银杏叶提取物对新生SD 乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧损伤的影响

目的:研究银杏叶提取物对缺氧状态下新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞的影响及其可能机制。方法:新生1天SD乳鼠心肌细胞原代培养并利用氮气培养箱模拟低氧构建乳鼠心肌缺氧体外模型。分为3组处理:对照组,缺氧组,缺氧+药物拮抗组。缺氧时间为12 h,通过免疫组化等检测方法,观察各组心肌细胞的损伤情况及心肌Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达情况。结果:缺氧可以造成新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的发生(hypoxia:75.21%±1.21%,control:1.38%±0.45%,P<0.05,n=20),并导致其表达凋亡抑制因子Bcl-2蛋白水平的显著降低(0.125 fold VS control group,P<0.05),促细胞凋亡因子Bax蛋白水平显著升高(3.011fold VS control group,P<0.05);而银杏叶提取物作用后可明显逆转新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的发生(EGb761:23.17%±0.43%,hypoxia:73.13%±1.22%,P<0.05,n=20),并明显逆转Bcl-2(5.716 fold VS hypoxia group,P<0.05)、Bax(0.273fold VS hypoxia group,P<0.05)等蛋白的表达水平。结论:凋亡相关因子Bcl-2和Bax等参与缺氧致心肌损伤过程,导致心肌细胞凋亡,银杏叶提取物能降低心肌Bax表达,提高Bcl-2表达,从而保护心肌细胞,抑制凋亡。     

降压通络方对大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究降压通络方对大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响。方法:体外培养大鼠肾小管上皮细胞,经过缺血缺氧,将大鼠肾小管细胞随机分为4组:正常组、模型组、降压通络方组、缬沙坦组。采用CCK-8检测细胞增殖情况,免疫组化法检测大鼠肾小管上皮细胞p-AKT蛋白的表达,蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡相关基因调控蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表达,对Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达水平进行相关性分析。结果:缺血缺氧呈时间依赖性抑制大鼠肾小管上皮细胞活性;免疫组化结果示:p-AKT在正常组呈高表达,模型组低表达,降压通络方组p-AKT表达明显高于模型组(P0.01),缬沙坦组表达低于模型组(P0.05);蛋白免疫印迹法结果示:模型组Bcl-2表达较正常组明显降低(P0.01),降压通络方组和缬沙坦组Bcl-2的表达均高于模型组(P0.05,P0.01);模型组Bax表达较正常组明显升高(P0.01),降压通络方组和缬沙坦组Bax的表达均较模型组降低(P0.05);Bcl-2蛋白与Bax蛋白表达呈负相关性(r=-0.811,P0.01)。结论:降压通络方可抑制大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与上调p-AKT、Bcl-2蛋白,下调Bax蛋白表达有关。     

内毒素血症时大鼠心肌细胞凋亡与血管紧张素受体表达关系的研究

目的:对脂多糖诱导大鼠内毒素血症时心肌细胞凋亡与血管紧张素II受体AT1、AT2表达变化进行分析。方法:Wistar大鼠随机分为3组(n=10):空白组、脂多糖(LPS)干预2 h(L2)组、LPS干预6 h(L6)组。根据分组情况经腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)制备内毒素血症模型,对照组给予等体积生理盐水腹腔注射。应用免疫组织化学法检测凋亡相关因子Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达,并通过TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡变化,并采用免疫组织化学、RT-PCR方法观察了大鼠心肌AT1、AT2受体表达变化,电镜观察心肌组织病理变化。结果:LPS干预2 h后Bcl-2阳性细胞表达开始明显上调,之后开始下降,但仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。Bax的表达随着干预时间的延长不断增加,6 h后表达与对照组相比,有显著的统计学差异(P<0.01)。Bcl-2/Bax的比率在干预开始2 h时升高,随后开始下降,心肌细胞凋亡增加。随着LPS干预的时间延长,AT1受体、AT2受体蛋白、mRNA表达水平呈下降趋势,6 h后表达与对照组相比,有显著的统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论:大鼠经LPS干预后随时间延长Bcl-2/Bax的比率呈下降趋势,心肌细胞凋亡增加,与AT1受体、AT2受体表达水平下降呈负相关,说明血管紧张素受体表达下调可能与内毒素血症时大鼠心脏功能损伤有关,为临床预防及治疗全身炎症反应所致心功能损伤提供一条新的思路以及实验室理论基础。     

参麦注射液对肠缺血/再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺组织p38MAPK及凋亡相关基因表达的影响

目的:观察参麦注射液(SM)对肠缺血/再灌注(I/R)肺损伤大鼠肺组织p38MAPK和凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响,探讨其保护机制。方法:采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉(SMA)方法建立大鼠肠I/R损伤模型。24只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(Control组)、肠缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、参麦注射液组(SM+I/R组),每组8只。比较各组大鼠肺湿/干比(W/D)、肺表面活性物质主要成分卵磷脂(PC)及总磷脂(TPL)含量的变化;同时免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠肺组织中p38MAPK、Bax及Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,I/R组肺组织W/D明显升高,而PC和TPL的含量显著降低,肺组织p38MAPK、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达明显增强(P均＜0.01),其中Bax的增强比Bcl-2的增强更为明显,Bcl-2/Bax比值降低(P＜0.01);与I/R组比较,SM+I/R组大鼠肺组织W/D明显降低,PC和TPL的含量增加,肺组织p38MAPK和Bax蛋白表达下降(P均＜0.01),Bcl-2的表达增强,Bcl-2/Bax比值明显升高(P＜0.01)。相关分析显示,肠I/R时肺组织p38MAPK蛋白表达水平与肺表面活性物质主要功能成分PC含量及凋亡基因Bcl-2/Bax比值呈负相关(r分别为-0.787,-0.731,P均＜0.01)。结论:SM可能通过抑制p38MAPK信号通路的激活,提高Bcl-2/Bax比值来阻抑细胞凋亡,从而减轻肠I/R时的肺损伤。     

不同强度运动对大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响

通过比较不同强度负荷运动中大鼠心肌细胞的凋亡及其相关基因B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)表达变化的实验研究,试图找出它们之间相互关系的一般规律,为训练制定合理的、适宜的运动负荷提供理论依据.采用8周龄雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为安静对照组(NC)、中等强度运动组(ME)和大强度运动组(HE),测定心肌细胞的凋亡指数和相关基因B细胞淋巴瘤-2,采用HE染色法观察心肌细胞.结果表明:中等强度运动组和大强度运动组的心肌都有细胞凋亡现象.中等强度运动组的心肌细胞凋亡指数显著升高且差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05),不同强度运动组差异无统计学意义.3组均有Bcl-2表达,中等强度运动组和安静对照组相比具有极显著性差异(P<0.01),大强度运动组和安静对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),大强度运动组表达显著低于中等强度运动组(P<0.05).不适宜的运动负荷会造成大鼠心肌细胞凋亡增加,并且可能参与心肌的损害过程.     

Carvedilol对大鼠实验性缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响

研究 Carvedilol对缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及 Bcl- 2、Bax蛋白表达的影响 ,探讨 Carvedilol抑制心肌细胞凋亡的可能机制。结扎 Wistar大鼠左冠状动脉前降支 (L AD) ,建立大鼠缺血再灌注动物模型。采用末端标记原位细胞凋亡法检测心肌凋亡细胞 ,并利用光学显微镜进行细胞计数 ;免疫组化法检测 Bcl- 2和 Bax蛋白表达 ,并利用图象分析系统检测二者的平均光密度值 ,进行定量分析。结果显示手术组心肌细胞凋亡数为 37.5 3± 9.2 2个 /视野 ,假手术组 0 .18± 0 .91个 /视野 ,治疗组为 7.6 3± 4.0 5个 /视野。各组间有显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;手术组 Bcl- 2蛋白平均光密度值为 0 .14± 0 .0 1,假手术组为 0 .0 9± 0 .0 2 ,治疗组为 0 .14± 0 .0 2 ,手术组和治疗组与假手术组相比均有显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,治疗组与手术组相比无显著差异(P>0 .0 5 ) ;手术组 Bax蛋白平均光密度值为 0 .10± 0 .0 2 ,假手术组为 0 .0 6± 0 .0 1,治疗组为 0 .0 7± 0 .0 1,手术组与治疗组、假手术组相比有显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,治疗组与假手术组相比无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结果表明 Carvedilol有显著抗缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡作用 ,其作用机制可能与抑制 Bax基因的蛋白表达 ,使 Bcl- 2基因表达的蛋白功能相对增强 ,Bcl- 2     

通窍明目IV号对青光眼模型大鼠视神经保护的机制研究

目的:观察不同浓度通窍明目Ⅳ号对青光眼模型大鼠凋亡相关蛋白表达的干预作用。方法:将42只SD大鼠随机分为空白组,模型组,通窍明目4号低、中、高剂量组和神经营养剂组,共计6组,每组7只。经眼球前房角膜缘注射卡波姆复制高眼压模型,成模21天后灌胃给药,给药期4周。采用HE染色观察视网膜形态及视神经节胞、免疫组化法测定BCL-2、Bax、P53蛋白表达,用Western Blot法测定Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达。结果:与空白组对比,模型组视网膜Bax与p53阳性表达显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,神经营养剂组与通窍明目Ⅳ号高、中剂量组视网膜Bax与p53蛋白的阳性表达显著降低(P<0.01)。与空白组比较,模型组视网膜Bcl-2阳性表达显著降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,神经营养剂组与通窍明目Ⅳ号各剂量组视网膜Bcl-2的阳性表达有不同程度的提高。模型组大鼠caspase-3、caspase-9的蛋白表达水平均高于空白组(P<0.01);与模型组比较,神经营养剂组与通窍明目Ⅳ号各剂量组大鼠视网膜Caspase3及caspase-9表达水平明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:通窍明目Ⅳ号可能通过下调Bax、P53表达,促进Bcl-2表达升高、抑制Caspase-3、Caspase-9激活凋亡途径,从而对青光眼视神经起到保护作用。     

下肢骨骼肌缺血后处理对兔缺血/再灌注心肌坏死和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨在体情况下,骨骼肌缺血后处理对兔缺血/再灌注心肌坏死和凋亡的影响。方法:新西兰大白兔36只,随机分成3组(每组随机选取6只进行梗死范围的测定,另外6只进行凋亡测定):①假手术组(Sham组);②缺血/再灌注组(I/R组);③远端后处理组(RPostC组)。在缺血前、后及再灌注60 min、120 min分别抽血测定肌酸激酶(CK),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性。采用伊文思兰(evans blue)和三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色方法确定心肌缺血区范围以及心肌坏死区范围。用Tunel法检测兔心肌缺血区细胞凋亡情况,免疫组织化学方法检测心肌缺血区蛋白caspase-3、Bcl-2及Bax的表达。结果:RPostC组心肌坏死程度、再灌注末CK活性较I/R组明显减低。RPostC组缺血区心肌Tunel阳性指数显著低于I/R组(21.79%±1.07%vs35.81%±1.10%,P<0.05)。而RPostC组缺血区心肌细胞caspase-3阳性指数显著低于I/R组(25.03%±1.16%vs39%±2.43%,P<0.05)。与Sham组比较,I/R组及RPostC组Bax蛋白表达指数、Bcl-2蛋白表达指数均升高;但RPostC组的Bax/Bcl-2比值降低,而I/R组的Bax/Bcl-2比值升高。与I/R组相比较,RPostC组Bax蛋白表达指数及Bax/Bcl-2比值显著降低,Bcl-2表达指数显著升高,差异均有统计学意义。结论:远端后处理能够明显的减少缺血/再灌注心肌细胞的坏死和凋亡,其减轻心肌细胞凋亡的机制可能与抑制促凋亡基因caspase-3的活化及Bcl-2表达的上调有关。     

心肌梗死大鼠钙敏感受体表达与心肌细胞凋亡的变化

目的:观察大鼠急性心肌梗死后不同时间心肌钙敏感受体(CaSR)的表达和心肌细胞凋亡的变化情况。方法:健康Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)和心肌梗死(AMI)组,通过结扎左侧冠状动脉前降支的方法,建立大鼠心肌梗死模型,分别在手术后1、2、4周(每组成功存活n=5)检测心脏形态学和血流动力学的改变,检测心肌组织中CaSRmRNA和蛋白的表达,以及Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3和caspase-9蛋白的表达,检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)活性和肌钙蛋白(cTnT)水平,观察心肌细胞凋亡情况。结果:和Sham组相比,随着心肌梗死的发展,AMI组大鼠心肌组织CaSR的mRNA和蛋白的表达、细胞凋亡指数均明显增加(P<0.05),心肌细胞超微结构损伤严重;左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室内压最大上升速率(+dp/dtmax)(mmHg/s)和最大下降速率(-dp/dtmax)(mmHg/s)减少,左心室舒张末期压(LVEDP)明显增大(P<0.05);AMI组血清cTnT水平、CK和LDH活性均升高(P<0.05),随着心肌梗死的发展,cTnT水平和CK活性逐渐降低,LDH变化不明显。心肌组织中促凋亡相关蛋白Bax、caspase-3、caspase-9表达增多,抑制凋亡的相关蛋白(或因子)Bcl-2表达减少(P<0.05)。结论:随着AMI的发展,AMI组大鼠心肌组织中CaSR的mRNA和蛋白的表达增多,细胞凋亡数增加,表明CaSR参与了心肌梗死的发展,其机制可能与促进细胞凋亡有关。     

人参皂甙 Rb1对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞Bcl-2、Bax、Bad、Fas基因表达的影响

目的观察人参皂甙Rb1对缺血再灌注心肌细胞Bcl-2、Bax、Bad、Fas基因表达的影响.方法结扎/松解Wistar大鼠左冠状动脉前降支,建立大鼠缺血再灌注动物模型,免疫组化法检测Bcl-2、Bax、Bad、Fas基因的蛋白表达,并利用图象分析系统测量蛋白阳性表达区域平均光密度值,进行定量分析.结果缺血再灌注组及Rb1治疗组Bcl-2、Bax、Bad、Fas基因的表达较假手术组明显增加(P<0.05), Rb1治疗组Bcl-2的表达与缺血再灌注组比较无明显差异(P>0.05),而Bax、Bad、Fas的表达明显下降(P<0.05),人参皂甙Rb1治疗组Bcl-2/Bax、Bcl-2/Bad以及Bcl-2/Fas比值均较假手术组与缺血再灌注组明显增加.结论人参皂甙Rb1治疗可以抑制缺血再灌注心肌细胞中促凋亡基因Bax、Bad、Fas的表达,并使Bcl-2/Bax、Bcl-2/Bad以及Bcl-2/Fas比值增加.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.