城市居住区三维景观变化规律与影响因素

基于1997年1∶10000航片以及2002、2005和2008年QuickBird数据,应用Barista软件以及GIS、RS技术,提取了沈阳市铁西区居住区建筑物的三维信息,采用道路密度、绿化率、建筑平均高度、高度标准差、建筑覆盖率、容积率、建筑体形系数以及人口密度和人均GDP等指标,分析了1997—2008年铁西居住区改造过程中三维景观的变化规律与影响因素.结果表明:1997—2008年,铁西居住区工业建筑面积比重降低,商业与其他公共类建筑面积比重增加,居住、教育与医疗建筑面积比重基本保持稳定;研究区建筑数量减少,建筑覆盖率及体形系数降低,容积率、平均高度、高度标准差及道路密度、绿化率升高;在居住区有限的空间内,人口与经济活动容纳能力提高的同时环境质量也有所提高,建筑高度变异程度增大,建筑能耗降低.人口密度、人均GDP与容积率、道路密度和绿化率呈正相关,与建筑覆盖率呈负相关.     

长江上游坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响

景观组成及景观格局特征决定了污染物的来源和地表景观的拦截消纳潜力，地表坡降会加剧土壤侵蚀，坡地景观特征是影响河流水质的重要因素。研究基于长江上游重庆段2015年水质监测数据和30 m空间分辨率土地利用数据，提取河岸带100 m、200 m、300 m、500 m、1000 m和子流域6种空间尺度上景观格局和景观组成，并进一步将景观组成分为总地类、缓坡地类和陡坡地类三种不同坡度尺度，再采用相关分析和冗余分析（RDA）等方法定量探讨了坡地景观特征（坡地景观组成、景观格局）对河流水质的多时空尺度影响。结果表明：坡地景观特征对2015年长江上游重庆段河流水质的影响具有空间尺度效应；坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响在河岸带尺度强于子流域尺度，其中关键尺度为河岸带100 m至300 m，最有效尺度为河岸带200 m。坡地景观特征影响水质的季节差异随空间尺度不同而变化，在河岸带100 m至300 m尺度为汛期强于非汛期，在河岸带1000 m尺度相反，在子流域尺度无季节差异。建设用地面积比与溶解氧（DO）和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）正相关，耕地面积百分比与氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）参数正相关，两者为水质污染"源景观"，且缓坡耕地对水质的解释率高于总地类耕地；林地与水质参数呈负相关，对缓解水质恶化具有积极作用；集聚度（COHESION）、聚合度（AI）指标与NH₄⁺-N参数及斑块密度（PD）、边缘密度（ED）与DO、COD_Mn参数均呈正相关。在集水区尤其是河岸带300 m范围内，严格把控建设用地污水收集与处理，种植河岸带防护林，采取横坡耕种方式，并通过优化景观结构（如种植植物篱）以增强景观拦截力以减少污染物的集中输出，从而改善河流水质。     

街区尺度屋顶绿化热效应及其与城市形态结构之间的关系

研究探讨大面积屋顶绿化如何改善城市冠层内部三维空间的热环境,改善效果与城市形态结构之间存在的关系。基于三维小气候模型ENVI-met 4.2,开展街区尺度屋顶绿化热效应研究。在南京市选择具有不同形态结构特征的8个典型样区,每个样区设置2种朝向(街道与主导风向平行或相交)、3种屋顶绿化情景(传统光屋顶、简易型绿化、复合型绿化),共对48种情景进行了微气候模拟与分析。结果表明,街区尺度屋顶绿化产生的"冷岛"可从屋面扩散到地面空间,缓解城市冠层热岛效应。白天14:00时,8个样区屋顶1.5 m高处的降温强度最高可达0.64℃,样区平均降温强度最大值为0.44℃;地面1.5 m高处的降温最大值为0.55℃,样区平均降温强度最大值为0.25℃。建筑高度、高宽比、容积率与屋面、地面降温强度之间均存在显著负相关关系;建筑密度与屋面降温强度显著正相关,但与地面降温强度之间无显著相关性。总的来说,紧凑低层建筑区和开敞低层建筑区实施屋顶绿化后产生的降温效应明显高于紧凑和开敞高层建筑区;建筑高度和密度相同时,街道走向与主导风向呈45°夹角比与主导风向平行具有更高的降温强度。研究结果能够促进对亚热带城市地区建筑-植被-大气相互关系的深入认识,并为屋顶绿化实践提供指导。     

不同空间特征尺度下景观格局对水质的影响

探究空间特征尺度下景观格局与水质的关系，对正确揭示格局如何影响水体污染迁移过程具有重要意义。本研究以福建省闽江流域为例，划分子流域、河岸和圆形缓冲区3种空间尺度，收集流域内26个监测断面的水质数据，基于Landsat-8影像分析景观格局特征。利用半变异函数、冗余分析等手段，识别各空间尺度的特征尺度，探讨在空间特征尺度下景观格局对水质的影响。结果显示：(1)闽江流域水质总体达到Ⅱ类标准，但仍存在超标水质，主要由水产禽畜养殖所致。(2)河岸尺度的特征尺度在1000 m缓冲区，而圆形缓冲区的特征尺度在2000 m。(3)子流域尺度景观格局对水质的总解释最强，达58.4%,其次为河岸(45.2%)、圆形缓冲区尺度(38.4%)。(4)林地的聚集程度和城镇最大斑块指数是影响水质的主要景观格局变量。上游汇水单元是未来水资源管理的关键区域，减少污染排放，增大林地优势和聚集程度，打破大面积建成区的连续性，有助于净化水质。     

徐州城市景观格局对绿地植物多样性的多尺度影响

城市地表景观的变化导致城市生物栖息地的损坏、破碎和丧失,致使城市生物多样性下降.为探讨城市景观格局变化对植物多样性的影响,本研究以徐州市绕城高速公路内的城区为对象,采用布朗布伦奎特(Braun-Blanquet)盖度等级法对36块城市绿地植物群落进行调查,并对不同绿地植物群落的物种多样性进行了分析.同时,以研究区2005和2015年的Landsat ETM遥感影像作为基础数据源,在Erdas、GIS、Fragstats软件的支持下,以每块调查样地为中心,分别建立9个不同半径的缓冲区,计算各缓冲区内表征斑块形状、破碎度和连通性共3类39个景观指数,在此基础上,运用冗余分析(RDA)筛选出不同幅度下对城市绿地植物多样性有显著影响的景观格局指数.结果表明: 植物多样性对景观整体格局和景观要素的响应具有明显的时间和空间尺度效应.2005年,未利用地和农田的破碎度、形状指数在800 m半径的缓冲区内能更好地解释植物多样性,建筑用地的破碎度和连通性指数在800～2000 m范围内对植物多样性有重要影响;2015年,草地和林地景观在800 m缓冲区内可更好地解释植物多样性,而建筑用地和未利用地在1000～2000 m范围内对植物多样性有显著影响;研究区当前植物多样性受2005年类型水平景观指数的影响更显著,说明研究区植物多样性对周边景观格局变化的响应存在一定的时间滞后;景观水平的格局指数与类型水平指数特征较为一致,说明物种与空间尺度的相互作用更多依赖于景观类型.     

长白山次生杨桦林种群空间点格局及密度制约效应

以长白山5.2 hm²次生杨桦林样地为研究对象,利用空间点格局分析的双相关函数g（r）以及随机标签零模型和案例-对照设计法,探讨了树木种群空间格局及其密度制约效应。研究结果表明：生境异质性对不同生活型以及不同树种的成熟个体在大尺度范围上具有强烈影响。剔除生境异质性带来的影响后,在14个常见树种中有12个树种在小尺度上呈显著的空间聚集分布格局;随着空间尺度的增加聚集性分布树种数量急剧下降,在18 m尺度上聚集率下降到0。全部14个常见树种均呈现出显著的密度制约效应,表明密度制约是调节温带森林树木种群空间结构的主要作用机制。此外,密度制约与物种多度呈负相关,与亚林层和灌木层树种的同种聚集强度呈正相关。并且随着空间尺度增大受密度制约影响的树种百分比逐渐减小,14个常见树种中有11个在0-1 m处达到最大的密度制约强度。     

莫莫格自然保护区白鹤秋季迁徙停歇期觅食生境选择

2008年秋季(10月8日—20日)及2009年秋季(9月20日—10月16日),通过样方法对觅食生境11个生态因子进行调查,利用卡方检验、资源选择指数和资源选择函数在莫莫格保护区对秋季迁徙停歇期白鹤觅食生境选择进行研究。结果表明,白鹤对距人为干扰源距离、植被密度、盖度、高度、植物性食物密度以及水深均具有选择性,但对宏观尺度干扰因子的选择性较低。其偏好觅食生境的特点为:距一级路>5000m,>二级路1500m以上,>三级路1000m以上,>居民点1000m以上,农田>1000m;植被密度20~50株/m2,盖度<10%,高度<20cm,扁杆藨草密度1~50株/m2,藨草密度1~10株/m2,水深40~60cm。白鹤秋季觅食生境资源选择函数为Logistic(P)=0.663+0.565×与一级道路距离+0.042×与二级道路距离+0.519×与三级道路距离+0.353×与居民点距离+0.169×与农田距离–0.455×植被密度–0.618×植被盖度–0.548×植被高度–0.158×扁杆藨草密度–0.404×藨草密度+0.920×水深,T(x)=eLogistic(p)/[1+eLogistic(p)],模型正确预测率为82.9%。     

雷州半岛风水林灌木层优势种群空间分布格局与关联性

为探讨人居环境周边存留碎片化森林林下物种空间格局,本研究以广东雷州半岛风水林灌木层中重要值位列前三的粗糠柴、皂帽花、九节为对象,运用点格局分析方法分析这3个优势植物种群的空间分布格局和种内关联性。结果表明：粗糠柴、九节、皂帽花种群在0～25 m的空间尺度内主要表现为聚集分布,以幼树最为显著,随着龄级的增长,聚集程度逐渐减弱。影响3种植物分布格局的主要因素有生境异质性、负密度制约和扩散限制。各龄级间多呈现为正关联关系,尤在幼树与中龄树、幼树与成年树之间作用更为明显。因此,在雷州半岛的生态修复过程中,0～25 m的空间尺度内粗糠柴、九节、皂帽花在小范围内应聚集栽培,聚集程度视植物形态而定,大范围内则应分散栽培。     

子午岭次生油松林立木竞争格局研究

研究干旱区森林立木竞争及空间分布格局,旨在为揭示干旱区森林恢复演替过程中竞争动态和格局形成驱动机制提供科学依据。经全面调查之后,依据时空互代原理选择了4个处于不同演替阶段,面积为0.25 hm²的大样地进行研究。采用Hegyi邻体密度模型研究立木竞争强度指数。采用Kriging法与Hegyi法相结合研究立木竞争的空间格局。采用一元和二元O-ring函数模型分别研究了乔木空间分布格局和乔木种间空间相关性。结果表明：在上述4个群落中油松（Pinus tabuliformis）种群密度分别为1 476、996、800、648株·hm^-2,白桦（Betula platyphylla）种群密度为48、32、44、16株·hm^-2,山杨（Populus davidiana）种群密度分别为64、28、24、12 株·hm^-2。3种主要乔木的竞争指数由高到低依次为油松、白桦、山杨,各物种竞争指数均随演替阶段的增长而下降;演替后期,胸径2~15 cm油松个体减少明显,而胸径大于30 cm的个体数量有所增加;在所有演替阶段中,油松竞争指数均随着胸径的增加而下降;油松种群竞争空间格局为典型的非匀质斑块状格局。点格局分析结果表明,油松种群在0~5 m尺度呈现聚集分布,且与其他树种在5~15 m尺度存在空间负相关。本研究主要结论如下,黄土高原次生油松林群落中油松竞争指数高于其他物种。油松在各演替阶段均呈现出基于径级大小的竞争不对称性,演替后期油松群落自疏机制为限制小径级个体的生长。竞争的格局在水平空间尺度具有斑块性,随着演替的进行,高竞争斑块在数量、范围和强度上减小,但并不会消失。油松生态策略为小尺度聚集分布,与其他树种在5~15 m尺度空间负相关,这个尺度已经超过了经典的树冠竞争理论范畴,其背后的原因需要更加深入地研究。     

基于遥感生态指数的道路网络生态效应分析——以福州市为例

以2000年和2016年两期Landsat影像为基础数据源,借助遥感生态指数（RSEI）对福州市生态环境进行评价,在此基础上,从道路缓冲区、城乡梯度带、剖面线三种不同取样方法定量探讨RSEI对路网的响应机制;再以500 m×500 m、1000 m×1000 m、1500 m×1500 m、2000 m×2000 m、2500 m×2500 m、3000 m×3000 m不同尺度的网格划分空间单元,运用全局空间自相关、地理加权回归分析等方法分析了道路核密度（KDE）和RSEI及其之间关系的空间异质性。结果表明：从2000年到2016年,福州市生态环境好的区域面积增幅大于生态环境差的区域面积,生态环境质量向好的方向发展。各类型道路缓冲区的RSEI变化规律都是呈从0 m到3000 m逐渐上升的趋势,其中国道、省道、县道、乡镇道路影响的阈值分别在900、900、450、750 m左右。在城乡梯度分析中,RSEI曲线的变化规律都是随着与行政中心距离的增大而增大,到达一定阈值后趋于平缓,甚至还有小幅度的下降,区级的影响阈值在20 km左右,县级的影响阈值在12 km左右;而KDE曲线的变化规律与RSEI相反,其变化阈值与RSEI正好对应。剖面线所经过的行政中心处,其RSEI为低值,KDE为高值,西北方向的内陆地区RSEI高于东南方向的沿海地区。在多尺度的地理加权回归分析中,1500 m×1500 m和2000 m×2000 m这两个网格单元采样下的空间集聚性较强,空间异质性明显,总体上来看,RSEI与KDE呈现负相关关系,且相关关系存在空间分异,负回归系数主要分布在研究区的中心区域。研究结果可为福州市生态建设和路网规划提供参考依据。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic, and antibacterial activity of tetraazamacrocyclic complexes of trivalent chromium,manganese, and iron

A new series of macrocyclic complexes of type [M(TML)X]X₂, where M = Cr(III), Mn(III), or Fe(III), TML is tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, and X = Cl^?, NO₃^?, CH₃COO^? for Cr(III), Fe(III) and X = CH₃COO^? for Mn (III), has been synthesized by condensation of benzil and succinyldihydrazide in the presence of metal salt. The complexes have been so formulated due to the 1:2 electrolytic nature of these complexes as shown by conductivity measurements. The complexes have been characterized with the help of various physicochemical techniques such as elemental analysis, molar conductance, electronic and infrared spectral studies, and magnetic susceptibility. On the basis of these studies, a five-coordinate distorted square pyramidal geometry, in which two nitrogens and two carbonyl oxygen atoms are suitably placed for coordination toward the metal ion, has been proposed for all the complexes. The complexes have been tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Some of the complexes show remarkable antibacterial activities against some selected bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations shown by these complexes have been compared with those shown by some standard antibiotics such as linezolid and cefaclor.