自生条件下根瘤菌的氢酶表达与固氮的联系

在自生条件下,研究了根瘤菌的氢酶与固氮酶的共轭表达(coexpression)。氢酶表达受碳源限制和氧耗速率的调节,并为固氮酶表达条件促进,在固氮酶放氢的诱导下而与固氮酶共轭表达。此外,观察到外源氢支持根瘤菌自生固氮的活性,氢支持效应被葡萄糖酸钠和氧抑制。     

光合细菌Rhodopseudomoaos capsulata固氮酶合成的光促诱导

紫色非硫光合细菌是兼性厌氧及兼性光合生长的细菌,利用这一可塑的生长特性,研究了光对Rhodopseudomonas capsulata的固氮酶合成的影响,结果表明:1.暗生长的无固氮活性的静止细胞一经照光其固氮酶即以高速率形成,一旦光照中断,固氮酶的合成也立即中止,氯霉素的抑制试验表明,这种光促诱导的固氮酶出现是酶蛋白的重新合成,而不是预先形成的系统在光下的激活。2.外源性电子供体如苹果酸、分子氢等对光促诱导的固氨酶合成有促进作用。3.固氮酶合成与细菌光合器的形成是彼此独立的,在黑暗中细菌光合膜可以形成,而固氮酶却不能形成。4.暗处好氧生长的光合细菌在同一光强下诱导固氮酶,细菌叶绿素含量高的菌体,其固氮酶合成的速率也高。5.固氮酶的诱导合成可被电子传递抑制剂或磷酸化解联剂完全抑制。基于上述结果,对光合细菌固氮酶的光促合成的可能机理作了讨论。     

南岭黄檀根瘤固氮酶和吸氢酶活性研究

测定不同环境条件下南岭黄檀根瘤固氮酶和吸氢酶活性。结果表明,南岭黄檀根瘤具有吸氢酶活性,外源Ｈ＿２可提高固氮酶活性（２５％）,表明吸氢酶有助于提高固氮效率。低浓度的硝酸盐（２０ｍｇ。１￣＿（－１）不影响根瘤固氮酶和吸氢酶活性,但浓度达４０ｍｇ·ｌ￣（－１）时有抑制作用,而铵盐在上述浓度下均表现抑制作用。离体根瘤固氮酶和吸氢酶活性表达的最适温度为２５℃,过高或过低均有抑制作用。土壤含水量及光照强度均明显影响其固氮酶和吸氢酶活性。     

丙酮酸对浑球红假单胞菌突变株(GOGAT~-Nif~-)固氮酶活性的调节

固氮无效的浑球红假单胞菌GOGAT突变株经丙酮酸诱导产生固氮酶活性。固氮酶比活随丙酮酸浓度增加而提高,同时依赖于蛋白质合成的菌体生长。丙酮酸产生固氮酶时氮源Glu的浓度高达60 mmol/L。液相色谱分析表明,丙酮酸诱导固氮酶活性的形成与胞内Gln耗竭有关而与Asn无关。用丙酮酸代替苹果酸诱导,突变株向胞外分泌的游离氨大大减少。丙酮酸诱导时变种谷氨酰胺酶比活较高,它可能参与胞内Gln的分解。     

镍在浑球红假单胞菌氢酶合成中的作用（简报）

在固氮酶能表达的生长条件下,镍可促进浑球红假单胞菌菌株601的氢酶合成,而在含氨培养基上则没有影响。镍促进氢酶合成的最适浓度为10μmol/L,并具有金属专一性,其他二价金属离子对氢酶合成没有作用。镍在促进氢酶吸氢的同时,抑制菌体的放氢,但对固氮酶的乙炔还原活性则几乎没有影响。     

氢酶与固氮酶在细菌光合固氮中的联系

研究了混养型光合细菌Rhodopseudomonas capsulata N-3 氢酶与固氮酶之间的联系,观察到:1.以苹果酸(30毫克分子)为碳源,谷氨酸(5毫克分子)为氮源,营光合异养生长的菌体由固氮酶催化释放出大量的分子氢,光合放氢的过程完全依赖于光和外加电子供体,NH_4~ 对这一过程有明显抑制作用。2.营光合异养生长的光合细菌具活跃的氢酶,是膜结合态,能以多种生理活性物质,如NADP,反丁烯二酸,硝酸盐,氧及一些氧化还原染料为受体,吸取分子氢,这一过程显著地被NH_4~ 所促进。3.氢酶催化分子氢,支持光合固氮活性,这一固氮活性对氧的酶感性显著下降。4.当有机底物浓度不足时,分子氢所支持的固氮活性更为有效,有机底物浓度处于过量时,分子氢不再支持固氮。5.乙炔对氢酶活性具不可逆的抑止作用,氢酶被抑止后,固氮酶所催化的光合放氢显著剧增。 基于上述结果,对氢酶和固氮酶在细菌光合固氮中相互联系及其对光合细菌光能异养和光能自养两种生长方式间的转换的可能作用进行了讨论。     

紫云英根瘤菌109菌株氢酶诱导表达

根瘤菌自生培养物的吸收分子氢系统,不但可以在自养或异养的固体培养基上表达,而且也可以在异养的液相培养基中表达。其表达受碳水化合物、氧和分子氢浓度诸环境因子调节。诱导氢酶须用指数后期的培养物进行;所有试验过的可利用的碳水化合物均可阻抑氢酶表达;而20m mol/L的KNO_3和NH_4Cl对氢酶表达也有阻抑作用。正交组合试验指出紫云英根瘤菌的高吸氢活性是在40％N_2,14％H_2,4％O_2以及4.2％CO_2的气相条件下表达。Ar取代H_2后,无吸氢活性;氢酶表达后,移去H_2,则表达停止。氧浓度稍高阻抑氢酶表达;氯霉素的阻抑表达效应与氧阻抑类似。     

镍对荚膜红假单胞菌氢酶和固氮酶活性的促进作用

本文报道了过渡金属镍离子对荚膜红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas capsulata)菌株N3氢酶吸氢活性和固氮酶乙炔还原活性的促进作用,当培养基内的镍离子浓度为IμM时,生长菌体的氢酶具有最大的吸氢活性,但镍离子对固氮酶活性的最适浓度为5pjIfo镍离子加入到整体细胞或无细胞提取液中,对氢酶话性无促进作用。镍离子加入到整体细胞中,固氮酶活性也没有被促进。其它一些过渡金属离子,例如Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+什对氢酶和固氮酶活性均无促进作用。无论有无镍离子存在,螯合试剂。O-phenanthroline 和EDTA 对生长菌体的氢酶和周氮酶的活性均有少量的抑制作用,基于以上试验结果,对Ni2+参与Rps. Capsulata 氢酶蛋白质合成以及有关作用机理进行了讨论。     

氧对固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu 62固氮酶活性的调节作用

本文研究了在好气条件下,在以谷氨酸为氮源的液体培养基中,固氮螺菌(Azospirllumbrasilense)Yu62固氮酶形成的条件及溶氧压对固氮酶活性的影响。厌氧使整体细胞固氮酶迅速失活;而见氧后固氮酶又重新恢复活性。Western blotting实验证实,这种可逆失活的分子基础,是由于固氮酶铁蛋白-亚基被修饰和去修饰。呼吸抑制剂KCN对固氮酶活性的抑制,亦是由于固氮酶铁蛋白被修饰。因此推论细胞内的能量状态可能是启动固氮酶活化酶系统的重要信号。谷氨酰胺合成酶的抑制剂MSX不能去除厌氧和KCN引起的抑制作用。结果表明：固氮酶活性的NH+4和厌氧关闭可能通过不同的机制起作用。     

光合细菌产氢因子的研究进展

光合细菌在固氮的同时释放氢气。产氢与固氮是同步进行的。固氮酶与氢酶共同影响光合细菌的产氢活性,而外源生理条件又影响着固氮酶与氢酶的活性,其中有机碳阻抑吸氢酶表达,促进产氢;氨则抑制固氮活性而降低产氢量;氧气的存在使固氮酶与氢酶都失活,从而抑制放氢反应的进行。     

紫云英根瘤菌及巴西固氮螺菌的氢酶表达特征

紫云英根瘤菌氢酶表达依赖于H_2并受碳底物和高O_2浓度的阻遏及cAMP的显著促进。整体细胞的吸氢活性对O_2不敏感,受碘乙酸(50mmol L~(-1))的强烈抑制。少数氧化还原电位为正值的人工电子受体可支持吸氢活性。与紫云英根瘤菌不同,巴西固氮螺菌氢酶表达并不依赖于H_2,受碳底物阻遏及cAMP促进的效应均不显著,而对O_2敏感。整体细胞吸氢活性受碘乙酸的抑制作用不明显。无论正、负值氧化还原电位人工电子受体均可支持吸氢活性。在经饥饿的静止细胞中,H_2可支持固氮活性并增强固氮酶对O_2的耐受能力。     

Hydrogenase activity in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: relationship with nitrogenase activity.

Hydrogenase activity was found in cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strain B10 cultured under a variety of growth conditions either anaerobically in the light or aerobically in the dark. The highest activities were found routinely in cells grown in the presence of H2. The hydrogenase of R. capsulata was localized in the particulate fraction of the cells. High hydrogenase activities were usually observed in cells possessing an active nitrogenase. The hydrogen produced by the nitrogenase stimulated the activity of hydrogenase in growing cells. However, the synthesis of hydrogenase was not closely linked to the synthesis of nitrogenase. Hydrogenase was present in dark-grown cultures, whereas nitrogenase synthesis was not significant in the absence of light. Unlike nitrogenase, hydrogenase was present in cultures grown on NH4+. Conditions were established which allowed the synthesis of either nitrogenase or hydrogenase by resting cells. We concluded that hydrogenase can be synthesized independently of nitrogenase.     

Reductive effect of H(2) uptake and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate formation on nitrogenase-mediated H(2) accumulation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides according to light intensity

Nitrogenase-mediated H(2) accumulation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides under photoheterotrophic conditions is reduced directly by the hydrogenase activity catalyzing H(2) uptake and indirectly by energy-demanding metabolic processes such as poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) formation. H(2) accumulation of R. sphaeroides was examined during cell growth under illumination of 15, 7, and 3 W/m(2). Mutations in either hupSL (H(2)-uptake hydrogenase) or phbC (PHB synthase) had no effect on nitrogenase activity. The nitrogenase activity of R. sphaeroides grown at 15 W/m(2), however, was 70% higher than that of cells grown at 3 W/m(2), while the H(2)-uptake hydrogenase activity was approximately 3-fold higher in the same comparison. Accordingly, H(2) uptake by hydrogenase, monitored by measuring the difference in H(2) accumulation between a hupSL-deletion mutant and the corresponding parental strain, appeared to reach a maximum level as illumination was increased to 15 W/m(2). On the other hand, the surplus energy due to lack of PHB formation led to a fixed increase in H(2) accumulation independent of light intensity, reflecting the fact that the cellular PHB content was not changed significantly depending on light intensity. Therefore, H(2) uptake by hydrogenase should be suppressed to achieve higher H(2) accumulation of R. sphaeroides, especially at 15 W/m(2).     

水稻根际兼性厌氧催娩克氏杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌的固氮与氢代谢

兼性厌氧细菌Enterobacter cloacae菌株E-26和Klebsiella oxytoca菌株NG-13的氢酶与固氮酶同时形成。固氮的最佳碳源为蔗糖、葡萄糖和丙酮酸,此外延胡索酸和苹果酸也能支持固氮。支持固氮的碳源也支持放氢,两者动力学基本一致。40％乙炔预处理后,吸氢活性下跌,放氢量未增加;NH_4~ 抑制固氮酶,但未导致放氢量降低;可能E-26菌株的放氢主要依赖于氢酶。菌株E-26和NG-13的吸氢反应,既能以O_2为电子受体,也能以延胡索酸、硝酸、MB为电子受体。但仅延胡索酸为电子受体时,E-26菌的固氮活性被分子H_2促进,它的氢吸收利用与固氮相偶联;而在CO_2和NH_4~ 代谢与H_2利用之间并无明显相关性,吸氢活性不被CO_2和NH_4~ 促进。     

Regulation of two nickel-requiring (inducible and constitutive) hydrogenases and their coupling to nitrogenase in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b.

Two uptake hydrogenases were found in the obligate methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b; one was constitutive, and a second was induced by H2. Both hydrogenases could be assayed by measuring methylene blue reduction anaerobically or by coupling their activity to nitrogenase acetylene reduction activity in vivo in an O2-dependent reaction. The H2 concentration for half-maximal activity of the inducible and constitutive hydrogenases in both assays was 0.01 and 0.5 bar (1 and 50 kPa), respectively, making it easy to distinguish these enzymes from one another both in vivo and in vitro. Hydrogen uptake was shown to be coupled to ATP synthesis in methane-starved cells. Methane, methanol, formate, succinate, and glucose all repressed the H2-mediated synthesis of the inducible hydrogenase. Furthermore, this enzyme was only expressed in N-starved cultures and was repressed by NH4+ and NO3-; synthesis of the constitutive hydrogenase was not affected by excess N in the growth medium. In nickel-free, EDTA-containing medium, the activities of these two enzymes were negligible; however, both enzyme activities appeared rapidly following the addition of nickel to the culture. Chloramphenicol, when added along with nickel, had no effect on the rapid appearance of either the constitutive or inducible activity, indicating that nickel is not required for synthesis of the hydrogenase apoproteins. These observations all suggest that these hydrogenases are nickel-containing enzymes. Finally, both hydrogenases were soluble and could be fractionated by 20% ammonium sulfate; the constitutive enzyme remained in the supernatant solution, while the inducible enzyme was precipitated under these conditions.     

Hydrogenase in Frankia KB5: expression of and relation to nitrogenase

The localization and expression of the hydrogenase in free-living Frankia KB5 was investigated immunologically and by monitoring activity, focusing on its relationships with nitrogenase and H2. Immunological studies revealed that the large subunit of the hydrogenase in Frankia KB5 was modified post-translationally, and transferred into the membrane after processing. The large subunit was constitutively expressed and no correlation was found between hydrogenase activity and synthesis. Although H2 was not needed for induction of hydrogenase synthesis, exogenously added H2 triggered hydrogen uptake in medium containing nitrogen, i.e., in the hyphae. A correlation between nitrogenase activity and hydrogen uptake was found in cultures grown in media without nitrogen, but interestingly the two enzymes showed no co-regulation.     

四唑(Tetrazolium)对固氮鱼腥藻固氮和氢代谢的影响

固氮鱼腥藻(Anabaena azotica Ley)细胞能还原无色的TTC和NBT分别成为红色或蓝色的甲(月朁)(formazan)沉淀。异形胞还原TTC的速率高于营养细胞。前异形胞及异形胞附近的营养细胞对NBT的还原作用最强。而异形胞对NBT不起还原作用。无论在异形胞形成红色甲(月朁)或在营养细胞形成蓝色甲(月朁)后都抑制固氮酶活性。NBT甲(月朁)对固氮酶活性的抑制作用大于TTC甲(月朁),因为NBT氧化还原电位低于TTC。 TTC和NBT两者都明显地抑制固氮鱼腥藻完整细胞的放氢。因鱼腥藻的放氢是由固氮酶催化的结果。四唑抑制放氢推想是由于它截取了固氮酶催化系统中的电子的缘故。固氮微生物(包括蓝色细菌和根瘤菌)对四唑还原与吸氢酶之间有无相关是一个争论的问题。一些学者认为分离豆科植物体的一些根瘤菌株培养于含有TTC的琼脂培养基,如还原,便可证明这些根瘤菌株能氧化氢;换言之,应用TTC的还原可作为一些根瘤菌的菌落具有吸氢酶的验证。相反,我们发现固氮鱼腥藻还原TTC和NBT之后,都没有影响吸氢的能力。因此,我们推想固氮鱼腥藻对四唑之还原与吸氢酶是没有直接的关系。     

Photoproduction of hydrogen, nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities of free and immobilized whole cells of Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U. 001

Abstract Photoproduction of hydrogen, nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) and hydrogenase activity (methylene blue dye reduction) were studied in free and alginate immobilized whole cells of a purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U. 001. Four-fold increase in hydrogen production, two-fold increase in nitrogenase activity and 1.2-fold increase in the hydrogenase activity were observed in immobilized cells compared to free cells. Effect of various inhibitors (CO and C₂H₂) and electron donor (H₂) on the above three functions by free and immobilized cells has also been studied.     

Physiological conditions for nitrogen fixation in a unicellular marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. strain SF1.

A marine, unicellular, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium was isolated from the blades of a brown alga, Sargassum fluitans. This unicellular cyanobacterium, identified as Synechococcus sp. strain SF1, is capable of photoautotrophic growth with bicarbonate as the sole carbon source and dinitrogen as the sole nitrogen source. Among the organic carbon compounds tested, glucose and sucrose supported growth. Of the nitrogen compounds tested, with bicarbonate serving as the carbon source, both ammonia and nitrate produced the highest growth rates. Most amino acids failed to support growth when present as sole sources of nitrogen. Nitrogenase activity in Synechococcus sp. strain SF1 was induced after depletion of ammonia from the medium. This activity required the photosynthetic utilization of bicarbonate, but pyruvate and hydrogen gas were also effective sources of reductant for nitrogenase activity. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose also supported nitrogenase activity but to a lesser extent. Optimum light intensity for nitrogenase activity was found to be 70 microE/m2 per s, while the optimum oxygen concentration in the gas phase for nitrogenase activity was about 1%. A hydrogenase activity was coinduced with nitrogenase activity. It is proposed that this light- and oxygen-insensitive hydrogenase functions in recycling the hydrogen produced by nitrogenase under microaerobic conditions.     

浑球红假单胞菌氨同化途径的研究

本文测定了浑球红假单胞菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)菌株601谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)和丙氨酸脱氢酶(ADH)的活性。低氨时,GS/GOGAT活力高,GDH活力低,高氨时,GS/GOGAT活力低,GDH活力高。在以分子氮或低浓度氨为氮源的培养条件下,加入GS抑制刑MSX(L—methionine—DL—sulphoximine),细菌生长受到抑制。但是,生长在以谷氨酸为氮源的细菌则不受影响。上述结果表明,浑球红假单胞菌菌株601氨同化是通过GS/GOGAT途径和GDH途径。