass spectrometry

Introduction: In several biomedical research fields, the cross-linking of peptides and proteins has an important impact on health and wellbeing. It is therefore of crucial importance to study this class of post-translational modifications in detail. The huge potential of mass spectrometric technologies in the mapping of these protein-protein cross-links is however overshadowed by the challenges that the field has to overcome.

Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the different pitfalls and challenges that the protein-protein cross-linking field is confronted with when using mass spectrometry approaches. We additionally focus on native disulfide bridges as an example and provide some examples of cross-links that are important in the biomedical field.

Expert commentary: The current flow of methodological improvements, mainly from the chemical cross-linking field, has delivered a significant contribution to deciphering native and insult-induced cross-links. Although an automated data analysis of proteome-wide peptide cross-linking is currently only possible in chemical cross-linking experiments, the field is well on the way towards a more automated analysis of native and insult-induced cross-links in raw mass spectrometry data that will boost its potential in biomedical applications.     

Chromatin structure analysis enables detection of DNA insertions into the mammalian nuclear genome

BackgroundGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) have numerous biomedical, agricultural and environmental applications. Development of accurate methods for the detection of GMOs is a prerequisite for the identification and control of authorized and unauthorized release of these engineered organisms into the environment and into the food chain. Current detection methods are unable to detect uncharacterized GMOs, since either the DNA sequence of the transgene or the amino acid sequence of the protein must be known for DNA-based or immunological-based detection, respectively.MethodsHere we describe the application of an epigenetics-based approach for the detection of mammalian GMOs via analysis of chromatin structural changes occurring in the host nucleus upon the insertion of foreign or endogenous DNA.ResultsImmunological methods combined with DNA next generation sequencing enabled direct interrogation of chromatin structure and identification of insertions of various size foreign (human or viral) DNA sequences, DNA sequences often used as genome modification tools (e.g. viral sequences, transposon elements), or endogenous DNA sequences into the nuclear genome of a model animal organism.ConclusionsThe results provide a proof-of-concept that epigenetic approaches can be used to detect the insertion of endogenous and exogenous sequences into the genome of higher organisms where the method of genetic modification, the sequence of inserted DNA, and the exact genomic insertion site(s) are unknown.General significanceMeasurement of chromatin dynamics as a sensor for detection of genomic manipulation and, more broadly, organism exposure to environmental or other factors affecting the epigenomic landscape are discussed.     

Gold nanomaterials as key suppliers in biological and chemical sensing,catalysis, and medicine

BackgroundGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have received a great deal of interest in the field of biological, chemical and biomedical implementations. Despite the widespread use of AuNPs in chemical and biological sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis, and more recently in therapy, no comprehensive summary has been provided to explain how AuNPs could aid in developing improved sensing and catalysts systems as well as medical settings.Scope of reviewThe chemistry of Au-based nanosystems was followed by reviewing different applications of Au nanomaterials in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis by a number of approaches, and finally synergistic combination therapy of different cancers. Afterwards, the clinical impacts of AuNPs, future application of AuNPs, and opportunities and challenges of AuNPs application were also discussed.Major conclusionsAuNPs show exclusive colloidal stability and are considered as ideal candidates for colorimetric detection, catalysis, imaging, and photothermal transducers, because their physicochemical properties can be tuned by adjusting their structural dimensions achieved by the different manufacturing methods.General significanceThis review provides some details about using AuNPs in sensing and catalysis applications as well as promising theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer imaging and diagnosis, and sensitive, non-invasive, and synergistic methods for cancer treatment in an almost comprehensive manner.     

Evaluation of VITEK matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of anaerobes

Rapid and adequate identification of anaerobic bacterial species still presents a challenge for most diagnostic laboratories, hindering the selection of appropriate therapy. In this study, the identification capacity of 16S rRNA sequence analysis, VITEK 2 (BioMérieux, Lyon, France) compact analysis and VITEK MS‐mediated identification for anaerobic bacterial species was compared. Eighty‐five anaerobic bacterial isolates from 11 provinces in China belonging to 14 genera were identified by these three methods. Differences in identification between these three methods were compared. Consistent identification results were obtained for 54 (54/85, 63.5%) isolates by all three methods, the most discordant results being concentrated in Clostridium XI (n = 8) and Bacteroides fragilis (n = 9) clusters. Using the VITEK MS system, 74 (74/90, 82.2%) isolates were identified as single species consistent with 16S rRNA sequence analysis, which was significantly better than the results obtained with VITEK 2 Compact (P < 0.01). Misidentifications by the Vitek 2 Compact and Vitek MS systems were mainly observed in the Clostridium XI (n = 8)and B. fragilis clusters (n = 9). VITEK MS identified anaerobic bacteria even after they had been exposed to oxygen for a week. Identification by the Vitek MS system was more consistent with 16S rRNA sequence analysis than identification by Vitek 2 Compact. Continuous expansion of the VITEK MS database with rare described anaerobic species is warranted to improve both the efficiency and accuracy of VITEK MS identification in routine diagnostic microbiology.     

吲哚箐绿联合亚甲蓝在子宫内膜癌术中前哨淋巴结识别中的应用价值

目的:探究吲哚箐绿联合亚甲蓝在子宫内膜癌术中前哨淋巴结识别中的应用价值。方法:选取2016年8月~2017年9月我院收治的子宫内膜癌患者93例,采用随机数字表法分为两组。对照组将亚甲蓝蓝染的淋巴结作为前哨淋巴结,观察组在对照组的基础上使用吲哚箐绿,蓝染和荧光显影的淋巴结作为前哨淋巴结。比较两组患者的前哨淋巴结切除时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数量、主动脉旁淋巴结切除例数、前哨淋巴结识别成功率,并比较两种方法的准确率、敏感性和特异性。术后随访12个月,对两组患者的复发情况和相关并发症进行比较。结果:两组患者的前哨淋巴结切除时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数量和主动脉旁淋巴结切除例数比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);观察组的前哨淋巴结识别成功率、准确率和特异性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),两组敏感度、复发率比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。两组在随访期间均未发生皮肤坏死、过敏或永久性着色等相关不良反应。结论:吲哚箐绿联合亚甲蓝在子宫内膜癌术中识别前哨淋巴结的应用价值显著高于单用亚甲蓝。     

医院安全绩效影响因素及提升策略研究

目的 通过调查医院安全绩效的现状,了解和探究医院安全绩效的影响因素,并提出医院安全绩效的提升策略。方法 采用随机抽样的方法选取10家三级甲等医院的医务人员作为研究对象,通过简单回归分析和多元回归分析等方法对医院安全绩效影响因素进行分析。结果（1）安全训练和事故分析两个维度的积极反应率均低于75%;（2）医院安全文化与病人安全行为均对安全绩效具有影响作用。结论 医院安全绩效管理水平提升需加强医务人员的素质培养,同时营造良好的安全文化氛围,规范医务人员的安全行为。     

Protein–protein interaction networks improve the proteomics data interpretation in induced apoptosis

Evaluation of: Deighton RF, Kerr LE, Short DM et al. Network generation enhances interpretation of proteomics data from induced apoptosis. Proteomics DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900112 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).

The huge ongoing improvements in proteomics technologies, including the development of high-throughput mass spectrometry, are resulting in ever increasing information on protein behavior during cellular processes. The exponential accumulation of proteomics data has the promise to advance biomedical sciences by shedding light on the most important events that regulate mammalian cells under normal and pathophysiological conditions. This may provide practical insights that will impact medical practice and therapy, and may permit the development of a new generation of personalized therapeutics. Proteomics, as a powerful tool, creates numerous opportunities as well as challenges. At the different stages, data interpretation requires proteomics analysis, various tools to help deal with large proteomics data banks and the extraction of more functional information. Network analysis tools facilitate proteomics data interpretation and predict protein functions, functional interactions and in silica identification of intracellular pathways. The work reported by Deighton and colleagues illustrates an example of improving proteomics data interpretation by network generation. The authors used ingenuity pathway analysis to generate a protein network predicting direct and indirect interaction between 13 proteins found to be affected by staurosporine treatment. Importantly, the authors highlight the caution required when interpreting the results from a small number of proteins analyzed using network analysis tools.     

DNA条形码技术在中缅树鼩隆安种群和昆明种群鉴定中的研究

目的:本研究利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I基因(CO1)的一段保守区域作为DNA条形码技术的研究序列,探讨DNA条形码技术对中缅树鼩隆安种群和昆明种群进行分类鉴定的可行性。方法:对22只广西隆安树鼩和21只昆明树鼩样本的CO1基因进行PCR扩增、测序,应用MEGA V5软件对序列进行比对及分析其遗传距离,采用NJ法构建系统发育树。结果:中缅树鼩种群中,隆安种群、昆明种群和海南亚种的种内遗传距离为0.00%-0.79%,种群间遗传距离为9.71%-13.59%,中缅树鼩与普通树鼩的种间遗传距离为20.43%-24.11%,存在条形码间隔。系统发育树显示:隆安种群、昆明种群及海南亚种分别聚为一小支,分支置信度高达100%。结论:本研究结果表明DNA条形码技术有助于树鼩种群和亚种的分类鉴定,经CO1基因的测序分析证实广西隆安树鼩和昆明树鼩分属不同的种群。     

基于FMEA法的剖宫产风险识别与对策研究

目的 帮助医院明确剖宫产手术中的高风险环节及关键流程,切实做好产科安全管理。方法　通过FMEA法与文献研究、头脑风暴、问卷调查及专家咨询相结合的方式,对剖宫产诊疗流程中的风险进行识别。结果　共识别出剖宫产诊疗流程中10项高风险环节,即产后出血、知情同意效果不佳、会诊不及时、羊水栓塞、切口感染、尿路感染、会诊诊断及治疗错误、术前宣教效果不佳、麻醉失误、检查结果有误。结论 FMEA法是一项有效的医疗风险识别工具,能够前瞻性的检测出剖宫产高风险环节.并有针对性地实施干预。