北京东灵山地区辽东栎、大叶白蜡和五角枫种群分布格局与动态

对北京东灵山地区 3块样地中的辽东栎 (QuercusliaotungensisKoidz .)、大叶白蜡 (FraxinusrhynchophyllaHance)和五角枫 (AcermonoMaxim .)种群的分布格局和种群动态进行了考察。调查 3块样地中每个树种的全部个体 ,按高度将它们分为 4个不同龄级 ,用相邻格子样方法进行取样。在研究分布格局时 ,计算了扩散系数C、扩散型指数Iδ 与IA、CA 指数和聚块指数m /m等各项指标 ,测定它们的分布格局 ,并通过计算拟合它们的分布类型。结果表明 ,不同地点各种群的幼苗 (<0 .4m)、小幼树 (0 .4～ 1m)和大幼树 (1～ 2m)绝大多数呈聚集分布 ,少量呈随机分布 ;成林辽东栎成熟个体 (≥ 2m)是一种介于均匀分布和随机分布之间的状态 ,幼林辽东栎成林和灌丛大叶白蜡属于随机分布 ,成林大叶白蜡和五角枫、灌丛辽东栎呈聚集分布。在研究种群动态时 ,分别作出每个种群的龄级结构图 ,再对同一样地不同种群以及同一种群不同龄级个体的数量差异进行最小显著差法 (LSD)检验和比较 ,结果表明检验结果和龄级结构图显示出来的趋势是一致的 ,即成林辽东栎种群具有较稳定的结构 ,成林大叶白蜡和五角枫表现为增长型结构 ,幼林辽东栎、大叶白蜡和五角枫都表现为衰退型结构 ,灌丛辽东栎具有稳定型结构 ,灌丛大叶白蜡具有增长型结构。研究     

辽东栎林乔木种群龄级结构动态的量化分析

应用分形维数对样带内乔木种群的龄级结构进行研究, 探讨了植物种群龄级结构动态干扰条件下的敏感性, 进行了种群龄级结构的稳定、衰退、增长变化分析。研究结果表明:样带各地段辽东栎种群均为优势种群, 各龄级个体空间占据能力强于其它种群;大叶白蜡种群的龄级随海拔升高趋于丰富、五角枫种群的龄级趋于单一。所有乔木种群的龄级结构均为年轻的增长型, 种群增长性(V_pi)、干扰敏感性大小差异很大, 与龄级数量和空间分布呈负相关。     

辽东栎林乔木各龄及结构动态的量比分析

应用分形维数对样带内乔木种群的龄组结构进行研究,探讨了植物群龄级结构动态干扰条件下的敏感性,进行了各龄级的稳定、衰退、增长变化,研究结果表明：样带各地段辽东栎种群均为优势种群,各龄级个体空间占据能力强于其它种群;大叶白蜡种群的龄组随海拔升高趋于丰富、五角枫种群的龄及趋于单一。所有乔木种群的龄及结构均为年轻的增长型,种群增长性（Ｖpi)、干扰敏感性大小差异很大,与龄及数量和空间分布呈负相关。     

黄龙山天然次生林辽东栎种群空间格局

种群的空间分布格局是研究种群特征、种间相互作用以及种群与环境关系的重要手段。为更好地了解黄龙山天然次生林内辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)的种群特征,在该林区中油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)-辽东栎-白桦(Betula platyphylla)天然次生混交林和辽东栎天然次生纯林内分别选取并设立1块1 hm2的样地。根据样地调查规范对两块样地中的乔木进行空间定位并进行每木调查。研究参照静态生命表,采用径阶替代年龄的方法,将辽东栎种群不同生长阶段的分段问题转换为根据胸径(DBH)的大小划分生长阶段。研究中将辽东栎划分为4个不同生长阶段:幼龄阶段A,3 cm≤DBH10 cm;中龄阶段B,10 cm≤DBH20 cm;近熟龄阶段C,20 cm≤DBH30 cm;成过熟龄阶段D,DBH≥30 cm。利用O-ring统计分析方法的手段,分析2块样地中辽东栎的种群空间分布格局。本次研究分别采用单变量、双变量分析方法分析各生长阶段的空间格局、不同生长阶段间相互关联性。结果表明:(1)辽东栎种群在两块样地内的径级结构均符合倒"J"型,从径级分布角度说明两块样地的天然更新状况都良好;(2)辽东栎的空间分布格局与尺度有密切关系,两块样地在大、中尺度水平上基本表现为随机分布,但是在较小尺度上均表现为聚集分布,在样地Ⅰ中0—6 m尺度上尤为突出;(3)同一样地内各生长阶段的空间分布格局不同,幼龄个体在小尺度均表现为聚集分布,在样地Ⅱ中0—11 m尺度上尤为突出;(4)样地中不同生长阶段间相互关联性也不尽相同,样地Ⅰ中各生长阶段间关联性均不明显;样地Ⅱ中,幼龄的个体与中龄的个体间在小尺度上表现出显著的正相关性,而与近熟个体和成、过熟个体在小尺度上表现为明显的负相关性。在2—5 m尺度上,中龄个体与成过熟个体也表现出一定的负相关性。辽东栎种群是黄龙山天然次生林重要的建群种之一,研究其不同生长阶段个体的空间分布规律有助于掌握黄龙山区辽东栎生长现状;研究不同生长阶段的空间关联性有利于深入了解其群落的发展趋势,并为对种群聚集性较大的区域开展结构化森林经营提供重要依据。     

东灵山辽东栎林优势林木种群直径结构的研究

从山体下部到上部调查了北京东灵山辽东栎林一个长364 m的样带,对优势林木种群的直径结构,按山体的上部、中部、下部三个不同部位进行统计。选定乔木层优势种群辽东栎、大叶白蜡、五角枫、棘皮桦和灌木层优势种群二色胡枝子、六道木、照山白、柔毛绣线菊为研究对象,结合生物学特性分析了8种乔灌木种群的直径结构,及其沿环境梯度的动态趋势。在乔木层,棘皮桦在山体中部和下部的亚种群幼苗幼树株数少,个体生长不良,密度极低种群呈衰退趋势。其余3个物种种群的幼苗幼树数量多,种群密度较高。辽东栎种群从山体下部到上部的直径结构合理呈稳定状态。大叶白蜡和五角枫种群随海拔升高在数量、密度等方面呈现相互替代的现象。在灌木层,除过照山白种群,二色胡枝子、六道木和柔毛绣线菊3个种群的幼苗株数丰富,直径结构合理。从整体上看,如果对辽东栎林群落不加人为的干扰和破坏,辽东栎林群落将进一步向成熟林方向发展。     

北京山区辽东栎林的径级结构、种群起源及生态学意义

 北京山区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林径级结构的调查分析结果表明,辽东栎林是稳定性的群落类型,其更新主要通过萌生来完成。能够与辽东栎长期共存的伴生种有色木(Acer mono)、大果榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)、大叶白蜡(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)等。萌生在辽东栎种群中十分普遍,除辽东栎伐桩、枯木和大树根际有较多的萌生茎干外,多年生实生苗也有萌生现象发生。辽东栎林的更新在辽东栎总体种群的幼树阶段(径级2)存在着明显的瓶颈现象,但萌生特性使辽东栎林在更新时或受到干扰后形成较大的萌生种群,使辽东栎的大幼树能够得到迅速的补充,顺利地通过瓶颈进行更新,保持群落的相对稳定。一定数量的辽东栎实生种群的存在对于维持辽东栎的遗传多样性、种群整体活力和群落的稳定,提高辽东栎种群对环境变化的反应能力等方面有着十分重要的生态学意义。     

乌兰布和沙漠沙冬青种群结构和空间分布

对乌兰布和沙漠不同区域分布的沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)种群结构和空间分布格局进行了研究,根据大小结构图分析沙冬青种群动态,用平均拥挤度(m·)、丛生指数(I)、聚块性指标(m·/m)、Cassie指标(CA)、扩散系数C、负二项分布中的K指标判断格局类型,并根据双项轨迹方差法分析格局规模.结果表明:沙漠中部分布的沙冬青种群年龄结构完整,而其他区域分布种群结构均不完整;各区域分布种群均以中龄级个体居多,种群目前处于相对稳定的状态,但是由于幼龄级个体少,种群更新困难,且部分区域种群有"老龄化"的趋势.在西北边缘和沙漠北部分布的种群为聚集分布类型,而其他区域均为均匀分布;对各样地种群格局规模的分析也表明格局规模存在差异.     

东灵山辽东栎林主要树种种群11年动态变化

 该研究在北京东灵山区一个30 m×40 m的纯辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林永久性样地内进行,林龄为80年左右。样地中高于2 m的成树密度在1991、1997和2002年3次调查中呈逐年递减趋势,这种降低主要是由辽东栎个体的死亡引起的;而树木总胸径面积呈逐年增加趋势,主要是存活个体生长的结果。从1991年到2002年,辽东栎种群的优势度变化不大,且种群径级结构为单峰曲线,差异不显著。为了探讨这种径级分布格局形成的机制,应用离散模型对辽东栎种群的胸径年平均生长率G(t, x)、年平均死亡率M(t, x)及年平均生长率方差D(t, x)进行了计算,发现辽东栎种群的死亡率曲线呈倒J-型,个体的年平均生长率与胸径呈显著的线性正相关（p<0.01）。离散模型的系数分析和G(t, x)-D(t, x)的关系曲线分析均表明辽东栎种群内存在非对称种内竞争,即大胸径个体对小胸径个体的生长有抑制作用,这种作用主要是由相对较高的种群密度引起的对光资源的竞争。非对称种内竞争有利于维持辽东栎种群和整个群落的稳定状态。     

东灵山两个落叶阔叶林中辽东栎种群结构和动态

对北京东灵山地区的两个辽东栎种群的结构和数量动态进行了研究。在研究种群的空间分别格局时,分别将两个种群中的每个辽东栎个体在样地中进行定位。将辽东栎个体按不同尺度大小分为４类,在每一尺度中,按不同格子尺度进行机取样,分别计算Ｍｏｒｉｓｔａ的分布指数,聚块性指数,方差／均值比。用这些指数判断辽东栎不同大小级别以及不同取样尺度上的格局强度。结果表明,两个种群的格局强度都随尺度的不同而变化。５０龄辽东栎林     

灵空山油松-辽东栎林乔木树种群落学特征及空间分布格局

参照CTFS技术规范对灵空山自然保护区油松(Pinus tabuliformis)-辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林的乔木进行每木调查的基础上分析了不同乔木树种的群落学特征及空间分布格局。结果表明,4hm2样地中共有乔木树种25种,总计8210株。隶属于12科18属,种的区系以东亚、温带亚洲及中国特有分布类型为主。油松、辽东栎是群落中的共优种,个体占总个体的86.81%,杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia)、白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis)、漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifluum)为群落中主要的伴生种。优势种的径级结构与所有乔木个体的径级结构相似,近似于倒"J"形,以小径级个体居多,林下更新良好。主要树种的空间分布格局在小尺度上表现为聚集分布。油松小径级个体在20 m以内的尺度上呈聚集分布,当空间尺度超过60 m时表现为随机分布,大径级个体在所有尺度上均呈随机分布;辽东栎不同径级个体在小尺度范围内呈现聚集分布,随着尺度增大由随机分布趋于均匀分布。主要树种除漆树外在坡度较缓的生境下分布密度大。灵空山自然保护区油松-辽东栎林中油松种群优势地位更显著,各个乔木种群处于相对稳定状态。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.